Organic sulfur biogeochemistry: Recent advances and future research directions

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 379, Issue , 2004, Pages 135-150

  Werne, Josef P ^a   Hollander, David J ^b   Lyons, Timothy W ^c   Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DULUTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^d ROYAL NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Global sulfur cycle; Macromolecular sulfur; Organic sulfur; Sedimentary sulfur; Sulfur isotopes

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; DEPOSITS; GASOLINE; PETROLEUM REFINING; SEDIMENTOLOGY;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESS; FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS; MACROMOLECULAR SULFUR; ORGANIC SULFUR; ORGANIC-CARBON PRESERVATION; PALEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY; SULFUR CYCLES; SULFUR ISOTOPE;

ORGANIC CARBON;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT; FUTURE PROSPECT; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PALEOENVIRONMENT; RESEARCH; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; SULFUR; SULFUR CYCLE; SULFUR ISOTOPE;

EID: 84870911891     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2379-5.135     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (172)

1. Adam, P., Schmid, J.C., Albrecht, P., and Connan, J., 1991, 2α and 3β steroid thiols from reductive cleavage of macromolecular petroleum fraction: Tetrahedron Letters, v. 32, p. 2955-2958, doi: 10.1016/0040-4039(91) 80661-O.
2. Adam, P., Mycke, B., Schmid, J.C., Connan, J., and Albrecht, P., 1992, Steroid moieties attached to macromolecular petroleum fraction via di-or polysulfi de bridges: Energy & Fuels, v. 6, p. 553-559. (Pubitemid 23577681)
3. Adam, P., Schmid, J.C., Mycke, B., Strazielle, C., Connan, J., Huc, A., Riva, A., and Albrecht, P., 1993, Structural investigation of nonpolar sulfur crosslinked macromolecules in petroleum: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 3395-3419, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90547-A. (Pubitemid 24418383)
4. Adam, P., Phillippe, E., and Albrecht, P., 1998, Photochemical sulfurization of sedimentary organic matter: A widespread process occurring at early diagenesis in natural environments?: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, p. 265-271, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00332-3.
5. Adam, P., Schneckenburger, P., Schaeffer, P., and Albrecht, P., 2000, Clues to early diagenetic sulfurization processes from mild chemical cleavage of labile sulfur-rich geomacromolecules: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 3485-3503.
6. Aizenshtat, Z., Stoler, A., Cohen, Y., and Nielsen, H., 1983, The geochemical sulphur enrichment of recent organic matter by polysulfides in the Solar-Lake, in Bjorøy, M., et al., eds., Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1981: New York, John Wiley & Sons Limited, p. 279-288.
7. Aizenshtat, Z., Krein, E., Vairavamurthy, M., and Goldstein, T., 1995, Role of sulfur in the transformations of sedimentary organic matter: A mechanistic overview, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, p. 378-396.
8. Amrani, A., and Aizenshtat, Z., 2003, Mechanisms of sulfur introduction chemically controlled: δ34S imprint: Proceedings, 21st IMOG meeting, Krakow, Poland, p. 39-40.
9. Anderson, T.F., and Pratt, L.M., 1995, Isotope evidence for the origin of organic sulfur and elemental sulfur in marine sediments, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, p. 378-396.
10. Bak, F., and Cypionka, H., 1987, A novel type of energy metabolism involving fermentation of inorganic sulphur compounds: Nature, v. 326, p. 891-892, doi: 10.1038/326891A0. (Pubitemid 17065305)
11. Bak, F., and Pfennig, N., 1987, Chemolithotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans sp. nov. by disproportionation of inorganic sulfur compounds: Archives of Microbiology, v. 147, p. 184-189. (Pubitemid 17048673)
12. Barakat, A.O., and Rüllkötter, J., 1995, The distribution of free organic sulfur compounds in sediments from the Nördlinger Ries, Southern Germany, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, p. 311-331.
13. Barakat, A.O., and Rüllkötter, J., 1999, Origin of organic sulfur compounds in sediments from the Nördlinger Ries (Southern Germany): Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, v. 22, p. 103-119, doi: 10.1016/S0920-4105(98)00060-6. (Pubitemid 30115821)
14. Bates, A., Spiker, E., Hatcher, P., Stout, S., and Weintraub, V., 1995, Sulfur geochemistry of organic-rich sediments from Mud Lake, Florida, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 121, p. 245-262, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00122-O.
15. Bates, A., Spiker, E., and Holmes, C., 1998, Speciation and isotopic composition of sedimentary sulfur in the Everglades, Florida, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 146, p. 155-170, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00008-4. (Pubitemid 28472291)
16. Berner, R.A., 1987, Models for carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen: application to Paleozoic geologic history: American Journal of Science, v. 287, p. 177-196.
17. Berner, R.A., and Raiswell, R., 1983, Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic time: a new theory: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, p. 855-862, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90151-5.
18. Blokker, P., Schouten, S., van den Ende, H., de Leeuw, J.W., Hatcher, P.G., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 1998, Chemical structure of algaenans from the fresh water algae Tetraedron minimum, Scenedesmus communis and Pediastrum boryanum: Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, p. 1453-1468, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00111-9. (Pubitemid 29059873)
19. Blokker, P., Schouten, S., de Leeuw, J.W., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and van den Ende, H., 2000, A comparative study of fossil and extant algaenans using ruthenium tetroxide degradation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 2055-2065, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00367-7. (Pubitemid 30458126)
20. Böttcher, M.E., and Thamdrup, B., 2001, Anaerobic sulfide oxidation and stable isotope fractionation associated with bacterial sulfur disproportionation in the presence of MnO2: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 1573-1581, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00622-0. (Pubitemid 32477889)
21. Böttcher, M.E., Thamdrup, B., and Vennemann, T.W., 2001, Oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation during anaerobic bacterial disproportionation of elemental sulfur: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, no. 10, p. 1601-1609, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00628-1. (Pubitemid 32477890)
22. Böttcher, M.E., Schale, H., Schnetger, B., Wallmann, K., and Brumsack, H.-J., 2000, Stable sulfur isotopes indicate net sulfate reduction in near-surface sediments of the deep Arabian Sea: Deep-Sea Research II, v. 47, p. 2769-2783.
23. Bottrell, S.H., and Raiswell, R., 2000, Sulphur isotopes and microbial sulphur cycling, in Riding, R.E., and Awramik, S.M., eds., Microbial sediments: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 96-104.
24. Boulègue, J., Lord, C.J., III, and Church, T.M., 1982, Sulfur speciation and associated trace metals (Fe, Cu) in the pore waters of Great Marsh, Delaware: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, p. 453-464, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(82)90236-8.
25. Brassell, S.C., Lewis, C.A., de Leeuw, J.W., de Lange, F., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 1986, Isoprenoid thiophenes: Novel diagenetic products in sediments?: Nature, v. 320, p. 160-162.
26. Brüchert, V., 1998, Early diagenesis of sulfur in estuarine sediments: The role of sedimentary humic and fulvic acids: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, p. 1567-1586, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00089-1. (Pubitemid 28508016)
27. Brüchert, V., and Pratt, L.M., 1996, Contemporaneous early diagenetic formation of organic and inorganic sulfur in estuarine sediments from St. Andrew Bay, Florida, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 13, p. 2325-2332, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00087-7.
28. Brüchert, V., Knoblauch, C., and Jørgensen, B.B., 2001, Controls on stable sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial sulfate reduction in Arctic sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 763-776, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00557-3. (Pubitemid 32270200)
29. Canfield, D.E., 1989, Reactive iron in marine sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 619-632, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90005-7.
30. Canfield, D.E., 1998, A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry: Nature, v. 396, p. 450-453, doi: 10.1038/24839. (Pubitemid 28553311)
31. Canfield, D.E., 2001a, Biogeochemistry of sulfur isotopes, in Valley, J.W., and Cole, D.R., eds., Stable isotope geochemistry: Washington, D.C., The Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 43, p. 607-636.
32. Canfield, D.E., 2001b, Isotope fractionation by natural populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, no. 7, p. 1117-1124, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00584-6. (Pubitemid 32418201)
33. Canfield, D.E., and Raiswell, R., 1999, The evolution of the sulfur cycle: American Journal of Science, v. 299, p. 697-723.
34. Canfield, D.E., and Teske, A., 1996, Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies: Nature, v. 382, p. 127-132, doi: 10.1038/382127A0. (Pubitemid 26242871)
35. Canfield, D.E., and Thamdrup, B., 1994, The production of 34S-depleted sulfide during bacterial disproportionation of elemental sulfur: Science, v. 266, p. 1973-1975.
36. Canfield, D.E., Raiswell, R., and Bottrell, S., 1992, The reactivity of sedimentary iron minerals toward sulfide: American Journal of Science, v. 292, p. 818-834.
37. Canfield, D.E., Lyons, T.W., and Raiswell, R., 1996, A model for iron deposition to euxinic Black Sea sediments: American Journal of Science, v. 296, p. 818-834.
38. Canfield, D.E., Thamdrup, B., and Fleischer, S., 1998a, Isotope fractionation and sulfur metabolism by pure and enrichment cultures of elemental sulfur-disproportionating bacteria: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 43, p. 253-264. (Pubitemid 28281486)
39. Canfield, D.E., Boudreau, B.P., Mucci, A., and Gundersen, J.K., 1998b, The early diagenetic formation of organic sulfur in the sediments of Mangrove Lake, Bermuda: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, p. 767-781, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00032-5. (Pubitemid 28409713)
40. Canfield, D.E., Habicht, K.S., and Thamdrup, B., 2000, The Archean sulfur cycle and the early history of atmospheric oxygen: Science, v. 288, p. 658-661. (Pubitemid 30241566)
41. Chambers, L.A., and Trudinger, P.A., 1979, Microbiological fractionation of stable sulfur isotopes: a review and critique: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 1, p. 249-293.
42. Cypionka, H., Smock, A., and Böttcher, M., 1998, A combined pathway of sulfur compound disproportionation in Desulfovivrio desulfuricans: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 166, p. 181-186, doi: 10.1016/S0378-1097(98)00330-9. (Pubitemid 128384158)
43. de Graaf, W., Sinninghe Damsté, J., and de Leeuw, J., 1992, Laboratory simulation of natural sulphurization: I. Formation of monomeric and oligomeric isoprenoid polysulphides by low-temperature reactions of inorganic polysulphides with phytol and phytadienes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 4321-4328, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90275-N. (Pubitemid 23377940)
44. de Graaf, W., Sinninghe Damsté, J., and de Leeuw, J., 1995, Low-temperature addition of hydrogen polysulfides to olefins: Formation of 2.2′-dialkyl polysulfides from alk-1-enes and cyclic (poly)sulfides and polymeric organic sulfur compounds from α,ω-dienes: Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, v. I, p. 634-640.
45. de las Heras, F.X.C., Grimalt, J.O., Lopez, J.F., Albaiges, J., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Schouten, S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1997, Free and sulphurized hopanoids and highly branched isoprenoids in immature lacustrine oil shales: Organic Geochemistry, v. 27, p. 41-63. (Pubitemid 28076890)
46. de Leeuw, J.W., and Largeau, C., 1993, A review of macromolecular organic compounds that comprise living organisms and their role in kerogen, coal and petroleum formation, in Engel, M.H., and Macko, S.A., eds., Organic geochemistry, principles and applications - Topics in Geobiology: New York, Plenum, v. 11, p. 23-72.
47. de Leeuw, J.W., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 1990, Organic sulphur compounds and other biomarkers as indicators of Palaeosalinity: A critical evaluation, in Orr, W.L., and White, C.M., Geochemistry of sulfur in fossil fuels: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 249, p. 417-443.
48. Detmers, J., Brüchert, V., Habicht, K.S., and Kuever, J., 2001, Diversity of sulfur isotope fractionations by sulfate-reducing prokaryotes: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 67, p. 888-894, doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.2.888-894.2001. (Pubitemid 32121384)
49. Douglas, A., Sinninghe Damsté, J., Fowler, M., Eglinton, T., and de Leeuw, J., 1991, Unique distributions of hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds released by flash pyrolysis from the fossilized alga Gloecapsomorpha prisca, a major constituent in one of four Ordovician kerogens: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 275-291, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90417-4.
50. Eglinton, G., and Hamilton, R.J., 1967, Leaf epicuticular waxes: Science, v. 156, p. 1322-1335.
51. Eglinton, T.I., Irvine, J.E., Vairavamurthy, A., Zhou, W., and Manowitz, B., 1994, Formation and diagenesis of macromolecular organic sulfur in Peru margin sediments, in Telnaes, N., van Graas, G., and Øygard, K., eds., Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1993: Organic Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 781-799.
52. Eglinton, T.I., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Pool, W., de Leeuw, J.W., Eijkel, G., and Boon, J.J., 1992, Organic sulphur in macromolecular sedimentary organic matter. II. Analysis of distributions of sulphur-containing pyrolysis products using multivariate techniques: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 1545-1560, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90224-7.
53. Ferdelman, T.G., Church, T.M., and Luther, G.W., III, 1991, Sulfur enrichment of humic substances in a Delaware salt marsh sediment core: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 979-988, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91) 90156-Y.
54. Filley, T., Freeman, K., Wilkin, R., and Hatcher, P., 2002, Biogeochemical controls on reaction of sedimentary organic matter and aqueous sulfides in Holocene sediments of Mud Lake, Florida: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, p. 937-954, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00829-8. (Pubitemid 38485164)
55. Filley, T.R., Freeman, K.H., and Hatcher, P.G., 1996, Carbon isotope relationships between sulfide-bound steroids and proposed functionalized lipid precursors in sediments from the Santa Barbara Basin, California: Organic Geochemistry, v. 25, p. 367-377, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00142-8. (Pubitemid 27201381)
56. Fossing, H., Thode-Andersen, S., and Jørgensen, B.B., 1992, Sulfur isotope exchange between 35S-labeled inorganic sulfur compounds in anoxic marine sediments: Marine Chemistry, v. 38, p. 117-132, doi: 10.1016/0304- 4203(92)90071-H. (Pubitemid 23371786)
57. Francois, R., 1987, A study of sulphur enrichment in the humic fraction of marine sediments during early diagenesis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 17-27, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90003-2.
58. Fry, B., Gest, H., and Hayes, J.M., 1984, Isotope effects associated with the anaerobic oxidation of sulfide by the purple photosynthetic bacterium, Chromatium vinosum: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 22, p. 283-287, doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(84)90025-9. (Pubitemid 14114728)
59. Fry, B., Cox, J., Gest, H., and Hayes, J., 1986, Discrimination between 34S and 32S during bacterial metabolism of inorganic sulfur compounds: Journal of Bacteriology, v. 165, p. 328-330. (Pubitemid 16016087)
60. Fry, B., Gest, H., and Hayes, J.M., 1988, 34S/32S fractionation in sulfur cycles catalyzed by anaerobic bacteria: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 54, no. 1, p. 250-256.
61. Fry, B., Silva, S.R., Kendall, C., and Anderson, R.K., 2002, Oxygen isotope corrections for online δ34S analysis: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 16, p. 854-858, doi: 10.1002/RCM.651. (Pubitemid 34456285)
62. Garrels, R.M., and Lerman, A., 1981, Phanerozoic cycles of sedimentary carbon and sulfur: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 78, no. 8, p. 4652-4656.
63. Garrels, R.M., and Lerman, A., 1984, Coupling of the sedimentary sulfur and carbon cycles - An improved model: American Journal of Science, v. 284, p. 989-1007. (Pubitemid 14664843)
64. Gelin, F., Boogers, I., Noordeloos, A.A.M., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Hatcher, P.G., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1996a, Novel, resistant microalgal polyethers: an important sink of organic carbon in the marine environment?: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 1275-1280, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(96) 00038-5. (Pubitemid 126403013)
65. Gelin, F., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Harrison, W.N., Reiss, C., Maxwell, J.R., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1996b, Variations in origin and composition of kerogen constituents as revealed by analytical pyrolysis of immature kerogens before and after desulphurization: Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, p. 705-714, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00061-7. (Pubitemid 27094058)
66. Gelin, F., Boogers, I., Noordeloos, A.A.M., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Riegman, R., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1997, Resistant biomacromolecules in five marine microalgae of the classes Eustigmatophyceae and Chlorophyceae: Geochemical implications: Organic Geochemistry, v. 26, p. 659-675, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00035-1. (Pubitemid 28010284)
67. Gelin, F., Kok, M., de Leeuw, J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J., 1998, Laboratory sulfurisation of the marine microalga Nannochloropsis salina: Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, p. 1837-1848, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00171-5. (Pubitemid 29033076)
68. Gelin, F., Volkman, J.K., Largeau, C., Derenne, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1999, Distribution of aliphatic, nonhydrolyzable biopolymers in marine microalgae: Organic Geochemistry, v. 30, p. 147-159, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00206-X. (Pubitemid 29126033)
69. George, G.N., and Gobaty, M.L., 1989, Sulfur K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy of petroleum asphaltenes and model compounds: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 111, p. 3182-3186.
70. Giggenbach, W., 1972, Optical spectra and equilibrium distribution of polysulfide ions in aqueous solution at 20 °C: Inorganic Chemistry, v. 11, p. 1201-1207.
71. Gransch, J.A., and Posthuma, J., 1974, On the origin of sulphur in crudes, in Tissot, B., and Bienner, F., Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1973: Paris, Editions Technip, p. 727-739.
72. Grice, K., Schouten, S., Nissenbaum, A., Charrach, J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J., 1998, A remarkable paradox: Sulfurised freshwater algal (Botryococcus braunii) lipids in an ancient hypersaline euxinic ecosystem: Organic Geochemistry, v. 28, p. 195-216, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00127-7. (Pubitemid 28202643)
73. Habicht, K.S., and Canfield, D.E., 1997, Sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial sulfate reduction in organic-rich sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 5351-5361.
74. Habicht, K.S., and Canfield, D.E., 2001, Isotope fractionation by sulfatereducing natural populations and the isotopic composition of sulfide in marine sediments: Geology, v. 29, p. 555-558, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)0292. 0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35295151)
75. Habicht, K.S., Canfield, D.E., and Rethmeier, J., 1998, Sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial reduction and disproportionation of thiosulfate and sulfite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, p. 2585-2595, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00167-7. (Pubitemid 29141699)
76. Hartgers, W.A., Lopez, J.F., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Reiss, C., Maxwell, J.R., and Grimalt, J.O., 1997, Sulfur-binding in recent environments: II. Speciation of sulfur andiron and implications for the occurrence of organo-sulfur compounds: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 4769-4788, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00279-2.
77. Hefter, J., Hauke, V., Richnow, H.H., and Michaelis, W., 1995, Alkanoic subunits in sulfur-rich geomacromolecules, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, p. 91-109.
78. Henneke, E., Luther, G., de Lange, G., and Hoefs, J., 1997, Sulphur speciation in anoxic hypersaline sediments from the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 307-321, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(96) 00355-9.
79. Huffman, G.P., Mitra, S., Huggins, F.E., Shah, N.S., Vaidya, N., and Lu, F., 1991, Quantitative analysis of all major forms of sulfur in coal by x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy: Energy & Fuels, v. 5, p. 574-581. (Pubitemid 21679978)
80. Huffman, G.P., Shah, N., Huggins, F.E., Stock, L.M., Chatterjee, K., Kilbane, J.J., Chou, M., and Buchanan, D.H., 1995, Sulfur speciation of desulfurized coals by XANES spectroscopy: Fuel, v. 74, p. 549-555, doi: 10.1016/0016-2361(95)98358-L.
81. Jørgensen, B.B., 1990, A thiosulfate shunt in the sulfur cycle of marine sediments: Science, v. 249, p. 152-154.
82. Kaplan, I., and Rittenberg, S., 1964, Microbiological fractionation of sulphur isotopes: Journal of General Microbiology, v. 34, p. 195-212.
83. Kenig, F., and Huc, A.Y., 1990, Incorporation of sulfur into recent organic matter in a carbonate environment (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates), in Orr, W.L., and White, C.M., Geochemistry of sulfur in fossil fuels: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 249, p. 170-185.
84. Kenig, F., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Frewin, N.L., Hayes, J.M., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1995, Molecular indicators for paleoenvironmental change in a Messinian evaporitic sequence (Vena del Gesso, Italy). II. High-resolution variations in abundances in δ13C contents of free and sulphur-bound carbon skeletons in a single marl bed: Organic Geochemistry, v. 23, p. 485-526, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00049-K. (Pubitemid 26457200)
85. Kohnen, M.E.L., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Kock-van Dalen, A.C., ten Haven, H.L., Rüllkötter, J., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1990, Origin and diagenetic transformations of C25 and C30 highly branched isoprenoid sulphur compounds: Further evidence for the formation of organically bound sulphur during early diagenesis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 3053-3063, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90121-Z.
86. Kohnen, M.E.L., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Kock-van Dalen, A.C., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1991a, Di-or polysulphide-bound biomarkers in sulphurrich geomacromolecules as revealed by selective chemolysis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 1375-1394, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90315-V.
87. Kohnen, M.E.L., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., ten Haven, H.L., Kock-van Dalen, A.C., Schouten, S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1991b, Identification and geochemical significance of cyclic di-and trisulphides with linear and acyclic isoprenoid skeletons in immature sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 3685-3695, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90067-F.
88. Kohnen, M.E.L., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1991c, Biases from natural sulphurization in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction based on hydrocarbon biomarker distributions: Nature, v. 349, p. 775-778, doi: 10.1038/349775A0. (Pubitemid 21912161)
89. Kohnen, M., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J., de Leeuw, J., Merrit, D., and Hayes, J., 1992, The combined application of organic sulphur and isotope geochemistry to assess multiple sources of palaeobiochemicals with identical carbon skeletons: Organic Geochemistry, v. 19, p. 403-419, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90008-L. (Pubitemid 23379064)
90. Kohnen, M.E.L., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Baas, M., Kock-van Dalen, A.C., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1993, Sulphur-bound steroid and phytane carbon skeletons in geomacromolecules: Implications for the mechanism of incorporation of sulphur into organic matter: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 2515-2528, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90414-R. (Pubitemid 24392137)
91. Kok, M.D., Rijpstra, W.I.C., Robertson, L., Volkman, J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2000a, Early steroid sulfurisation in surface sediments of a permanently stratified lake (Ace Lake, Antarctica): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 1425-1436, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00430-5. (Pubitemid 30309142)
92. Kok, M.D., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2000b, Formation of insoluble, nonhydrolyzable, sulfur-rich macromolecules via incorporation of inorganic sulfur species into algal carbohydrates: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 2689-2699, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00382-3. (Pubitemid 30664513)
93. Koopmans, M.P., de Leeuw, J.W., Lewan, M.D., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 1996, Impact of dia-and catagenesis on sulphur and oxygen sequestration of biomarkers as revealed by artificial maturation of an immature sedimentary rock: Organic Geochemistry, v. 25, p. 391-426, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00144- 1. (Pubitemid 27201383)
94. Krein, E.B., and Aizenshtat, Z., 1995, Proposed thermal pathways for sulfur transformations in organic macromolecules: laboratory simulation experiments, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, p. 110-137.
95. Kump, L.R., and Garrels, R.M., 1986, Modeling atmospheric O2 in the global sedimentary redox cycle: American Journal of Science, v. 286, p. 337-360.
96. LaLonde, R., Ferrara, L., and Hayes, M., 1987, Low-temperature, polysulfide reactions of conjugated ene carbonyls: A reaction model for the geologic origin of S-heterocycles: Organic Geochemistry, v. 11, p. 563-571, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(87)90010-6.
97. Larsen, O., and Potsma, D., 2001, Kinetics of reductive bulk dissolution of lepidocrocite, ferrihydrite, and goethite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 1367-1379. (Pubitemid 32464361)
98. Lewan, M., 1993, Laboratory simulation of petroleum formation: Hydrous Pyrolysis, in Engel M.H., and Macko, S.A., eds., Organic geochemistry, principles and applications - Topics in geobiology: New York, Plenum, v. 11, p. 419-444.
99. Lewan, M.D., 1998, Sulphur-radical control on petroleum formation rates: Nature, v. 391, p. 164-166, doi: 10.1038/34391. (Pubitemid 28092472)
100. Luckge, A., Horsfield, B., Littke, R., and Scheeder, G., 2002, Organic matter preservation and sulfur uptake in sediments from the continental margin off Pakistan: Organic Geochemistry, v. 33, p. 477-488, doi: 10.1016/S0146- 6380(01)00171-1. (Pubitemid 34294056)
101. Luther, George W. III, Church, Thomas M., 1988, Seasonal cycling of sulfur and iron in pore-waters of a Delaware salt marsh: Marine Chemistry, v. 23, p. 295-309.
102. Mossmann, J.R., Aplin, A.C., Curtis, C.D., and Coleman, M.L., 1991, Geochemistry of inorganic and organic sulphur in organic-rich sediments from the Peru Margin: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 3581-3595, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90057-C.
103. Nelson, B.C., Eglinton, T.I., Seewald, J.S., Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Miknis, F.P., (1995) Transformations in organic sulfur speciation during maturation of Monterey Shale: constraints from laboratory experiments, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, p. 138-166.
104. Orr, W., 1978, Sulphur in heavy oils, oils sands and oil shales, in Strausz, O., and Lown, E., eds., Oil sand and oil shale chemistry: Berlin, Verlag Chemie Int., p. 223-243.
105. Orr, W., and White, C., editors, 1990, Geochemistry of sulfur in fossil fuels: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 429, 708 p.
106. Orr, W.L., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 1990, Geochemistry of sulfur in petroleum systems, in Orr, W.L., and C.M. White, eds., Geochemistry of sulfur in fossil fuels: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 429, p. 2-29.
107. Passier, H.F., Luther, G.W., III, and de Lange, G.J., 1997, Early diagenesis and sulphur speciation in sediments of the Oman Margin, northwestern Arabian Sea: Deep-Sea Research II, v. 44, p. 1361-1380, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00014-3. (Pubitemid 28076880)
108. Peakman, T.M., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1989, The identify cation and geochemical significance of a second series of alkylthiophene comprising a linearly extended phytane skeleton in sediments and oils: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 3317-3322, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90111-7.
109. Perakis, N., 1986, Séparation et détection sélective de composés soufrés dans les fractions Lourdes de pétroles: Géochimie des benzo[b]thiophénes [Ph.D. Dissertation]: University of Strasbourg.
110. Petsch, S.T., and Berner, R.A., 1998, Coupling the geochemical cycles of C, P, Fe, and S: The effects on atmospheric O2 and the isotopic records of carbon and sulfur: American Journal of Science, v. 298, p. 246-262.
111. Poinsot, J.P., Schneckenburger, P., Adam, P., Schaeffer, P., Trendel, J.M., Riva, A., and Albrecht, P., 1998, Novel polycyclic sulfides derived from regular polyprenoids in sediments: Characterization, distribution and geochemical significance: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, p. 805-814, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00022-2. (Pubitemid 28409716)
112. Price, F.T., and Shieh, Y.N., 1979, Fractionation of sulfur isotopes during laboratory synthesis of pyrite at low temperatures: Chemical Geology, v. 27, p. 245-253, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(79)90042-1.
113. Putschew, A., Scholz-Böttcher, B.M., and Rullkötter, J., 1995, Organic geochemistry of sulphur-rich surface sediments of meromictic Lake Cadagno, Swiss Alps, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, p. 59-79.
114. Putschew, A., Scholz-Böttcher, B.M., and Rullkötter, J., 1996, Early diagenesis of organic matter and related sulphur incorporation on surface sediments of meromictic Lake Cadagno in the Swiss Alps: Organic Geochemistry, v. 25, p. 379-390, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00143-X. (Pubitemid 27201382)
115. Putschew, A., Schaeffer-Reiss, C., Schaeffer, P., Koopmans, M.P., de Leeuw, J.W., Lewan, M.D., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and Maxwell, J.R., 1998, Release of sulfur-and oxygen-bound components from a sulfur-rich kerogen during simulated maturation by hydrous pyrolysis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, p. 1875-1890., doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00191-0 (Pubitemid 29033079)
116. Pyzik, A.J., and Sommer, S.E., 1981, Sedimentary iron monosulfides: Kinetics and mechanism of formation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, p. 687-698, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90042-9.
117. Rees, C.E., Jenkins, W.J., and Monster, J., 1978, The sulfur isotopic composition of ocean water sulfate: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, p. 377-381, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90268-5.
118. Rospondek, M.J., Köster, J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 1997, Novel C26 highly branched isoprenoid thiophenes and alkane from the Menilite Formation, Outer Carpathians, SE Poland: Organic Geochemistry, v. 26, p. 295-304, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00021-1. (Pubitemid 27324557)
119. Rowland, S., Rockey, C., al-Lihaibi, S.S., and Wolff, G.A., 1993, Incorporation of sulphur into phytol derivatives during simulated early diagenesis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 1-5, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(93) 90075-M.
120. Russell, M., Hartgers, W., and Grimalt, J., 2000, Identification and geochemical significance of sulphurized fatty acids in sedimentary organic matter from the Lorca Basin, SE Spain: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 3711-3723, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00470-1.
121. Sandison, C.M., Alexander, R., Kagi, R.I., and Boreham, C.J., 2002, Sulfurisation of lipids in a marine-influenced lignite: Organic Geochemistry, v. 33, p. 1053-1077, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00083-9. (Pubitemid 35008552)
122. Sarret, G., Connan, J., Kasrai, M., Bancroft, G.M., Charrié- Duhaut, A., Lemoine, S., Adam, P., Albrecht, P., and Eybert-Bérard, L., 1999, Chemical forms of sulfur in geological and archeological asphaltenes from Middle East, France, and Spain determined by sulfur K-and L-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 3767-3779, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00205-7. (Pubitemid 30109936)
123. Sarret, G., Mongenot, T., Connan, J., Derenne, S., Kasrai, M., Bancroft, G., and Largeau, C., 2002, Sulfur speciation in kerogens of the Orbagnoux deposit (Uper Kimmeridgian, Jura) by XANES spectroscopy and pyrolysis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 33, p. 877-895, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00066-9.
124. Schaeffer, P., Reiss, C., and Albrecht, P., 1995, Geochemical study of macromolecular organic matter from sulfur-rich sediments of evaporitic origin (Messinian of Sicily) by chemical degradations: Organic Geochemistry, v. 23, p. 567-581, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00045-G. (Pubitemid 26457204)
125. Schaeffer-Reiss, C., Schaeffer, P., Putschew, A., and Maxwell, J.R., 1998, Stepwise chemical degradation of immature S-rich kerogens from Vena del Gesso (Italy): Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, p. 1857-1873, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00175-2. (Pubitemid 29033078)
126. Schneckenburger, P., Adam, P., and Albrecht, P., 1998, Thioketones as key intermediates in the reduction of ketones to thiols by HS-in natural environments: Tetrahedron Letters, v. 39, p. 447-450, doi: 10.1016/S0040- 4039(97)10572-X. (Pubitemid 28018270)
127. Schouten, S., Pavlovic, D., Sinninghe Damsté, J., and de Leeuw, J., 1993a, Nickel boride: An improved desulphurizing agent for sulphur-rich geomacromolecules in polar and asphaltene fractions: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 901-909, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90101-G. (Pubitemid 24394626)
128. Schouten, S., Pavlovic, D., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1993b, Selective cleavage of acyclic sulphide moieties of sulphur-rich geomacromolecules by superheated methyl iodide: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 911-916, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90102-H. (Pubitemid 24394696)
129. Schouten, S., de Graaf, W., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., van Driel, G.B., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1994a, Laboratory simulation of natural sulphurization. II. Reaction of multifunctionalized lipids with inorganic polysulphides at low temperatures, in Telnæs, N., van Graas, G., and Øygard, K., Advances in organic geochemistry 1993: Organic Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 825-834, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90142-2.
130. Schouten, S., van Driel, G.B., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1994b, Natural sulphurization of ketones and aldehydes: A key reaction in the formation of organic sulphur compounds: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 5111-5116. (Pubitemid 24398352)
131. Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J., Baas, M., Kock-van Dalen, A., Kohnen, M., and de Leeuw, J., 1995a, Quantitative assessment of mono-and polysulphide-linked carbon skeletons in sulphur-rich macromolecular aggregates present in bitumens and oils: Organic Geochemistry, v. 23, p. 765-775, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00055-J. (Pubitemid 26459045)
132. Schouten, S., Eglinton, T.I., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 1995b, Influence of sulphur cross-linking on the molecular-size distribution of sulphur-rich macromolecules in bitumen, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, p. 80-92.
133. Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Kohnen, M.E.L., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1995c, The effect of hydrosulphurization on stable carbon isotopic compositions of free and sulphur-bound lipids: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 1605-1609, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00066-9.
134. Schouten, S., de Loureiro, M.R.B., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 2001, Molecular biogeochemistry of Monterey sediments (Naples Beach, USA). I. distributions of hydrocarbons and organic sulphur compounds, in Isaacs, C.M., and Rüllkötter, J., eds., The Monterey Formation: From rocks to molecule: Columbia University Press, p. 150-174.
135. Shen, Y., Buick, R., and Canfield, D.E., 2001, Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archean era: Nature, v. 410, p. 77-81, doi: 10.1038/35065071. (Pubitemid 32225838)
136. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1990, Analysis, structure and geochemical significance of organically-bound sulphur in the geosphere: State of the art and future research, in Durand B., and Behar, F., Advances in organic geochemistry 1989: Organic Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 1077-1101, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(90)90145-P.
137. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1992, Organically bound sulphur in coal: A molecular approach: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 30, p. 109-178, doi: 10.1016/0378-3820(92)90045-R.
138. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Rijpstra, W.I.C., de Leeuw, J.W., and Schenck, P.A., 1988, Origin of organic sulphur compounds and sulphur-containing high molecular weight substances in sediments and immature crude oils, in Mattavelli, L., and Novelli, L., Advances in organic geochemistry 1987: Organic Geochemistry, v. 13, p. 593-606, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(88)90079-4.
139. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Rijpstra, W.I.C., Kock-van Dalen, A.C., de Leeuw, J.W., and Schenck, P.A., 1989, Quenching of labile functionalized lipids by inorganic sulphur species: Evidence for the formation of sedimentary organic sulphur compounds at the early stages of diagenesis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 1343-1355, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90067-7.
140. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Kohnen, M.E.L., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1990, Thiophenic biomarkers for palaeoenvironmental assessment and molecular stratigraphy: Nature, v. 345, p. 609-611, doi: 10.1038/345609A0. (Pubitemid 20415839)
141. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., de las Heras, X.F.C., van Bergen, P.F., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1993, Characterization of Tertiary Catalan lacustrine oil shales: Discovery of extremely organic sulphur-rich Type I kerogens: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 389-415. (Pubitemid 23389026)
142. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Rijpstra, W.I.C., de Leeuw, J.W., and Lijmbach, G.W.M., 1994, Molecular characterization of organically-bound sulfur in crude oils: A feasibility study for the application of Raney Ni desulfurization as a new method to characterize crude oils: Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, v. 17, p. 489-500.
143. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Kohnen, M.E.L., and Horsfield, B., 1998a, Origin of low-molecular-weight alkylthiophenes in pyrolysates of sulphur-rich kerogens as revealed by micro-scale sealed vessel pyrolysis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, p. 1891-1903, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00166-1. (Pubitemid 29033080)
144. Sinninghe Damsté, J., Kok, M., Köster, J., and Schouten, S., 1998b, Sulfurized carbohydrates: an important sedimentary sink for organic carbon?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 164, p. 7-13, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00234-9. (Pubitemid 29298329)
145. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., White, C.M., Green, J.B., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1999a, Organosulfur compounds in sulfur-rich Rasa Coal: Energy & Fuels, v. 13, p. 728-738, doi: 10.1021/EF980236C.
146. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Schouten, S., de Leeuw, J.W., van Duin, A.C.T., and Geenevasen, J.A.J., 1999b, Identification of novel sulfur-containing steroids in sediments and petroleum: Probably incorporation of sulfur into D5,7-sterols during early diagenesis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 31-38, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00295-6. (Pubitemid 29380949)
147. Spiro, C.L., Wong, J., Lytle, F.W., Greegor, R.B., Maylotte, D.H., and Lamson, S.H., 1984, X-ray absorption spectroscopic investigation of sulfur sites in coals: organic sulfur identification: Science, v. 226, p. 48-50. (Pubitemid 16284231)
148. Studley, S.A., Ripley, E.M., Elswick, E.R., Dorais, M.J., Fong, J., Finkelstein, D., and Pratt, L.M., 2002, Analysis of sulfides in whole rock matrices by elemental analyzer-continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry: Chemical Geology, v. 192, p. 141-148, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00162-6. (Pubitemid 35372092)
149. Suits, N., and Arthur, M., 2000, Sulfur diagenesis and partitioning in Holocene Peru shelf and upper slope sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 163, p. 219-234, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00114-X. (Pubitemid 30119330)
150. Tissot, B., and Welte, D., 1984, Petroleum formation and occurrence, 2nd edition: Heidelberg, Springer, 699 p.
151. Tomic, J., Behar, F., Vandenbrouke, M., and Tang, Y., 1995, Artificial maturation of Monterey kerogen (Type II-S) in a closed system and comparison with Type II kerogen: implications on the fate of sulfur: Organic Geochemistry, v. 23, p. 647-660, doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00043-E. (Pubitemid 26458070)
152. Trust, B.A., and Fry, B., 1992, Sulphur isotopes in plants: a review: Plant, Cell & Environment, v. 15, p. 1105-1110.
153. Urban, N., Ernst, K., and Bernasconi, S., 1999, Addition of sulfur to organic matter during early diagenesis of lake sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 837-853, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00306-8.
154. Vairavamurthy, M., and Schoonen, M., editors, 1995, Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, 467 p.
155. Vairavamurthy, A., Mopper, K., and Taylor, B., 1992, Occurrence of particlebound polysulfides and significance of their reaction with organic matters in marine sediments: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 19, p. 2043-2046. (Pubitemid 23376982)
156. Vairavamurthy, A., Zhou, W., Eglinton, T., and Manowitz, B., 1994, Sulfonates: A novel class of organic sulfur compounds in marine sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 4681-4687, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94) 90200-3.
157. Vairavamurthy, M., Orr, W., and Manowitz, B., 1995, Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: An introduction, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 612, p. 1-15.
158. Vairavamurthy, M., Maletic, D., Want, S., Manowitz, B., Eglinton, T., and Lyons, T., 1997, Characterization of sulfur-containing functional groups in sedimentary humic substances by X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy: Energy & Fuels, v. 11, p. 546-553, doi: 10.1021/EF960212A. (Pubitemid 127559157)
159. Valisolalao, J., Perakis, N., Chappe, B., and Albrecht, P., 1984, A novel sulfur containing C35 hopanoid in sediments: Tetrahedron Letters, v. 25, p. 1183-1186, doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)91555-2.
160. van Dongen, B.E., 2003, Natural sulfurization of carbohydrates in marine sediments: consequences for the chemical and carbon isotopic composition of sedimentary organic matter [Ph.D. thesis]: University of Utrecht, 149 p.
161. van Dongen, S., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J., 2002, Carbon isotope variability in monosaccharides and lipids of aquatic algae and terrestrial plants: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 232, p. 83-92. (Pubitemid 34565039)
162. van Dongen, B.E., Schouten, S., Baas, M., Geenevasen, J.A.J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2003a, An experimental study of the low-temperature sulfurization of carbohydrates: Organic Geochemistry, v. 34, p. 1129-1144, doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00060-3. (Pubitemid 36990566)
163. van Dongen, B.E., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2003b, Sulfurization of carbohydrates results in n S-rich, unresolved complex mixture in kerogen pyrolysates: Energy & Fuels, v. 17, p. 1109-1118, doi: 10.1021/EF0202283.
164. Van Kaam-Peters, H.M.E., Schouten, S., Köster, J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 1998, Controls on the molecular and carbon isotopic composition of organic matter deposited in a Kimmeridgian euxinic shelf sea: Evidence for preservation of carbohydrates through sulfurisation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, p. 3259-3283, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00231-2. (Pubitemid 29285605)
165. Wakeham, S.G., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Kohnen, M.E.L., and de Leeuw, J.W., 1995, Organic sulfur compounds formed during early diagenesis in Black Sea sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, no. 3, p. 521-533, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94)00361-O.
166. Waldo, G.S., Carlson, M.K., Moldowan, J.M., Peters, K.E., and Penner-Hahn, J.E., 1991, Sulfur speciation in heavy petroleums: Information from x-ray absorption near edge structure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 801-814, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90343-4.
167. Werne, J., 2000, A geochemical evaluation of depositional controls and paleoenvironmental reconstructions in organic rich sedimentary deposits: Evidence from the modern Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, and application to the Devonian Appalachian Basin [Ph.D. dissertation]: Northwestern University, 310 p.
168. Werne, J.P., Hollander, D.J., Behrens, A., Schaeffer, P., Albrecht, P., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.S., 2000a, Timing of early diagenetic sulfurization of organic matter: A precursor-product relationship in Holocene sediments of the anoxic Cariaco Basin, Venezuela: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 1741-1751. (Pubitemid 30327783)
169. Werne, J.P., Hollander, D.J., Lyons, T.W., and Peterson, L.C., 2000b, Climateinduced variations in productivity and planktonic ecosystem structure from the Younger Dryas to Holocene in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela: Paleoceanography, v. 15, no. 1, p. 19-29.
170. Werne, J.P., Hollander, D.J., Lyons, T.W., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2001, Compound-specific sulfur isotope constraints on the pathway(s) of diagenetic sulfurization of organic matter, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 33, no. 6, p. A-94.
171. Werne, J.P., Lyons, T.W., Hollander, D.J., Formolo, M., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2003, Reduced sulfur in euxinic sediments of the Cariaco Basin: Sulfur isotope constraints on organic sulfur formation: Chemical Geology, v. 195, p. 159-179, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00393-5. (Pubitemid 36413302)
172. Zaback, D.A., and Pratt, L.M., 1992, Isotope composition and speciation of sulfur in the Miocene Monterey Formation: Reevaluation of sulfur reactions during early diagenesis in marine environments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 763-774, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90096-2.