Prejudice and the Plate: Effects of Weight Bias in Nutrition Judgments

Health Communication

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 182-192

  Schuldt, Jonathon P ^a   Guillory, Jamie E ^b   Gay, Geri K ^a  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^b RTI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BODY WEIGHT; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; FOOD; HUMAN; INTERNET; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE; OBESITY; PERCEPTION; PREJUDICE; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; STEREOTYPING; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BODY WEIGHT; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FOOD; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; INTERNET; JUDGMENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES; OBESITY; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STEREOTYPING; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84945489963     PISSN: 10410236     EISSN: 15327027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2014.940674     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. L.S.Aiken,, & S.G.West, (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. J.C.Andrews,, R.G.Netemeyer,, & S.Burton, (1998). Consumer generalization of nutrient content claims in advertising. Journal of Marketing, 62, 62–75.
3. S.E.Asch, (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258–291.
4. J.G.Bacon,, K.E.Scheltema,, & B.E.Robinson, (2001). Fat Phobia Scale revisited: The short form. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 25. 252–257.
5. J.Banas, (2008). A tailored approach to identifying and addressing college students’ online health information literacy. American Journal of Health Education, 39, 228–236.
6. G.R.Bessenoff,, & J.W.Sherman, (2000). Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people: Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18, 329–353.
7. J.L.Biltstein,, & W.D.Evans, (2006). Use of nutrition facts panels among adults who make household food purchasing decisions. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 38, 360–364.
8. K.D.Brownell,, & K.E.Warner, (2009). The perils of ignoring history: Big Tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is Big Food? Milbank Quarterly, 87, 259–294.
9. R.A.Carels,, K.Konrad,, & J.Harper, (2007). Individual differences in food perceptions and calorie estimation: An examination of dieting status, weight, and gender. Appetite, 49, 450–458.
10. S.Chaiken, (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752–766.
11. H.O.Chambliss,, C.E.Finley,, & S.N.Blair, (2004). Attitudes toward obese individuals among exercise science students. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, 468–474.
12. A.Chernev, (2011). The dieter’s paradox. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21, 178–183.
13. J.Cohen, (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. A.M.Cox,, & M.K.Blake, (2011). Information and food blogging as serious leisure. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 63, 204–220.
15. P.Cramer,, & T.Steinwert, (1998). Thin is good, fat is bad: How early does it begin? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19, 429–451.
16. C.S.Crandall,, & K.L.Schiffhauer, (1998). Anti‐fat prejudice: Beliefs, values, and American culture. Obesity Research, 6, 458–460.
17. W.DeJong, (1993). Obesity as a characterological stigma: The issue of responsibility and judgments of task performance. Psychological Reports, 73, 963–970.
18. P.G.Devine, (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5.
19. K.Dion,, E.Berscheid,, & E.Walster, (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285–290.
20. M.Eastin, (2001). Credibility assessments of online health information: The effects of source expertise and knowledge of content. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6.
21. J.L.Fikkan,, & E.D.Rothblum, (2012). Is fat a feminist issue? Exploring the gendered nature of weight bias. Sex Roles, 66, 575–592.
22. S.Fox, (2011). Health topics: 80% of Internet users look for health information online. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2011/02/01/health-topics-2/
23. S.Fox,, & M.Duggan, (2012). Mobile health 2012. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/11/08/main-findings-6/
24. Gallup (2013). Nutrition and food: Gallup historical trends. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/6424/nutrition-food.aspx
25. A.N.Gearhardt,, S.Yokum,, P.T.Orr,, E.Stice,, W.R.Corbin,, & K.D.Brownell, (2011). Neural correlates of food addiction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 808.
26. D.T.Gilbert,, B.W.Pelham,, & D.S.Krull, (1988). On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceived. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 733–740.
27. P.Gomez, (2012). Common biases and heuristics in nutritional quality judgments: A qualitative exploration. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 57, 152–158.
28. A.F.Hayes, (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. Unpublished manuscript.
29. M.R.Hebl,, & L.M.Mannix, (2003). The weight of obesity in evaluating others: A mere proximity effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 28–38.
30. E.T.Higgins, (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E.T.Higgins & A.W.Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133–168). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
31. A.J.Hill,, & E.K.Silver, (1995). Fat, friendless and unhealthy: 9-Year old children’s perception of body shape stereotypes. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 19, 423–430.
32. M.A.Hogg,, & J.C.Turner, (1987). Intergroup behaviour, self-stereotyping and the salience of social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 325–340.
33. P.G.Kopelman, (2000). Obesity as a medical problem. Nature, 404, 635–643.
34. H.H.Kelley, (1950). The warm-cold variable in first impressions of persons. Journal of Personality, 18, 431–439.
35. Z.Kunda,, & S.J.Spencer, (2003). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 522.
36. D.Lansky,, & K.D.Brownell, (1982). Estimates of food quantity and calories: Errors in self-report among obese patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 35, 727–732.
37. J.C.Larkin,, & H.A.Pines, (1979). No fat persons need apply: Experimental studies of the overweight stereotype and hiring preference. Work and Occupations, 6, 312–327.
38. J.D.Latner,, K.S.O’Brien,, L.E.Durso,, L.A.Brinkman,, & T.MacDonald, (2008). Weighing obesity stigma: The relative strength of different forms of bias. International Journal of Obesity, 32, 1145–1152.
39. M.B.E.Livingstone,, & A.E.Black, (2003). Markers of the validity of reported energy intake. Journal of Nutrition, 133, 895S–920S.
40. M.Lynch, (2010). Healthy habits or damaging diets: An exploratory study of a food blogging community. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 49, 316–335.
41. K.J.McClure,, R.M.Puhl,, & C.A.Heuer, (2011). Obesity in the news: Do photographic images of obese persons influence antifat attitudes? Journal of Health Communication, 16, 359–371.
42. B.McFerran,, D.W.Dahl,, G.J.Fitzsimons,, & A.C.Morales, (2010a). I’ll have what she’s having: Effects of social influence and body type on the food choices of others. Journal of Consumer Research, 36, 915–929.
43. B.McFerran,, D.W.Dahl,, G.J.Fitzsimons,, & A.C.Morales, (2010b). Might an overweight waitress make you eat more? How the body type of others is sufficient to alter our food consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20, 146–151.
44. S.W.Mintz,, & C.M.Du Bois, (2002). The anthropology of food and eating. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 99–119.
45. R.M.Nayga, (1997). Impact of sociodemographic factors on perceived importance of nutrition in food shopping. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 31, 1–9.
46. R.M.Nayga, (2000). Nutrition knowledge, gender, and food label use. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 34, 97–112.
47. M.Nestle, (2002). Food politics: How the food industry influences nutrition and health. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
48. R.E.Nisbett,, & T.D.Wilson, (1977). The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 250.
49. M.E.Oakes, (2004). Good foods gone bad: ‘Infamous’ nutrients diminish perceived vitamin and mineral content of foods. Appetite, 42, 273–278.
50. D.M.Oppenheimer,, T.Meyvis,, & N.Davidenko, (2009). Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 867–872.
51. S.R.Pallak, (1983). Salience of a communicator’s physical attractiveness and persuasion: A heuristic versus systematic processing interpretation. Social Cognition, 2, 158–170.
52. R.E.Petty,, & J.T.Cacioppo, (1984). Source factors and the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 668–672.
53. R.E.Petty,, & J.T.Cacioppo, (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. New York, NY: Springer.
54. M.Pollan, (2008). In defense of food: An eater’s manifesto. London, England: Penguin Press.
55. K.J.Preacher,, & A.F.Hayes, (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.
56. V.Provencher,, J.Polivy,, & C.P.Herman, (2009). Perceived healthiness of food. If it’s healthy, you can eat more! Appetite, 52, 340–344.
57. R.M.Puhl,, & K.D.Brownell, (2001). Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obesity Research, 9, 788–805.
58. R.M.Puhl,, & K.D.Brownell, (2006). Confronting and coping with weight stigma: An investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity, 14, 1802–1815.
59. R.M.Puhl,, J.A.Gold,, J.Luedicke,, & J.A.DePierre, (2013). The effect of physicians’ body weight on patient attitudes: Implications for physician selection, trust and adherence to medical advice. International Journal of Obesity, 1, 1–7.
60. R.M.Puhl,, & C.A.Heuer, (2009). The stigma of obesity: A review and update. Obesity, 17, 941–964.
61. R.M.Puhl,, C.Wharton,, & C.Heuer, (2009). Weight bias among dietetics students: Implications for treatment practices. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109, 438–444.
62. L.K.Rasnake,, E.Laube,, M.Lewis,, & T.R.Linscheid, (2005). Children’s nutritional judgments: Relation to eating attitudes and body image. Health Communication, 18, 275–289.
63. P.V.Roehling,, M.V.Roehling,, J.D.Vandlen,, J.Blazek,, & W.C.Guy, (2009). Weight discrimination and the glass ceiling effect among top US CEOs. Equal Opportunities International, 28, 179–196.
64. P.Rozin, (1996a). Towards a psychology of food and eating: From motivation to module to model to marker, morality, meaning, and metaphor. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 18–24.
65. P.Rozin, (1996b). The socio-cultural context of eating and food choice. In H. L. Meiselman & H. J. H. MacFie (Eds.), Food choice, acceptance and consumption (pp. 83–104). New York, NY: Springer.
66. J.A.Sabin,, M.Marini,, & B.A.Nosek, (2012). Implicit and explicit anti-fat bias among a large sample of medical doctors by BMI, race/ethnicity and gender. PloS ONE, 7, e48448.
67. J.A.Satia,, J.A.Galanko,, & M.L.Neuhouser, (2005). Food nutrition label use is associated with demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors and dietary intake among African Americans in North Carolina. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105, 392–402.
68. M.B.Schwartz,, H.O.N.Chambliss,, K.D.Brownell,, S.N.Blair,, & C.Billington, (2003). Weight bias among health professionals specializing in obesity. Obesity Research, 11, 1033–1039.
69. B.Silverstein,, L.Perdue,, B.Peterson,, & E.Kelly, (1986). The role of the mass media in promoting a thin standard of bodily attractiveness for women. Sex Roles, 14, 519–532.
70. A.M.Simunaniemi,, H.Sandberg,, A.Andersson,, & M.Nydahl, (2011). Laypeople blog about fruit and vegetables for self-expression and dietary influence. Health Communication, 26, 621–630.
71. K.E.Stanovich,, & R.F.West, (2000). Advancing the rationality debate. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 701–717.
72. Stapinski, H. (2013, January 22). Restaurants turn camera shy. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/dining/restaurants-turn-camera-shy.html
73. B.A.Teachman,, & K.D.Brownell, (2001). Implicit anti-fat bias among health professionals: Is anyone immune? International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 25, 1125–1131.
74. M.E.Teixeira,, & G.M.Budd, (2010). Obesity stigma: A newly recognized barrier to comprehensive and effective type 2 diabetes management. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 22, 527–533.
75. J.C.Turner,, M.A.Hogg,, P.J.Oakes,, S.D.Reicher,, & M.S.Wetherell, (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
76. L.R.Vartanian, (2010). Disgust and perceived control in attitudes toward obese people. International Journal of Obesity, 34, 1302–1307.
77. S.S.Wang,, K.D.Brownell,, & T.A.Wadden, (2004). The influence of the stigma of obesity on overweight individuals. International Journal of Obesity, 28, 1333–1337.
78. B.Wansink,, J.E.Painter,, & J.North, (2005). Bottomless bowls: Why visual cues of portion size may influence intake. Obesity Research, 13, 93–100.
79. World Health Organization (2013). Health topics: Obesity. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en
80. R.S.Wyer,, Jr. (Ed.). (2013). Stereotype activation and inhibition. Advances in social cognition (Vol. 11). New York, NY: Psychology Press.