Toward industrial scale synthesis of ultrapure singlet nanoparticles with controllable sizes in a continuous gas-phase process

Scientific Reports

Volumn 5, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Feng, Jicheng ^a   Biskos, George ^a,b,c   Schmidt Ott, Andreas ^a  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^b DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^c CYPRUS INSTITUTE   (Cyprus)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84946152057     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep15788     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Cole, J. J., Lin, E. C., Barry, C. R. and Jacobs, H. O. Mimicking electrodeposition in the gas phase: a programmable concept for selected-area fabrication of multimaterial nanostructures. Small 6, 1117-1124 (2010).
2. Clavero, C. Plasmon-induced hot-electron generation at nanoparticle/metal-oxide interfaces for photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices. Nat. Photonics 8, 95-103 (2014).
3. Vons, V. A., Leegwater, H., Legerstee, W. J., Eijt, S. W. H. and Schmidt-Ott, A. Hydrogen storage properties of spark generated palladium nanoparticles. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35, 5479-5489 (2010).
4. Tedsree, K. et al. Hydrogen production from formic acid decomposition at room temperature using a Ag-Pd core-shell nanocatalyst. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 302-307 (2011).
5. Decan, M. R., Impellizzeri, S., Marin, M. L. and Scaiano, J. C. Copper nanoparticle heterogeneous catalytic click cycloaddition confirmed by single-molecule spectroscopy. Nat. Commun. 5, 4612 (2014).
6. Han, X., Liu, Y. and Yin, Y. Colorimetric stress memory sensor based on disassembly of gold nanoparticle chains. Nano Lett. 14, 2466-2470 (2014).
7. Schmidt, M. A., Lei, D. Y., Wondraczek, L., Nazabal, V. and Maier, S. A. Hybrid nanoparticle-microcavity-based plasmonic nanosensors with improved detection resolution and extended remote-sensing ability. Nat. Commun. 3, 1108 (2012).
8. Isaac, N. A. et al. Optical hydrogen sensing with nanoparticulate Pd-Au films produced by spark ablation. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 221, 290-296 (2015).
9. Fan, K. et al. Magnetoferritin nanoparticles for targeting and visualizing tumour tissues. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 459-464 (2012).
10. Charitidis, C. A., Georgiou, P., Koklioti, M. A., Trompeta, A.-F. and Markakis, V. Manufacturing nanomaterials: from research to industry. Manuf. Rev. 1, 11 (2014).
11. Mädler, L., Kammler, H. K., Mueller, R. and Pratsinis, S. E. Controlled synthesis of nanostructured particles by flame spray pyrolysis. J. Aerosol Sci. 33, 369-389 (2002).
12. Gutsch, A., Mühlenweg, H. and Krämer, M. Tailor-made nanoparticles via gas-phase synthesis. Small 1, 30-46 (2005).
13. Pfeiffer, T. V., Feng, J. and Schmidt-Ott, A. New developments in spark production of nanoparticles. Adv. Powder Technol. 25, 56-70 (2014).
14. Swihart, M. T. Vapor-phase synthesis of nanoparticles. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 8, 127-133 (2003).
15. Mcmillin, B. K., Biswas, P. and Zachariah, M. R. In situ characterization of vapor phase growth of iron oxide-silica nanocomposites: Part I. 2-D planar laser-induced fluorescence and Mie imaging. J. Mater. Res. 11, 1552-1561 (1996).
16. Morales, A. M. and Lieber, C. M. A laser ablation method for the synthesis of crystalline semiconductor nanowires. Science 279, 208-211 (1998).
17. Schwyn, S., Garwin, E. and Schmidt-Ott, A. Aerosol generation by spark discharge. J. Aerosol Sci. 19, 639-642 (1988).
18. Tabrizi, N. S., Ullmann, M., Vons, V. A., Lafont, U. and Schmidt-Ott, A. Generation of nanoparticles by spark discharge. J. Nanoparticle Res. 11, 315-332 (2009).
19. King, D. M., Liang, X. and Weimer, A. W. Functionalization of fine particles using atomic and molecular layer deposition. Powder Technol. 221, 13-25 (2012).
20. Byeon, J. H. and Kim, Y.-W. An aerosol-seed-assisted hybrid chemical route to synthesize anisotropic bimetallic nanoparticles. Nanoscale 4, 6726-6729 (2012).
21. Sengar, S. K., Mehta, B. R., Kumar, R. and Singh, V. In-flight gas phase growth of metal/multi layer graphene core shell nanoparticles with controllable sizes. Sci. Rep. 3, 2814 (2013).
22. Heurlin, M. et al. Continuous gas-phase synthesis of nanowires with tunable properties. Nature 492, 90-94 (2012).
23. Peineke, C. Production and Deposition of Well Defined Aerosol Nanoparticles for Studies of Basic Properties, Ch. 4, 97-112 (TU Delft, 2008).
24. Sanedrin, R. G., Georganopoulou, D. G., Park, S. and Mirkin, C. A. Seed-Mediated Growth of Bimetallic Prisms. Adv. Mater. 17, 1027-1031 (2005).
25. Tour, J. M. Materials chemistry: Seeds of selective nanotube growth. Nature 512, 30-31 (2014).
26. Boissiere, C., Grosso, D., Chaumonnot, A., Nicole, L. and Sanchez, C. Aerosol route to functional nanostructured inorganic and hybrid porous materials. Adv. Mater. 23, 599-623 (2011).
27. Park, K.-T., Farid, M. M. and Hwang, J. Anti-agglomeration of spark discharge-generated aerosols via unipolar air ions. J. Aerosol Sci. 67, 144-156 (2014).
28. Pratsinis, S. E. Flame aerosol synthesis of ceramic powders. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 24, 197-219 (1998).
29. Wang, Y. et al. Application of Half Mini DMA for sub-2 nm particle size distribution measurement in an electrospray and a flame aerosol reactor. J. Aerosol Sci. 71, 52-64 (2014).
30. Fang, J. et al. Measurement of sub-2 nm clusters of pristine and composite metal oxides during nanomaterial synthesis in flame aerosol reactors. Anal. Chem. 86, 7523-7529 (2014).
31. Peineke, C. et al. Production of equal sized atomic clusters by a hot wire. J. Aerosol Sci. 40, 423-430 (2009).
32. Smoluchowski, M. von. Versuch einer mathematischen theorie der koagulationskinetik kolloider lsungen. Z. phys. Chem 92, 129-168 (1917).
33. Thajudeen, T., Gopalakrishnan, R. and Hogan, C. J. The collision rate of nonspherical particles and aggregates for all diffusive Knudsen numbers. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 46, 1174-1186 (2012).
34. Gopalakrishnan, R., Thajudeen, T. and Hogan, C. J. Collision limited reaction rates for arbitrarily shaped particles across the entire diffusive Knudsen number range. J. Chem. Phys. 135, 054302 (2011).
35. Gopalakrishnan, R. and Hogan, C. J. Determination of the transition regime collision kernel from mean first passage times. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 45, 1499-1509 (2011).
36. Biswas, P., Wu, C. Y., Zachariah, M. R. and McMillin, B. Characterization of iron oxide-silica nanocomposites in flames: Part II. Comparison of discrete-sectional model predictions to experimental data. J. Mater. Res. 12, 714-723 (1997).
37. Bourlinos, A. B. et al. Surface-functionalized nanoparticles with liquid-like behavior. Adv. Mater. 17, 234-237 (2005).
38. Kruis, F. E., Fissan, H. and Rellinghaus, B. Sintering and evaporation characteristics of gas-phase synthesis of size-selected PbS nanoparticles. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 69-70, 329-334 (2000).
39. Lehtinen, K. E. J. and Zachariah, M. R. Energy accumulation in nanoparticle collision and coalescence processes. J. Aerosol Sci. 33, 357-368 (2002).
40. Vons, V. A. et al. Silicon nanoparticles produced by spark discharge. J. Nanoparticle Res. 13, 4867-4879 (2011).
41. Alonso, M. Effect of diffusion losses on the size growth of nanoparticles by coagulation. Rev. Metal. 34, 413-415 (1998).
42. Uhrner, U. et al. Dilution and aerosol dynamics within a diesel car exhaust plume-CFD simulations of on-road measurement conditions. Atmos. Environ. 41, 7440-7461 (2007).
43. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change. (John Wiley and Sons, 2006).
44. Ouyang, H., Gopalakrishnan, R. and Hogan, C. J. Nanoparticle collisions in the gas phase in the presence of singular contact potentials. J. Chem. Phys. 137, 064316 (2012).
45. Schmidt, M., Kusche, R., von Issendorff, B. and Haberland, H. Irregular variations in the melting point of size-selected atomic clusters. Nature 393, 238-240 (1998).
46. Hinds, W. C. Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles. (John Wiley and Sons, 1999).
47. Ravi, L. and Girshick, S. L. Coagulation of nanoparticles in a plasma. Phys. Rev. E 79, 026408 (2009).
48. Tabrizi, N. S., Xu, Q., Pers, N. M. and Schmidt-Ott, A. Generation of mixed metallic nanoparticles from immiscible metals by spark discharge. J. Nanoparticle Res. 12, 247-259 (2010).
49. Anastasopol, A. et al. Reduced enthalpy of metal hydride formation for Mg-Ti nanocomposites produced by spark discharge generation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 7891-7900 (2013).
50. Banin, U., Ben-Shahar, Y. and Vinokurov, K. Hybrid semiconductor-metal nanoparticles: from architecture to function. Chem. Mater. 26, 97-110 (2014).
51. Chung, H. T., Won, J. H. and Zelenay, P. Active and stable carbon nanotube/nanoparticle composite electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. Nat. Commun. 4, 1922 (2013).
52. Schmidt-Ott, A. In situ measurement of the fractal dimensionality of ultrafine aerosol particles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 954-956 (1988).
53. Schmidt-Ott, A. New approaches to in situ characterization of ultrafine agglomerates. J. Aerosol Sci. 19, 553-563 (1988).
54. Llewellyn Jones, F. Electrode erosion by spark discharges. Br. J. Appl. Phys. 1, 60-65 (1950).
55. Vemury, S. and Pratsinis, S. E. Self-preserving size distributions of agglomerates. J. Aerosol Sci. 26, 175-185 (1995).
56. Camata, P. R., Atwater, A. H. and Flagan, C. R. Space-charge effects in nanoparticle processing using the differential mobility analyzer. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 583-599 (2001).
57. Lee, K. W. and Chen, H. Coagulation rate of polydisperse particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 3, 327-334 (1984).
58. Biskos, G., Vons, V. A., Yurteri, C. U. and Schmidt-Ott, A. Generation and sizing of particles for aerosol-based nanotechnology. KONA Powder Part. J. 26, 13-35 (2008).
59. Pfeiffer, T., Kedia, P., Messing, M., Valvo, M. and Schmidt-Ott, A. Precursor-less coating of nanoparticles in the gas phase. Materials 8, 1027-1042 (2015).
60. Kim, J.-T. and Chang, J.-S. Generation of metal oxide aerosol particles by a pulsed spark discharge technique. J. Electrostat. 63, 911-916 (2005).
61. Zonnevylle, A. C., Hagen, C. W., Kruit, P. and Schmidt-Ott, A. Directed assembly of nano-particles with the help of charge patterns created with scanning electron microscope. Microelectron. Eng. 86, 803-805 (2009).
62. Pfeiffer, T. V. et al. Plasmonic nanoparticle films for solar cell applications fabricated by size-selective aerosol deposition. Energy Procedia 60, 3-12 (2014).
63. Valenti, M., Dolat, D., Biskos, G., Schmidt-ott, A. and Smith, W. A. Enhancement of the photoelectrochemical performance of CuWO4 thin films for solar water splitting by plasmonic nanoparticle functionalization. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 2096-2104 (2015).
64. Thimsen, E. and Biswas, P. Nanostructured photoactive films synthesized by a flame aerosol reactor. AIChE J. 53, 1727-1735 (2007).
65. Biswas, P. and Elijah, T. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications 3rd edn, (eds Kulkarni, P. et al.) Ch. 33, 723-738 (John Wiley and Sons, 2011).