The School Assessment for Environmental Typology (SAfETy): An Observational Measure of the School Environment

American Journal of Community Psychology

Volumn 56, Issue 3-4, 2015, Pages 280-292

  Bradshaw, Catherine P ^a,b   Milam, Adam J ^b   Furr Holden, C Debra M ^b   Lindstrom Johnson, Sarah ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Environment; Observations; Safety; School climate; Schools

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; CRIME; ENVIRONMENT; ETHNIC GROUP; HUMAN; MARYLAND; ORGANIZATION; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PROCEDURES; QUESTIONNAIRE; REPRODUCIBILITY; SAFETY; SCHOOL; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; STANDARDS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VALIDATION STUDY; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; CRIME; ENVIRONMENT; ETHNIC GROUPS; HUMANS; MARYLAND; ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SAFETY MANAGEMENT; SCHOOLS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84947018425     PISSN: 00910562     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10464-015-9743-x     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Astor, R. A., & Meyer, H. A. (2001). The conceptualization of violence-prone school subcontexts: Is the sum of the parts greater than the whole? Urban Education,36(3), 374–399.
2. Astor, R. A., Meyer, H. A., & Behre, W. J. (1999). Unowned places and times: Maps and interviews about violence in high schools. American Educational Research Journal,36(1), 3–42.
3. Astor, R. A., Meyer, H. A., & Pitner, R. O. (2001). Elementary and middle school students’ perceptions of violence-prone school subcontexts. The Elementary School Journal,101(5), 511–528.
4. Barlow, D. H., & Hersen, M. (1984). Single-case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon Press.
5. Bentler, P. M., & Bonnett, P. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin,88(3), 588–606.
6. Beyers, J. M., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2003). Neighborhood structure, parenting processes, and the development of youths’ externalizing behaviors: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology,31(1–2), 35–53.
7. Birnbaum, A. S., Lytle, L. A., Hannan, P. J., Murray, D. M., Perry, C. L., & Forester, J. L. (2003). School functioning and violent behavior among young adolescents: A contextual analysis. Health Education Research,18(3), 389–403.
8. Boardman, J. D., Finch, B. K., Ellison, C. G., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001). Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,42(2), 151–165.
9. Bosch, S. F. (2006). Research priorities: How facilities affect learning outcomes. In C. K. Tanner & J. A. Lackney (Eds.), Educational facilities planning: Leadership, architecture and management (pp. 323–347). Boston: Pearson Education.
10. Bradshaw, C. P., Sawyer, A. L., & O’Brennan, L. M. (2007). Bullying and peer victimization at school: Perceptual differences between students and school staff. School Psychology Review,36(3), 361–382.
11. Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., Debnam, K. J., & Lindstrom Johnson, S. (2014). Measuring school climate: A focus on safety, engagement, and the environment. Journal of School Health,84, 593–604. doi:10.1111/josh.12186.
12. Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (1981). Environmental criminology. Beverly Hills: Sage.
13. Cisneros, H. G. (1995). Defensible space: Deterring crime and building community. Washington: U.S. Department of Housing and Human Development.
14. Cohen, D. A., Mason, K., Bedimo, A., Scribner, R., Basolo, V., & Farley, T. A. (2003). Neighborhood physical conditions and health. American Journal of Public Health,93(3), 467–471.
15. Crowe, T. D. (1991). Crime prevention through environmental design: Applications of architectural design and space management concepts. Louisville: National Crime Prevention Institute.
16. Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Healthy School Environments Assessment Tool (HealthySEAT). Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/schools/healthyseat/
17. Furr-Holden, C. D. M., Campbell, K. D. M., Milam, A. J., Smart, M. J., Ialongo, N. A., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Metric properties of the neighborhood inventory for environmental typology (NIfETy): An environmental assessment tool for measuring indicators of violence, alcohol, tobacco, and other drug exposures. Evaluation Review,34(3), 159–184.
18. Furr-Holden, C. D. M., Lee, M. H., Milam, A. J., Johnson, R. M., Lee, K. S., & Ialongo, N. S. (2011a). The growth of neighborhood disorder and marijuana use among urban adolescents: A case for policy and environmental interventions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs,72(3), 371.
19. Furr-Holden, C. D. M., Milam, A. J., Reynolds, E. K., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2011b). Exposure to hazardous neighborhood environments in late childhood and anxiety. Journal of Community Psychology,39(7), 876–883.
20. Furr-Holden, C. D. M., Milam, A. J., Reynolds, E. K., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2012). Disordered neighborhood environments and risk-taking propensity in late childhood through adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health,50(1), 100–102.
21. Furr-Holden, C. D. M., Smart, M. J., Pokorni, J. L., Ialongo, N. S., Leaf, P. J., Holder, H. D., & Anthony, J. C. (2008). The NIfETy method for environmental assessment of neighborhood-level indicators of violence, alcohol, and other drug exposure. Prevention Science,9(4), 245–255.
22. Gregory, A., Cornell, D., & Fan, X. (2011). The relationship of school structure and support to suspension rates for Black and White high school students. American Educational Research Journal,48(4), 904–934.
23. Hu, L., & Bentler, H. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A MultiDisciplinary Journal,6(1), 1–55.
24. Kitsantas, A., Ware, H. W., & Martinez-Arias, R. (2004). Students’ perceptions of school safety: Effects by community, school environment, and substance use variables. The Journal of Early Adolescence,24(4), 412–430.
25. Koth, C. W., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2008). A multilevel study of predictors of student perceptions of school climate: The effect of classroom-level factors. Journal of Educational Psychology,100(1), 96–104.
26. Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin,126(2), 309–337.
27. Mair, J. S., & Mair, M. (2003). Violence prevention and control through environmental modifications. Annual Review of Public Health,24(1), 209.
28. Mayer, M. J., & Leone, P. E. (1999). A structural analysis of school violence and disruption: Implications for creating safer schools. Education & Treatment of Children,22(3), 333–356.
29. Milam, A., Furr-Holden, D., Cooley-Strickland, M., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. (2014). Risk for exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs on the route to and from school: The role of alcohol outlets. Prevention Science,15(1), 12–21. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9843-y.
30. Milam, A. J., Furr-Holden, C. D. M., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Perceived school and neighborhood safety, neighborhood violence and academic achievement in urban school children. The Urban Review,42(5), 458–467.
31. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.
32. Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space: Crime prevention through urban design. New York: Macmillan.
33. Newman, O. (1995). Defensible space: A new physical planning tool for urban revitalization. Journal of the American Planning Association,61(2), 149–155.
34. Newman, O. (1996). Creating defensible space. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
35. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
36. Plank, S. B., Bradshaw, C. P., & Young, H. (2009). An application of “Broken-windows” and related theories to the study of disorder, fear, and collective efficacy in schools. American Journal of Education,115(2), 227–247.
37. Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology,94(4), 774. doi:10.1086/229068.
38. Samspon, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology,105(3), 603–651.
39. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science,277(5328), 918–924.
40. Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment,8(4), 350.
41. Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1969). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas (rev ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42. Uline, C., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (2008). The walls speak: The interplay of quality facilities, school climate, and student achievement. Journal of Educational Administration,46(1), 56–73.
43. Van Dorn, R. A. (2004). Correlates of violent and nonviolent victimization in a sample of public high school students. Violence and Victims,19(3), 303–320.
44. Wallis, A., & Ford, D. (1981). Crime prevention through environmental design: The school demonstration in Broward County, Florida: Executive summary. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
45. Westinghouse Electric. (1977a). Crime prevention through environmental design. CPTED program manual, Vol. 1: Planning and implementation manual. Arlington: Westinghouse Electric.
46. Westinghouse Electric. (1977b). Crime prevention through environmental design. CPTED program manual, Vol. 2: Strategies and directives manual. Arlington: Westinghouse Electric.
47. Wilcox, P., Augustine, M. C., & Clayton, R. R. (2006). Physical environment and crime and misconduct in Kentucky schools. Journal of Primary Prevention,27(3), 293–313.