A decade of evolving composites: regression- and meta-analysis

Journal of Forensic Practice

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 319-334

  Frowd, Charlie D ^a   Erickson, William B ^b   Lampinen, James M ^b   Skelton, Faye C ^c   McIntyre, Alex H ^c   Hancock, Peter J B ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^c EDINBURGH NAPIER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

EvoFIT; Facial composite; Feature system; Holistic CI; Meta analysis; Regression analysis; Sketch

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; ARTS AND ILLUSTRATION; COGNITION; FACE PROFILE; FACIAL COMPOSITE; FORENSIC SCIENCE; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGING AND DISPLAY; INTERVIEW; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PUBLIC FIGURE; RECALL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

EID: 84946739649     PISSN: 20508794     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/JFP-08-2014-0025     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Codes in square brackets are studies included in logistic regression and/or meta-analyses”.
2. ACPO (2009), “Facial identification guidance”, National Policing Improvement Agency, unpublished.
3. Brace, N., Pike, G. and Kemp, R. (2000), “Investigating E-FIT using famous faces”, in Czerederecka, A., Jaskiewicz-Obydzinska, T. and Wojcikiewicz, J. (Eds), Forensic Psychology and Law, Krakow, Institute of Forensic Research Publishers, pp. 272-6.
4. Bruce, V., Henderson, Z., Greenwood, K., Hancock, P.J.B., Burton, A.M. and Miller, P. (1999), “Verification of face identities from images captured on video”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, Vol. 5, pp. 339-60.
5. Bruce, V., Ness, H., Hancock, P.J.B., Newman, C. and Rarity, J. (2002), “Four heads are better than one. Combining face composites yields improvements in face likeness”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, pp. 894-902.
6. Cumming, G. (2012), Understanding New Statistics: Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals and Meta-Analysis, Routledge, New York, NY.
7. Davies, G.M. (1983), “Forensic face recall: the role of visual and verbal information”, in Lloyd-Bostock, S.M.A. and Clifford, B.R. (Eds), Evaluating Witness Evidence, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 103-23.
8. Davies, G.M. and Little, M. (1990), “Drawing on memory: exploring the expertise of a police artist”, Medical Science and the Law, Vol. 30, pp. 345-54.
9. Davies, G.M. and Milne, A. (1982), “Recognizing faces in and out of context”, Current Psychological Research, Vol. 2, pp. 235-46.
10. Davies, G.M., van der Willik, P. and Morrison, L.J. (2000), “Facial composite production: a comparison of mechanical and computer-driven systems”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85, pp. 119-24.
11. Davis, J.P., Simmons, S., Sulley, L., Solomon, C. and Gibson, S. (2015), “An evaluation of post-production facial composite enhancement techniques”, Journal of Forensic Practice, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 307-18.
12. Ellis, H.D., Shepherd, J.W. and Davies, G.M. (1975), “An investigation of the se of the photo-fit technique for recalling faces”, British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 66, pp. 29-37.
13. Ellis, H.D., Shepherd, J.W. and Davies, G.M. (1979), “Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: some implications for theories of face recognition”, Perception, Vol. 8, pp. 431-9.
14. Ellis, H.D., Shepherd, J.W. and Davies, G.M. (1980), “The deterioration of verbal descriptions of faces over different delay intervals”, Journal of Police Science and Administration, Vol. 8, pp. 101-16.
15. Field, A. (2009), Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3rd ed., Sage, London.
16. Fodarella, C., Kuivaniemi-Smith, H.J., Gawrylowicz, J. and Frowd, C.D. (2015), “Forensic procedures for facial-composite construction”, Journal of Forensic Practice, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 259-70.
17. [FF15]Fodarella, C., Hepton, G., Stone, K., Date, L. and Frowd, C.D. (2014), “Adjusting the focus of attention: Helping witnesses to evolve a more-identifiable composite”, University of Central Lancashire.
18. Frowd, C.D. (2015), “Facial composites and techniques to improve image recognisability”, in Valentine, T. and Davis, J. (Eds), Forensic Facial Identification: Theory and Practice of Identification from Eyewitnesses, Composites and Cctv, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, pp. 43-70.
19. [FB07]Frowd, C.D., Bruce, V., McIntyre, A. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2007a), “The relative importance of external and internal features of facial composites”, British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 98, pp. 61-77.
20. [FN07]Frowd, C.D., Bruce, V., Ness, H., Bowie, L., Thomson-Bogner, C., Paterson, J., McIntyre, A. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2007b), “Parallel approaches to composite production”, Ergonomics, Vol. 50, pp. 562-85.
21. [FB08]Frowd, C.D., Bruce, V., Smith, A. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2008), “Improving the quality of facial composites using a holistic cognitive interview”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, Vol. 14, pp. 276-87.
22. Frowd, C.D., Bruce, V., Ross, D., McIntyre, A. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2007c), “An application of caricature: how to improve the recognition of facial composites”, Visual Cognition, Vol. 15, pp. 1-31.
23. [FM05]Frowd, C.D., Carson, D., Ness, H., McQuiston, D., Richardson, J., Baldwin, H. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2005a), “Contemporary composite techniques: the impact of a forensically-relevant target delay”, Legal and Criminological Psychology, Vol. 10, pp. 63-81.
24. [FR05]Frowd, C.D., Carson, D., Ness, H., Richardson, J., Morrison, L., McLanaghan, S. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2005b), “A forensically valid comparison of facial composite systems”, Psychology, Crime and Law, Vol. 11, pp. 33-52.
25. Frowd, C.D., Jones, S., Fodarella, C., Skelton, F.C., Fields, S., Williams, A., Marsh, J., Thorley, R., Nelson, L., Greenwood, L., Date, L., Kearley, K., McIntyre, A. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2013a), “Configural and featural information in facial-composite images”, Science and Justice, Vol. 54, pp. 215-27. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2013.11.001.
26. [FM07]Frowd, C.D., McQuiston-Surrett, D., Anandaciva, S., Ireland, C.E. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2007d), “An evaluation of US systems for facial composite production”, Ergonomics, Vol. 50, pp. 1987-98.
27. [FN12]Frowd, C.D., Nelson, L., Skelton, F.C., Noyce, R., Atkins, R., Heard, P., Morgan, D., Fields, S., Henry, J., McIntyre, A. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2012a), “Interviewing techniques for Darwinian facial composite systems”, Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 26, pp. 576-84.
28. [FP10]Frowd, C.D., Pitchford, M., Bruce, V., Jackson, S., Hepton, G., Greenall, M., McIntyre, A. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2010), “The psychology of face construction: giving evolution a helping hand”, Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 25, pp. 195-203.
29. Frowd, C.D., Pitchford, M., Skelton, F.C., Petkovic, A., Prosser, C. and Coates, B. (2012b), “Catching even more offenders with EvoFIT facial composites”, in Stoica, A., Zarzhitsky, D., Howells, G., Frowd, C., McDonald-Maier, K., Erdogan, A. and Arslan, T. (Eds), IEEE Proceedings of 2012 Third International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies. doi: 10.1109/EST.2012.26, pp. 20-6.
30. Frowd, C.D., Skelton, F.C., Atherton, C., Pitchford, M., Bruce, V., Atkins, R., Gannon, C., Ross, D., Young, F., Nelson, L., Hepton, G., McIntyre, A.H. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2012c), “Understanding the multi-frame caricature advantage for recognising facial composites”, Visual Cognition, Vol. 20, pp. 1215-41.
31. [FS12]Frowd, C.D., Skelton, F., Atherton, C., Pitchford, M., Hepton, G., Holden, L., McIntyre, A. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2012d), “Recovering faces from memory: the distracting influence of external facial features”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, Vol. 18, pp. 224-38.
32. [FS11]Frowd, C.D., Skelton, F., Butt, N., Hassan, A. and Fields, S. (2011), “Familiarity effects in the construction of facial-composite images using modern software systems”, Ergonomics, Vol. 54, pp. 1147-58.
33. [FS13]Frowd, C.D., Skelton, F., Hepton, G., Holden, L., Minahil, S., Pitchford, M., McIntyre, A., Brown, C. and Hancock, P.J.B. (2013b), “Whole-face procedures for recovering facial images from memory”, Science and Justice, Vol. 53, pp. 89-97.
34. [FDUP]Frowd, C.D. and Duckworth, L. (2012), “The impact of composite hair changes”, University of Central Lancashire.
35. [FEUP]Frowd, C.D., Erickson, W.B., Lampinen, J.M., Marsh, J.E., Coultas, C., Kneller, W. and Brown, C. (2013), “The impact of weapons and unusual objects on recall and composite construction”, University of Central Lancashire.
36. [FF11]Frowd, C.D. and Fields, S. (2011), “Verbalisation effects in facial composite production”, Psychology, Crime and Law, Vol. 17, pp. 731-44.
37. [FL09]Frowd, C.D., Lee, C., Petkovic, A., Nawaz, K. and Bashir, Y. (2009), “Further automating and refining the construction and recognition of facial composite images”, International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology, Vol. 1, pp. 59-74.
38. [FNUP]Frowd, C.D. and Miller, N. (2009), “Morphing of EvoFIT composites”, University of Central Lancashire.
39. [FOUP]Frowd, C.D. and Thompson, R. (2009), “Combining holistic and feature based composite construction”, University of Central Lancashire.
40. [FTUP]Frowd, C.D. and Tran, L. (2014), “Feature based face construction over increasing retention interval”, University of Central Lancashire.
41. Frowd, C.D., White, D., Kemp, R.I., Jenkins, R., Nawaz, K. and Herold, K. (2014), “Constructing faces from memory: the impact of image likeness and prototypical representations”, Journal of Forensic Practice, Vol. 16, pp. 243-56.
42. Gibson, S.J., Solomon, C.J., Maylin, M.I.S. and Clark, C. (2009), “New methodology in facial composite construction: from theory to practice”, International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, Vol. 2, pp. 156-68.
43. [HB11]Hancock, P.J.B., Burke, K. and Frowd, C.D. (2011), “Testing facial composite construction under witness stress”, International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology, Vol. 3, pp. 65-71.
44. [KSUP]Kuivaniemi-Smith, H. and Frowd, C.D. (2013), “Improving the effectiveness of sketch-based composite images”, University of Winchester.
45. Laughery, K. and Fowler, R. (1980), “Sketch artist and identikit procedures for generating facial images”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 65, pp. 307-16.
46. Laughery, K.R., Duval, C. and Wogalter, M.S. (1986), “Dynamics of facial recall”, in Ellis, H.D., Jeeves, M.A., Newcombe, F. and Young, A. (Eds.), Aspects of Face Processing, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 373-87.
47. Lewis, M.B. (2004), “Face-space-R: towards a unified account of face recognition”, Visual Cognition, Vol. 11, pp. 29-69.
48. Lipsey, M.W. and Wilson, D. (2001), Practical Meta-Analysis, Sage, London.
49. McLeod, B.D. and Weisz, J.R. (2004), “Using dissertations to examine potential bias in child and adolescent clinical trials”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 72, pp. 235-51.
50. Marsh, J., Demaine, J., Bell, R., Skelton, F.C., Frowd, C.D., Röer, J. and Buchner, A. (2015), “The impact of irrelevant auditory facial descriptions on memory for target faces: implications for eyewitness memory”, Journal of Forensic Practice, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 271-80.
51. Meissner, C.A. and Brigham, J.C. (2001), “A meta-analysis of the verbal overshadowing effect in face identification”, Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 15, pp. 603-16.
52. Morris, P.E. and Fritz, C.O. (2013), “Effect sizes in memory research”, Memory, Vol. 21, pp. 832-42.
53. Ness, H., Hancock, P.J.B., Bowie, L., Bruce, V. and Pike, G. (2015), “Are two views better than one? Investigating three-quarter view facial composites”, Journal of Forensic Practice, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 291-306.
54. Neyeloff, J.L., Fuchs, S.C. and Moreira, L.B. (2012), “Meta-analyses and forest plots using a microsoft excel spreadsheet: step-by-step guide focusing on descriptive data analysis”, BioMed Central Research Notes, Vol. 5, pp. 1-6.
55. [PS06]Plews, S. (2006), “The influence of some factors affecting Facial composite production and their Application in practical policing”, MPhil dissertation, University of Stirling.
56. Shapiro, P.N. and Penrod, S.D. (1986), “Meta-analysis of facial identification rates”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 100, pp. 139-56.
57. Skelton, F.C., Frowd, C.D. and Speers, K.E. (2015), “The benefit of context for facial-composite construction”, Journal of Forensic Practice, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 281-90.
58. Sporer, S.L. and Martschuk, N. (2014), “The reliability of eyewitness identifications by the elderly: an evidence-based review”, in Toglia, M.P., Ross, D.F., Pozzulo, J. and Pica, E. (Eds), The Elderly Eyewitness in Court, Psychology Press, New York, NY, pp. 3-37.
59. [SAUP]Stops, A. (unpublished), “Production techniques for sketching”, University of Dundee.
60. Tanaka, J.W. and Farah, M.J. (1993), “Parts and wholes in face recognition”, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, Vol. A46, pp. 225-45.
61. Tredoux, C.G., Nunez, D.T., Oxtoby, O. and Prag, B. (2006), “An evaluation of ID: an eigenface based construction system”, South African Computer Journal, Vol. 37, pp. 1-9.
62. Valentine, T., Davis, J.P., Thorner, K., Solomon, C. and Gibson, S. (2010), “Evolving and combining facial composites: between-witness and within-witness morphs compared”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, Vol. 16, pp. 72-86.
63. Wells, G.L. and Hryciw, B. (1984), “Memory for faces: encoding and retrieval operations”, Memory and Cognition, Vol. 12, pp. 338-44.
64. Wells, G.L., Memon, A. and Penrod, S.D. (2007), “Eyewitness evidence: improving its probative value”, Psychological Sciences in the Public Interest, Vol. 7, pp. 45-75.
65. Young, A.W., Hay, D.C., McWeeny, K.H., Flude, B.M. and Ellis, A.W. (1985), “Matching familiar and unfamiliar faces on internal and external features”, Perception, Vol. 14, pp. 737-46.