The impact of ethno-linguistic fractionalization on cultural measures: Dynamics, endogeneity and modernization

Journal of International Business Studies

Volumn 46, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 1080-1098

  Luiz, John M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

cross cultural research measurement issues; cultural distance; developing markets countries economies; national culture

Indexed keywords

EID: 84946711294     PISSN: 00472506     EISSN: 14786990     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/jibs.2015.6     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Adair, W. L., Hideg, I., & Spence, J. R. 2013. The culturally intelligent team: The impact of team cultural intelligence and cultural heterogeneity on team shared values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(6): 941-962.
2. African Development Bank. 2001. African development report 2001. New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Aghion, P., Alesina, A., & Trebbi, F. 2004. Endogenous political institutions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(2): 565-611.
4. Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R. 2003. Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2): 155-194.
5. Alesina, A., Easterly, W., & Matuszeski, J. 2011. Artificial states. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(2): 246-277.
6. Alesina, A., & Fuchs-Schuendeln, N. 2005. Good bye Lenin (or not?): The effect of communism on people's preferences. NBER Working Papers No. 11700, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
7. Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. 2005. Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 43(3): 762-800.
8. Alesina, A., Michalopoulos, S., & Papaioannou, E. 2012. Ethnic inequality. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.
9. Au, K. Y. 1999. Intra-cultural variation: Evidence and implications for international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(4): 799-812.
10. Au, K. Y. 2000. Intra-cultural variation as another construct of international management: A study based on secondary data of 42 countries. Journal of International Management, 6(3): 217-238.
11. Baldwin, K., & Huber, J. D. 2010. Economic versus cultural differences: Forms of ethnic diversity and public goods provision. American Political Science Review, 104(4): 644-662.
12. Ballard, R. 2002. Race, culture and ethnicity. In M. Holborn (Ed), New developments in sociology: 1-44. Ormskirk: The Causeway Press.
13. Berry, H., Guillén, M. F., & Zhou, N. 2010. An institutional approach to cross-national distance. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(9): 1460-1480.
14. Birkinshaw, J., Brannen, M. Y., & Tung, R. L. 2011. From a distance and generalizable to up close and grounded: Reclaiming a place for qualitative methods in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5): 573-581.
15. Björkman, I., Stahl, G. K., & Vaara, E. 2007. Cultural differences and capability transfer in cross-border acquisitions: The mediating roles of capability complementarity, absorptive capacity, and social integration. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4): 658-672.
16. Bowles, S. 1998. Endogenous preferences: The cultural consequences of markets and other economic institutions. Journal of Economic Literature, 36(1): 75-111.
17. Brannen, M., & Lee, F. 2014. Bridging cultural divides: Traversing organizational and psychological perspectives on multiculturalism. In V. Benet-Martínez, & Y. Hong (Eds), Oxford handbook of multicultural identity: 417-437. New York: Oxford University Press.
18. Brewer, P., & Venaik, S. 2010. GLOBE practices and values: A case of diminishing marginal utility? Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8): 1316-1324.
19. Brouthers, K. D. 2013. A retrospective on: Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(1): 14-22.
20. Brouthers, K. D., & Brouthers, L. E. 2001. Explaining the national cultural distance paradox. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(1): 177-189.
21. Brown, G. K., & Langer, A. 2010. Conceptualizing and measuring ethnicity. Oxford Development Studies, 38(4): 411-436.
22. Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. C. 2009. The internalisation theory of the multinationet alnterprise: A review of the progress of a research agenda after 30 years. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9): 1563-1580.
23. Buckley, P. J., Devinney, T. M., & Louviere, J. J. 2007. Do managers behave the way theory suggests? A choice-theoretic examination of foreign direct investment location decisionmaking. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(7): 1069-1094.
24. Caprar, D. V. 2011. Foreign locals: A cautionary tale on the culture of MNC locet almployees. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5): 608-628.
25. Chabowski, B. R., Hult, G. T. M., Kiyak, T., & Mena, J. A. 2010. The structure of JIBS's social network and the relevance of intracountry variation: A typology for future research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(5): 925-934.
26. Cuervo-Cazurra, A., & Genc, M. 2008. Transforming disadvantages into advantages: Developing-country MNEs in the least developed countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(6): 957-979.
27. Del Sol, P., & Kogan, J. 2007. Regional competitive advantage based on pioneering economic reforms: The case of Chilean FDI. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(6): 901-927.
28. Desmet, K., Ortuño-Ortín, I., & Wacziarg, R. 2012. The politicet alconomy of linguistic cleavages. Journal of Development Economics, 97(2): 322-338.
29. Di Tella, R., Galiani, S., & Schargrodsky, E. 2007. The formation of beliefs: Evidence from the allocation of land titles. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(1): 209-241.
30. Drogendijk, R., & Zander, L. 2010. Walking the cultural distance: In search of direction beyond friction. Advances in International Management, 23(2): 189-212.
31. Easterly, W., & Levine, R. 1997. Africa's growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4): 1203-1250.
32. Eifert, B., Miguel, E., & Posner, D. N. 2010. Political competition and ethnic identification in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 54(2): 494-510.
33. Esteban, J., Mayoral, L., & Ray, D. 2012. Ethnicity and conflict: An empirical study. The American Economic Review, 102(4): 1310-1342.
34. Fearon, J. D. 2003. Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2): 195-222.
35. Fedderke, J.W., & Luiz, J. M. 2007. Fractionalization and long-run economic growth: Webs and direction of association between the economic and the social-South Africa as a time series case study. Applied Economics, 39(8): 1037-1052.
36. Fedderke, J. W., & Luiz, J. M. 2008. Does human capital generate social and institutional capital? Exploring evidence from South African time series data. Oxford Economic Papers, 60(4): 649-682.
37. Fedderke, J., Luiz, J., & De Kadt, R. 2008. Using fractionalization indexes: Deriving methodological principles for growth studies from time series evidence. Social Indicators Research, 85(2): 257-278.
38. Fehr, E. 2009. On the economics and biology of trust. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(2-3): 235-266.
39. Gerhart, B. 2008. Cross cultural management research assumptions, evidence, and suggested directions. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(3): 259-274.
40. Giavazzi, F., Petkov, I., & Schiantarelli, F. 2014. Culture: Persistence and evolution. NBER Working Paper No. 20174, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
41. Gruber, J., & Hungerman, D. 2008. The church versus the mall: What happens when religion faces increased secular competition? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(2): 831-862.
42. Hanek, K. J., Lee, F., & Brannen, M. Y. 2014. Individual differences among global/multicultural individuals. International Studies of Management and Organization, 44(2): 75-89.
43. Hennart, J. F., & Zeng, M. 2002. Cross-cultural differences and joint venture longevity. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(4): 699-716.
44. Hirschman, A. O. 1964. The paternity of an index. American Economic Review, 54(5): 761-762.
45. Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M.W., Chiu, C. Y., & Benet-Martinez, V. 2000. Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7): 709-720.
46. Hult, G. T. M., Ketchen, D. J., Griffith, D. A., Finnegan, C. A., Gonzalez-Padron, T., Harmancioglu, N., Huang, Y., Talay, M., & Cavusgil, S. T. 2008. Data equivalence in cross-cultural international business research: Assessment and guidelines. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(6): 1027-1044.
47. Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture's consequences. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
48. Hofstede, G. 1991. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
49. Hofstede, G. 2006. What did GLOBE really measure? Researchers' minds versus respondents' minds. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6): 882-896.
50. Hofstede, G. 2010. The GLOBE debate: Back to relevance. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8): 1339-1346.
51. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. 2004. Culture, leadership, and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
52. Javidan, M., House, R. J., Dorfman, P. W., Hanges, P. J., & De Luque, M. S. 2006. Conceptualizing and measuring cultures and their consequences: A comparative review of GLOBE's and Hofstede's approaches. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6): 897-914.
53. Kandogan, Y. 2012. An improvement to Kogut and Singh measure of cultural distance considering the relationship among different dimensions of culture. Research in International Business and Finance, 26(2): 196-203.
54. Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. 2006. A quarter century of culture's consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3): 285-320.
55. Kogut, B., & Singh, H. 1988. The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3): 411-432.
56. Kuznetsov, A., & Kuznetsova, O. 2014. Building professional discourse in emerging markets: Language, context and the challenge of sensemaking. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5): 583-599.
57. Lakshman, C. 2013. Biculturalism and attributional complexity: Cross-cultural leadership effectiveness. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(9): 922-940.
58. La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. 1999. The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1): 222-279.
59. Leung, K., Bhagat, R. S., Buchan, N. R., Erez, M., & Gibson, C. B. 2005. Culture and international business: Recent advances and their implications for future research. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(4): 357-378.
60. Lind, J. T. 2007. Fractionalization and inter-group differences. Kyklos, 60(1): 123-139.
61. Lipset, S. M. 1959. Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1): 69-105.
62. Luiz, J. M., & Stewart, C. 2014. Corruption, South African multinationet alnterprises and institutions in Africa. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(3): 383-398.
63. Montalvo, J. G., & Reynal-Querol, M. 2005. Ethnic polarization, potential conflict, and civil wars. American Economic Review, 95(3): 796-816.
64. Moore, F. 2011. Holistic ethnography: Studying the impact of multiple national identities on post-acquisition organizations. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5): 654-671.
65. Nkomo, S., & Cook, J. 2006. Leadership in Africa. In J. Luiz (Ed), Managing business in Africa: 83-108. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
66. Peng, M. W., Wang, D. Y., & Jiang, Y. 2008. An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(5): 920-936.
67. Posner, D. N. 2004. Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4): 849-863.
68. Reus, T. H., & Lamont, B. T. 2009. The double-edged sword of cultural distance in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(8): 1298-1316.
69. Salomon, R., & Wu, Z. 2012. Institutional distance and local isomorphism strategy. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(4): 343-367.
70. Shenkar, O. 2001. Cultural distance revisited: Towards a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of cultural differences. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3): 519-535.
71. Shenkar, O. 2012. Beyond cultural distance: Switching to a friction lens in the study of cultural differences. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(1): 12-17.
72. Shenkar, O., Luo, Y., & Yeheskel, O. 2008. From "distance" to "friction": Substituting metaphors and redirecting intercultural research. Academy of Management Review, 33(4): 905-923.
73. Sirmon, D. G., & Lane, P. J. 2004. A model of cultural differences and international alliance performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(4): 306-319.
74. Sivakumar, K., & Nakata, C. 2001. The stampede toward Hofstede's framework: Avoiding the sample design pit in crosscultural research. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3): 555-574.
75. Stahl, G. K., Maznevski, M. L., Voigt, A., & Jonsen, K. 2010. Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A metaanalysis of research on multicultural work groups. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(4): 690-709.
76. Stahl, G. K., & Tung, R. L. 2014. Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies. advance online publication 18 December doi:10.1057/jibs.2014.68.
77. Tang, L., & Koveos, P. E. 2008. A framework to update Hofstede's cultural value indices: Economic dynamics and institutional stability. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(6): 1045-1063.
78. Taras, V., Steel, P., & Kirkman, B. L. 2010. Negative practice-value correlations in the GLOBE data: Unexpected findings, questionnaire limitations and research directions. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8): 1330-1338.
79. Tihanyi, L., Griffith, D. A., & Russell, C. J. 2005. The effect of cultural distance on entry mode choice, international diversification, and MNE performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(3): 270-283.
80. Tung, R. L., & Verbeke, A. 2010. Beyond Hofstede and GLOBE: Improving the quality of cross-cultural research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8): 1259-1274.
81. Williams, D. W., & Grégoire, D. A. 2014. Seeking commonalities or avoiding differences? Re-conceptualizing distance and its effects on internationalization decisions. Journal of International Business Studies. advance online publication 2 October doi:10.1057/jibs.2014.52.
82. Yagi, N., & Kleinberg, J. 2011. Boundary work: An interpretive ethnographic perspective on negotiating and leveraging cross-cultural identity. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5): 629-653.
83. Zaheer, S., Schomaker, M. S., & Nachum, L. 2012. Distance without direction: Restoring credibility to a much-loved construct. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(1): 18-27.