Sulfur and oxygen isotope insights into sulfur cycling in shallow-sea hydrothermal vents, Milos, Greece

Geochemical Transactions

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Gilhooly, William P ^a,b   Fike, David A ^b   Druschel, Gregory K ^a   Kafantaris, Fotios Christos A ^a   Price, Roy E ^c,d   Amend, Jan P ^c  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anhydrite; Milos Island; Palaeochori Bay; Phase separation; Shallow sea hydrothermal vents; Sulfate oxygen isotopes; Sulfide oxidation; Sulfur isotopes

Indexed keywords

ANHYDRITE; HIGH TEMPERATURE; HYDROTHERMAL VENT; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MASS BALANCE; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; SULFUR CYCLE; SULFUR ISOTOPE;

CYCLADES; GREECE; MILOS [CYCLADES]; MILOS [SOUTHERN AEGEAN]; SOUTHERN AEGEAN;

EID: 84946226896     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14674866     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12932-014-0012-y     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Clark BC: Sulfur: Fountainhead of Life in the Universe. In Life in the Universe. Edited by Billingham J. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1981:47-60.
2. Jørgensen BB: Mineralization of organic matter in the sea bed - the role of sulphate reduction. Nature 1982, 296:643-645.
3. Berner RA: Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern ocean: its geochemical and environmental significance. Am J Sci 1982, 282:451-473.
4. Gamo T: Wide variation of chemical characteristics of submarine hydrothermal fluids due to secondary modification processes after high temperature water-rock interaction: a review. In Biogeochemical Processes and Ocean Flux in the Western Pacific. Edited by Sakai H, Nozaki Y. Tokyo: Terra Scientific; 1995:425-451.
5. Henley RW, Ellis AJ: Geothermal Systems Ancient and Modern: A Geochemical Review. Earth Sci Rev 1983, 19:1-50.
6. Ohmoto H, Goldhaber MB: Sulfur and Carbon Isotopes. In Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. Edited by Barnes HL. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1997:517-611.
7. Butterfield DA, Jonassan IR, Massoth GJ, Feely RA, Roe KK, Embley RE, Holden JF, McDuff RE, Lilley MD, Delaney JR: Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Philos Trans R Soc A 1997, 355:369-386.
8. Elderfield H, Schultz A: Mid-ocean Ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 1996, 24:191-224.
9. Staudigel H, Hart SR: Alteration of basaltic glass: Mechanisms and significance for the oceanic crust-seawater budget. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1983, 47:337-350.
10. Edmond JM, Measures C, McDuff RE, Chan LH, Collier R, Grant B, Gordon LI, Corliss JB: Ridge crest hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor elements in the ocean: The Galapagos data. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1979, 46:1-18.
11. German CR, Von Damm KL: Hydrothermal Processes. In Treatise on Geochemistry. Edited by Holland HD, Turekian KK. Oxford: Elsevier; 2003:181-222.
12. Ono S, Shanks WC III, Rouxel OJ, Rumble D: S-33 contraints on seawater sulfate contribution in modern seafloor hydrothermal vent sulfides. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2007, 71:1170-1182.
13. Peters M, Strauss H, Farquhar J, Ockert C, Eickmann B, Jost CL: Sulfur cycling at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: A multiple sulfur isotope approach. Chem Geol 2010, 269:180-196.
14. Rouxel O, Ono S, Alt J, Rumble D, Ludden J: Sulfur isotope evidence for microbial sulfate reduction in altered oceanic basalts at ODP Site 801. Earth Planet Sci Lett 2008, 268:110-123.
15. Sakai H, Des Marais DJ, Ueda A, Moore JG: Concentrations and isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in ocean-floor basalts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1984, 48:2433-2441.
16. Rees CE, Jenkins WJ, Monster J: The sulphur isotopic composition of ocean water sulphate. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1978, 42:377-381.
17. Chaussidon M, Albarede F, Sheppard SMF: Sulphur isotope variations in the mantle from ion microprobe analyses of micro-sulphide inclusions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1989, 92:144-156.
18. Chaussidon M, Albarede F, Sheppard SMF: Sulphur isotope heterogeneity in the mantle from ion microprobe measurements of sulphide inclusions in diamonds. Nature 1987, 330:242-244.
19. Canfield DE: Biogeochemistry of Sulfur Isotopes. In Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Edited by Valley JW, Cole DR. Washington DC: Mineralogical Society of America; 2001:607-636.
20. Sim MS, Ono S, Donovan K, Templer SP, Bosak T: Effect of electron donors on the fractionation of sulfur isotopes by a marine Desulfovibrio sp. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2011, 75:4244-4259.
21. Alt JC, Burdett JW: Sulfur in Pacific deep-sea sediments (Leg 129) and implications for cycling of sediment in subduction zones. In Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 129: College Station TX (Ocean Drilling Program). Edited by Larson RL, Lancelot Y. 1992:283-294.
22. Canfield DE: The Evolution of the Earth Surface Sulfur Reservoir. Am J Sci 2004, 304:839-861.
23. Shanks WC: Stable Isotopes in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Vent fluids, hydrothermal deposits, hydrothermal alteration, and microbial processes. Rev Mineral Geochem 2001, 43:469-525.
24. Shanks WC III, Böhlke JK, Seal RR II: Stable isotopes in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems: Interactions between fluids, minerals, and organisms. In Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions. Washington, DC: AGU; 1995:194-221.
25. Chiba H, Sakai H: Oxygen isotope exchange rate between dissolved sulfate and water at hydrothermal temperatures. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1985, 49:993-1000.
26. Brunner B, Bernasconi SM, Kleikemper J, Schroth MH: A model for oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation in sulfate during bacterial sulfate reduction processes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2005, 69:4773-4785.
27. Müller IA, Brunner B, Coleman M: Isotopic evidence of the pivotal role of sulfite oxidation in shaping the oxygen isotope signature of sulfate. Chem Geol 2013, 354:186-202.
28. Craddock PR, Bach W: Insights to magmatic-hydrothermal processes in Manus back-arc basin as recorded by anhydrite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2010, 74:5514-5536.
29. Teagle DAH, Alt JC, Halliday AN: Tracing the chemical evolution of fluids during hydrothermal recharge: Constraints from anhydrite recovered in ODP Hole 504B. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1998, 155:167-182.
30. Marini L, Fiebig J: Fluid geochemistry of the magmatic-hydrothermal system of Nisyros (Greece). In The Geology, Geochemistry and Evolution of Nisyros Volcano (Greece). Implications for the Volcanic Hazards. Edited by Hunziker JC, Marini L. Lausanne: Section des sciences de la Terre, Université de Lausanne; 2005:121-163.
31. 2 S, elemental S, and hydrothermal gypsum from Nisyros and Milos Islands. Earth Planet Sci Lett 2002, 200:15-31.
32. Peters M, Strauss H, Petersen S, Kummer N, Thomazo C: Hydrothermalism in the Tyrrhenian Sea: Inorganic and microbial sulfur cycling as revealed by geochemical and multiple sulfur isotope data. Chem Geol 2011, 280:217-231.
33. Amend JP, Rogers KL, Meyer-Dombard DR: Microbially mediate sulfur-redox: Energetics in marine hydrothermal vent systems. In Sulfur Biogeochemistry - Past and Present: Geological Society of America Special Paper 379. Edited by Amend JP, Edwards KJ, Lyons TW. Boulder: Geological Society of America; 2004:17-34.
34. Tarasov VG, Gebruk AV, Mironov AN, Moskalev LI: Deep-sea and shallow-water hydrothermal vent communities: Two different phenomena? Chem Geol 2005, 224:5-39.
35. Butterfield DA, Massoth GJ, McDuff RE, Lupton JE, Lilley MD: Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from Axial Seamount hydrothermal emissions study vent field, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Subseafloor boiling and subsequent fluid-rock interaction. J Geophys Res 1990, 95:12895-12922.
36. Bischoff JL, Rosenbauer RJ: The critical point and two-phase boundary of seawater, 200-500°C. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1984, 68:172-180.
37. Foustoukos DI, Seyfried WE: Fluid Phase Separation Processes in Submarine Hydrothermal Systems. Rev Mineral Geochem 2007, 65:213-239.
38. Ishibashi J-i, Urabe T: Hydrothermal Activity Related to Arc-Backarc Magmatism in the Western Pacific. In Backarc Basins. Edited by Taylor B. New York: Springer US; 1995:451-495.
39. Price RE, Savov I, Planer-Friedrich B, Bühring SI, Amend JP, Pichler T: Processes influencing extreme As enrichment in shallow-sea hydrothermal fluids of Milos Island, Greece. Chem Geol 2013, 348:15-26.
40. Druschel GK, Rosenberg PE: Non-magmatic fracture-controlled hydrothermal systems in the Idaho Batholith: South Fork Payette geothermal system. Chem Geol 2001, 173:271-291.
41. Dando PR, Aliani S, Arab H, Bianchi CN, Brehmer M, Cocito S, Fowler SW, Gundersen J, Hooper LE, Kölbl R, Kuever J, Linke P, Makropoulos KC, Meloni R, Miquel J-C, Morri C, Müller S, Robinson C, Schlesner H, Sievert SM, Stöhr R, Stüben D, Thomm M, Varnavas SP, Ziebis W: Hydrothermal Studies in the Aegean Sea. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 2000, 25:1-8.
42. Dando PR, Hughes JA, Leahy Y, Niven SJ, Taylor LJ, Smith C: Gas venting rates from submarine hydrothermal areas around the island of Milos, Hellenic Volcanic Arc. Continent Shelf Res 1995, 15:913-929.
43. Price RE, Amend JP, Pichler T: Enhanced geochemical gradients in a marine shallow-water hydrothermal system: Unusual arsenic speciation in horizontal and vertical pore water profiles. Appl Geochem 2007, 22:2595-2605.
44. Price RE, Pichler T: Distribution, speciation and bioavailability of arsenic in a shallow-water submarine hydrothermal system, Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, PNG. Chem Geol 2005, 224:122-135.
45. Sansone FJ, Pawlak G, Stanton TP, McManus MA, Glazer BT, DeCarlo EH, Bandet M, Sevadjian J, Stierhoff K, Colgrove C, Hebert AB, Chen IC: Kilo Nalu: Physical/biogeochemical dynamics above and within permeable sediments. Oceanography 2008, 21:173-178.
46. Hebert AB, Sansone FJ, Pawlak GR: Tracer dispersal in sandy sediment porewater under enhanced physical forcing. Continent Shelf Res 2007, 27:2278-2287.
47. Yücel M, Sievert SM, Vetriani C, Foustoukos DI, Giovannelli D, Le Bris N: Eco-geochemical dynamics of a shallow-water hydrothermal vent system at Milos Island, Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). Chem Geol 2013, 356:11-20.
48. Truesdell A, Nehring N: Gases and water isotopes in a geochemical section across the Larderello, Italy, geothermal field. Pure Appl Geophys 1978, 117:276-289.
49. Pichler T, Veizer J, Hall GEM: The chemical composition of shallow-water hydrothermal fields in Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea and their effect on ambient seawater. Mar Chem 1999, 64:229-252.
50. Luther GW III: The role of one and two electron transfer reactions in forming thermodynamically unstable intermediates as barriers in multi-electron redox reactions. Aquat Geochem 2010, 16:395-420.
51. Zopfi J, Ferdelman TG, Fossing H: Distribution and fate of sulfur intermediates - sulfide, tetrathionate, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur - in marine sediments. In Sulfur Biogeochemistry - Past and Present: Geological Society of America Special Paper 379. Edited by Amend JP, Edwards KJ, Lyons TW. Boulder: Geological Society of America; 2004:97-116.
52. Werne JP, Hollander DJ, Lyons TW, Sinninghe Damste JS: Organic sulfur biogeochemistry: Recent advances and furture research directions. In Sulfur Biogeochemistry - Past and Present: Geological Society of America Special Paper 379. Edited by Amend JP, Edwards KJ, Lyons TW. Boulder: Geological Society of America; 2004:135-150.
53. Gartman A, Yücel M, Madison AS, Chu DW, Ma S, Janzen CP, Becker EL, Beinart RA, Girguis PR, Luther GW III: Sulfide Oxidation across Diffuse Flow Zones of Hydrothermal Vents. Aquat Geochem 2011, 17:583-601.
54. Millero FJ: The thermodynamics and kinetics of the hydrogen sulfide system in natural waters. Mar Chem 1986, 18:121-147.
55. Millero FJ: Estimate of the life time of superoxide in seawater. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1987, 51:351-353.
56. Luther GW, Findlay AJ, MacDonald DJ, Owings SM, Hanson TE, Beinart RA, Girguis PR: Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: A look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment. Front Microbiol 2011, 2:1-9.
57. Fike DA, Gammon CL, Ziebis W, Orphan VJ: Micron-scale mapping of sulfur cycling across the oxycline of a cyanobacterial mat: a paired nanoSIMS and CARD-FISH approach. ISME J 2008, 2:749-759.
58. 34 S in hypersaline cyanobacterial mats over the diel cycle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2009, 73:6187-6204.
59. Berner RA, Raiswell R: Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic time: a new theory. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1983, 47:855-862.
60. 2 in the global sedimentary redox cycle. Am J Sci 1986, 286:337-360.
61. Gaillard F, Scaillet B, Arndt NT: Atmospheric oxygenation caused by a change in volcanic degassing pressure. Nature 2011, 478:229-233.
62. Kasting JF, Catling DC, Zahnle K: Atmospheric oxygenation and volcanism. Nature 2012, 487:E1-E2.
63. Fytikas M: Updating of the goelogical and geothermal research on Milos Island. Geothermics 1989, 18:485-496.
64. Kilias SP, Nomikou P, Papanikolaou D, Polymenakou PN, Godelitsas A, Argyraki A, Carey S, Gamaletsos P, Mertzimekis TJ, Stathopoulou E, Goettlicher J, Steininger R, Betzelou K, Livanos I, Christakis C, Bell KC, Scoullos M: New insights into hydrothermal vent processes in the unique shallow-submarine arc-volcano, Kolumbo (Santorini), Greece. Sci Rep 2013, 3:1-13.
65. Varnavas SP, Cronan DS: Submarine hydrothermal activity off Santorini and Milos in the Central Hellenic Volcanic Arc: A synthesis. Chem Geol 2005, 224:40-54.
66. Valsami-Jones E, Baltatzis E, Bailey EH, Boyce AJ, Alexander JL, Magganas A, Anderson L, Waldron S, Ragnarsdottir KV: The geochemistry of fluids from an active shallow submarine hydrothermal system: Milos Island, Hellenic Volcanic Arc. J Volcanol Geoth Res 2005, 148:130-151.
67. Sievert SM, Kuever J: Desulfacinum hydrothermale sp. nov., a thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterium from geothermally heated sediments near Milos Island (Greece). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000, 50:1239-1246.
68. Sievert SM, Brinkhoff T, Muyzer G, Ziebis W, Kuever J: Spatial Heterogeneity of Bacterial Populations along an Environmental Gradient at a Shallow Submarine Hydrothermal Vent near Milos Island (Greece). Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:3834-3842.
69. Fitzsimons MF, Dando PR, Hughes JA, Thiermann F, Akoumainaki I, Pratt SM: Submarine hydrothermal brine seeps off Milos, Greece: Observations and geochemistry. Mar Chem 1997, 57:325-340.
70. Brinkhoff T, Sievert SM, Kuever J, Muyzer G: Distribution and Diversity of Sulfur-Oxidizing Thiomicrospira spp. at a Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Vent in the Aegean Sea (Milos, Greece). Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:3843-3849.
71. 2 -venting sediments (Milos Island, Greece). Front Microbiol 2013, 4:1-10.
72. Price RE, Lesniewski R, Nitzsche K, Meyerdierks A, Saltikov C, Pichler T, Amend J: Archaeal and bacterial diversity in an arsenic-rich shallow-sea hydrothermal system undergoing phase separation. Front Microbiol 2013, 4:1-19.
73. Dando PR, Hughes JA, Thiermann F: Preliminary observations on biological communities at shallow hydrothermal vents in the Aegean Sea. In Hydrothermal Vents and Processes, Geological Society Special Publication No. 87. Edited by Parson LM, Walker CL, Dixon DR. 1995:303-317.
74. Naden J, Kilias SP, Darbyshire DPF: Active geothermal systems with entrained seawater as modern analogs for transitional volcanic-hosted massive sulfide and continental magmato-hydrothermal mineralization: The example of Milos Island, Greece. Geology 2005, 33:541-544.
75. Wenzhöfer F, Holby O, Glud RN, Nielsen HK, Gundersen JK: In situ microsensor studies of a shallow water hydrothermal vent at Milos, Greece. Mar Chem 2000, 69:43-54.
76. Brendel PJ, Luther GW: Development of a gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrode for the determination of dissolved Fe, Mn, O2, and S(-II) in porewaters of marine and freshwater sediments. Environ Sci Technol 1995, 29:751-761.
77. Druschel G, Baker B, Gihring T, Banfield J: Acid mine drainage biogeochemistry at Iron Mountain, California. Geochem Trans 2004, 5:1-20.
78. Luther GW III, Glazer BT, Ma S, Trowborst RE, Moore TS, Metzger E, Kraiya C, Waite TJ, Druschel G, Sundby B, Taillefert M, Nuzzio DB, Shank TM, Lewis B, Brendel PJ: Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA). Mar Chem 2008, 108:221-235.
79. Taillefert M, Rozan TF: Electrochemical methods for the environmental analysis of trace elements biogeochemistry. In Environmental Electrochemistry: Analyses of Trace Element Biogeochemistry. Edited by Taillefert M, Rozan TF. Washington DC: American Chemical Society; 2002:3-14.
80. Druschel GK, Hamers RJ, Luther GW, Banfield JF: Kinetics and mechanism of trithionate and tetrathionate oxidation at low pH by hydroxyl radicals. Aquat Geochem 2003, 9:145-164.
81. Luther GW III, Glazer BT, Hohmann L, Popp J, Taillefert M, Rozan TF, Brendel PJ, Therberge SM, Nuzzio DB: Sulfur speciation monitored in situ with solid state gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrodes: polysulfides as a special case in sediments, microbial mats and hydrothermal vent waters. J Environ Monit 2001, 3:61-66.
82. Meites L: Handbook of Analytical Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1961.
83. Slowey AJ, DiPasquale MM: How to overcome inter-electrode variability and instability to quantify dissolved oxygen, Fe(II), Mn(II), and S(-II) in undisturbed soils and sediments using voltammetry. Geochem Trans 2012, 13:1-20.
84. Canfield DE, Raiswell R, Westrich JT, Reaves CM, Berner RA: The use of chromium reduction in the analysis of reduced inorganic sulfur in sediments and shales. Chem Geol 1986, 54:149-155.
85. Kamyshny A Jr, Goifman A, Gun J, Rizkov D, Lev O: Equilibrium Distribution of Polysulfide Ions in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C: a new approach for the study of polysulfides' equilibria. Environ Sci Tech 2004, 38:6633-6644.
86. Karageorgis A, Anagnostou C, Sioulas A, Chronis G, Papathanassiou E: Sediment geochemistry and mineralogy in Milos bay, SW Kyklades, Aegean Sea, Greece. J Mar Syst 1998, 16:269-281.
87. Thiermann F, Akoumainaki I, Hughes JA, Giere O: Benthic fauna of a shallow-water gaseohydrothermal vent area in the Aegean Sea (Milos, Greece). Mar Biol 1997, 128:149-159.
88. 2 in Aqueous Solution. Chem Geol 1988, 73:205-210.
89. Fry B, Gest H, Hayes JM: Isotope effects associated with the anaerobic oxidation of sulfide by the purple photosynthetic bacterium, Chromatium vinosum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1984, 22:283-287.
90. Zerkle AL, Farquhar J, Johnston DT, Cox RP, Canfield DE: Fractionation of multiple sulfur isotopes during phototrophic oxidation of sulfide and elemental sulfur by a green sulfur bacterium. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2009, 73:291-306.
91. Bradley AS, Leavitt WD, Johnston DT: Revisiting the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway. Geobiology 2011, 9:446-457.
92. Detmers J, Bruchert V, Habicht KS, Kuever J: Diversity of Sulfur Isotope Fractionations by Sulfate-Reducing Prokaryotes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67:888-894.
93. Brüchert V, Knoblauch C, Jørgensen BB: Controls on stable sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial sulfate reduction in Arctic sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2001, 65:763-776.
94. Chanton J, Martens C, Goldhaber M: Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin. 8. A sulfur isotopic budget balanced by differential diffusion across the sediment-water interface. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1987, 51:1201-1208.
95. Habicht KS, Canfield DE, Rethmeier J: Sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial reduction and disproportionation of thiosulfate and sulfite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1998, 62:2585-2595.
96. Brombach T, Caliro S, Chiodini G, Fiebig J, Hunziker JC, Raco B: Geochemical evidence for mixing of magmatic fluids with seawater, Nisyros hydrothermal system, Greece. Bull Volcanol 2003, 65:505-516.
97. Kroopnick P, Craig H: Atmospheric Oxygen: Isotopic Composition and Solubility Fractionation. Science 1972, 175:54-55.
98. Dotsika E, Poutoukis D, Michelot JL, Raco B: Natural tracers for indentifying the origin of the thermal fluids emerging along the Aegean Volcanic arc (Greece): Evidence of Arc-Type Magmatic Water (ATMW) participation. J Volcanol Geoth Res 2009, 179:19-31.
99. Shanks WC III, Bischoff JL, Rosenbauer RJ: Seawater sulfate reduction and sulfur isotope fractionation in basaltic systems: Interaction of seawater with fayalite and magnetite at 200-350°C. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1981, 45:1977-1995.
100. Sleep NH: Hydrothermal circulation, anhydrite precipitation, and thermal structure at ridge axes. J Geophys Res 1991, 96:2375-2387.
101. Ohmoto H, Lasaga AC: Kinetics of reactions between aqueous sulfates and sulfides in hydrothermal systems. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1982, 46:1727-1745.
102. Wu S, You C, Wang B, Valsami-Jones E, Baltatzis E: Two-cells phase separation in shallow submarine hydrothermal system at Milos Island, Greece: Boron isotopic evidence. Geophys Res Lett 2011, 38:L08613.