How important is the relative balance of fat and carbohydrate as sources of energy in relation to health?

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 147-153

  Sanders, Thomas A B ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Carbohydrates; Dietary guidelines; Fat; Sugar; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACID; SUGAR; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; FAT INTAKE; FATTY ACID; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; SUGAR INTAKE; TRANS FATTY ACID;

ARTICLE; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIET RESTRICTION; DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE; ENERGY RESOURCE; FAT INTAKE; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD COMPOSITION; HUMAN; MACRONUTRIENT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRITIONAL HEALTH; OBESITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SUGAR INTAKE; UNITED KINGDOM; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HEALTH STATUS; INFANT; NUTRITION POLICY; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RED MEAT;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY SUCROSE; ENERGY INTAKE; FATTY ACIDS; FATTY ACIDS, MONOUNSATURATED; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; INFANT; NUTRITION POLICY; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; OBESITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RED MEAT; RISK FACTORS; TRANS FATTY ACIDS; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84946780718     PISSN: 00296651     EISSN: 14752719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665115004188     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Department of Health (1994) Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease. Report on health and social subjects no 46. London.
2. Harcombe Z, Baker JS, Cooper SM et al. (2015) Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart 2, e000196.
3. Sanders TA, Lewis FJ, Goff LM et al. (2013) SFAs do not impair endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Am J Clin Nutr 98, 677-683.
4. Bajekal M, Scholes S, Love H et al. (2012) Analysing recent socioeconomic trends in coronary heart disease mortality in England, 2000-2007: a population modelling study. PLoS Med 9, e1001237.
5. Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S et al. (2014) Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 160, 398-406.
6. Fung TT, Malik V, Rexrode KM et al. (2009) Sweetened beverage consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr 89, 1037-1042.
7. Jakobsen MU, Dethlefsen C, Joensen AM et al. (2010) Intake of carbohydrates compared with intake of saturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: importance of the glycemic index. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 1764-1768.
8. Malhotra A (2013) Saturated fat is not the major issue. BMJ 347, f6340.
9. Farvid MS, Ding M, Pan A et al. (2014) Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation 130, 1568-1578.
10. Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ &Van Horn L (2011) Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights. Circulation 123, 2870-2891.
11. Nestel P, Clifton P, Colquhoun D et al. (2015) Indications for omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Heart Lung Circ 24, 769-779.
12. Bingham SA, Luben R, Welch A et al. (2003) Are imprecise methods obscuring a relation between fat and breast cancer? Lancet 362, 212-214.
13. Brunner E, Stallone D, Juneja M et al. (2001) Dietary assessment in Whitehall II: comparison of 7 d diet diary and food-frequency questionnaire and validity against biomarkers. Br J Nutr 86, 405-414.
14. World Health Organization (2015) Guideline. Sugar Intakes for Adults and Children. Geneva:World Health Organization.
15. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2015) Dietary Carbohydrates and Health. London: TSO.
16. Malhotra A, Noakes T &Phinney S (2015) It is time to bust the myth of physical inactivity and obesity: you cannot outrun a bad diet. Br J Sports Med 49, 967-968.
17. Torjesen I (2015) BMA calls for 20% sugar tax to subsidise cost of fruit and vegetables. BMJ 351, h3803.
18. Ng SW, Ni Mhurchu C, Jebb SA et al. (2012) Patterns and trends of beverage consumption among children and adults in Great Britain, 1986-2009. Br J Nutr 108, 536-551.
19. National Food Survey (1974-2008) Accessible at http://discover. ukdataservice.ac.uk/series/?sn=2000034 (accessed 6 August 2015).
20. Department for Environment and Rural Affairs (2013) Family Food 2012. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/ collections/family-food-statistics.
21. Public Health England and the Food Standards Agency (2014) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Results from Years 1 to 4 (Combined) of the Rolling Programme for 2008 and 2009 to 2011 and 2012. London: Public Health England.
22. McDevitt RM, Bott SJ, Harding M et al. (2001) De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 74, 737-746.
23. Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Moore HJ et al. (2012) Effect of reducing total fat intake on body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 345, e7666.
24. Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML et al. (2006) Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 295, 39-49.
25. Harika RK, Eilander A, Alssema M et al. (2013) Intake of fatty acids in general populations worldwide does not meet dietary recommendations to prevent coronary heart disease: a systematic review of data from 40 countries. Ann Nutr Metab 63, 229-238.
26. WHO/FAO (2010) Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition. Report of an expert consultation. Rome, Italy. Food and Agricultural Organisation. http://www.fao.org. (accessed 01/8/2015).
27. Jebb SA, Lovegrove JA, Griffin BA et al. (2010) Effect of changing the amount and type of fat and carbohydrate on insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk: the RISCK (Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Cambridge, and Kings) trial. Am J Clin Nutr 92, 748-758.
28. Mozaffarian D &Ludwig DS (2015) The 2015 US dietary guidelines: lifting the ban on total dietary fat. JAMA 313, 2421-2422.
29. de Souza RJ, Bray GA, Carey VJ et al. (2012) Effects of 4 weight-loss diets differing in fat, protein, and carbohydrate on fat mass, lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatic fat: results from the POUNDS LOST trial. Am J Clin Nutr 95, 614-625.
30. Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V et al. (2014) Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet 383, 1999-2007.
31. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J et al. (2013) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 368, 1279-1290.
32. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM et al. (2001) Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 344, 3-10.
33. Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ et al. (2005) Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA 294, 2455-2464.
34. Reidlinger DP, Darzi J, Hall WL et al. (2015) How effective are current dietary guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in healthy middle-aged and older men and women? A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 101, 922-930.