Large-scale synthesis of single-source, thermally stable, and dual-emissive Mn-doped Zn–Cu–In–S nanocrystals for bright white light-emitting diodes

Nano Research

Volumn 8, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 3316-3331

  Peng, Lucheng ^a   Li, Dongze ^a   Zhang, Zhuolei ^a   Huang, Keke ^a   Zhang, Ying ^a   Shi, Zhan ^a   Xie, Renguo ^a   Yang, Wensheng ^b  

^a JILIN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b Jilin University   (China)

Author keywords

cadmium free; lighting; Mn doped Zn Cu In S; nanocrystals; white light emitting diodes (WLEDs)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84943362711     PISSN: 19980124     EISSN: 19980000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-015-0832-9     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Tsao, J. Y. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for General Illumination: An OIDA Technology Roadmap Update 2002; Optoelectronics Industry Development Association: Washington, DC, 2002.
2. Nakamura, S.; Fasol, G. White LEDs. In The Blue Laser Diode: GaN Based Light Emitters and Lasers. Springer: Berlin, 1996; pp 216–221.
3. Nakamura, S.; Mukai, T.; Senoh, M. Candela-class highbrightness InGaN/AlGaN double heterostructure blue-lightemitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett.1994, 64, 1687–1689.
4. Schubert, E. F.; Kim, J. K. Solid-state light sources getting smart. Science2005, 308, 1274–1278.
5. Bachmann, V.; Ronda, C.; Meijerink, A. Temperature quenching of yellow Ce3+ luminescence in YAG:Ce. Chem. Mater.2009, 21, 2077–2084.
6. Pimputkar, S.; Speck, J. S.; Den-Baars, S. P.; Nakamura, S. Prospects for LED lighting. Nat. Photonics2009, 3, 180–182.
7. Reineke, S.; Lindner, F.; Schwartz, G.; Seidler, N.; Walzer, K.; Lüssem, B.; Leo, K. White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency. Nature2009, 459, 234–238.
8. Tonzani, S. Lighting technology: Time to change the bulb. Nature2009, 459, 312–314.
9. Alivisatos, A. P. Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science1996, 271, 933–937.
10. Yu, W. W.; Qu, L. H.; Guo, W. Z.; Peng, X. G. Experimental determination of the extinction coefficient of CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals. Chem. Mater.2003, 15, 2854–2860.
11. Resch-Genger, U.; Grabolle, M.; Cavaliere-Jaricot, S.; Nitschke, R.; Nann, T. Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels. Nat. Methods2008, 5, 763–775.
12. Qin, L.; Li, D. Z.; Zhang, Z. L.; Wang, K. F.; Ding, H.; Xie, R. G.; Yang, W. S. The determination of extinction coefficient of CuInS2 and ZnCuInS3 multinary nanocrystals. Nanoscale2012, 4, 6360–6364.
13. Rogach, A. L.; Gaponik, N.; Lupton, J. M.; Bertoni, C.; Gallardo, D. E.; Dunn, S.; Li Pira, N.; Paderi, M.; Repetto, P.; Romanov, S. G. et al. Light-emitting diodes with semiconductor nanocrystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2008, 47, 6538–6549.
14. Dai, Q. Q.; Duty, C. E.; Hu, M. Z. Semiconductor nanocrystals based on white light-emitting diodes. Small2010, 6, 1577–1588.
15. Demir, H. V.; Nizamoglu, S.; Erdem, T.; Mutlugun, E.; Gaponik, N.; Eychmüller, A. Quantum dot integrated LEDs using photonic and excitonic color conversion. Nano Today2011, 6, 632–647.
16. Nag, A.; Sarma, D. D. White light from Mn2+-doped CdSe nanocrystals: A new approach. J. Phys. Chem. C2007, 111, 13641–13644.
17. Cai, W.; Li, Z. G.; Sui, J. H. A facile single-source route to CdS nanorods. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 465605.
18. Fang, X. M.; Roushan, M.; Zhang, R. B.; Peng, J.; Zeng, H. P.; Li, J. Tuning and enhancing white light emission of II–VI based inorganic–organic hybrid semiconductors as singlephased phosphors. Chem. Mater.2012, 24, 1710–1717.
19. Chen, H. S.; Chung, S. R.; Chen, T. Y.; Wang, K. W. Correlation between surface state and band edge emission of white light ZnxCd1-xS nanocrystals. J. Mater. Chem. C2014, 2, 2664–2667.
20. Xie, J. F.; Li, S.; Wang, R. X.; Zhang, H.; Xie, Y. Grain boundary engineering in atomically-thin nanosheets achieving bright white light emission. Chem. Sci.2014, 5, 1328–1335.
21. Xuan, T, T.; Liu, J. Q.; Xie, R. J.; Li, H. L.; Sun, Z. Microwave-assisted synthesis of CdS/ZnS:Cu quantum dots for white light-emitting diodes with high color rendition. Chem. Mater.2015, 27, 1187–1193.
22. Schreuder, M. A.; Gosnell, J. D.; Smith, N. J.; Warnement, M. R.; Weiss, S. M.; Rosenthal, S. J. Encapsulated white-light CdSe nanocrystals as nanophosphors for solid-state lighting. J. Mater. Chem.2008, 18, 970–975.
23. Schreuder, M. A.; Xiao, K.; Ivanov, I. N.; Weiss, S. M.; Rosenthal, S. J. White light-emitting diodes based on ultrasmall CdSe nanocrystal electroluminescence. Nano Lett.2010, 10, 573–576.
24. Dukes, A. D.; Samson, P. C.; Keene, J. D.; Davis, L. M.; Wikswo, J. P.; Rosenthal, S. J. Single-nanocrystal spectroscopy of white-light-emitting CdSe nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. A2011, 115, 4076–4081.
25. Chandramohan, S.; Ryu, B. D.; Kim, H. K.; Hong, C. H.; Suh, E. K. Trap-state-assisted white light emission from a CdSe nanocrystal integrated hybrid light-emitting diode. Opt. Lett.2011, 36, 802–804.
26. Krause, M. M.; Mooney, J.; Kambhampati, P. Chemical and thermodynamic control of the surface of semiconductor nanocrystals for designer white light emitters. ACS Nano2013, 7, 5922–5929.
27. Shen, C. C.; Tseng, W. L. One-step synthesis of white-lightemitting quantum dots at low temperature. Inorg. Chem.2009, 48, 8689–8694.
28. Song, W. S.; Yang, H. Efficient white-light-emitting diodes fabricated from highly fluorescent copper indium sulfide core/shell quantum dots. Chem. Mater.2012, 24, 1961–1967.
29. Chen, B. K.; Zhong, H. Z.; Wang, M. X.; Liu, R. B.; Zou, B. S. Integration of CuInS2-based nanocrystals for high efficiency and high color rendering white light emitting diodes. Nanoscale2013, 5, 3514–3519.
30. Song, W. S.; Kim, J. H.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, H. S.; Do, Y. R.; Yang, H. Synthesis of color-tunable Cu–In–Ga–S solid solution quantum dots with high quantum yields for application to white light-emitting diodes. J. Mater. Chem.2012, 22, 21901–21908.
31. Zhang, J.; Xie, R. G.; Yang, W. S. A simple route for highly luminescent quaternary Cu-Zn-In-S nanocrystal emitters. Chem. Mater.2011, 23, 3357–3361.
32. Song, W. S.; Yang, H. Fabrication of white light-emitting diodes based on solvothermally synthesized copper indium sulfide quantum dots as color converters. Appl. Phys. Lett.2012, 100, 183104.
33. Jang, E. P.; Song, W. S.; Lee, K. H.; Yang, H. Preparation of a photo-degradation- resistant quantum dot–polymer composite plate for use in the fabrication of a high-stability whitelight- emitting diode. Nanotechnology2013, 24, 045607.
34. Chuang, P. H.; Lin, C. C.; Liu, R. S. Emission-tunable CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots: Structure, optical properties, and application in white light-emitting diodes with high color rendering index. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces2014, 6, 15379–15387.
35. Ziegler, J.; Xu, S.; Kucur, E.; Meister, F.; Batentschuk, M.; Gindele, F.; Nann, T. Silica-coated InP/ZnS nanocrystals as converter material in white LEDs. Adv. Mater.2008, 20, 4068–4073.
36. Kim, K.; Jeong, S.; Woo, J. Y.; Han, C. S. Successive and large-scale synthesis of InP/ZnS quantum dots in a hybrid reactor and their application to white LEDs. Nanotechnology2011, 23, 065602.
37. Kim, S.; Kim, T.; Kang, M.; Kwak, S. K.; Yoo, T. W.; Park, L. S.; Yang, I.; Hwang, S.; Lee, J. E.; Kim, S. K.et al. Highly luminescent InP/GaP/ZnS nanocrystals and their application to white light-emitting diodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2012, 134, 3804–3809.
38. Yang, X. Y.; Zhao, D. W.; Leck, K. S.; Tan, S. T.; Tang, Y. X.; Zhao, J. L.; Demir, H. V.; Sun, X. W. Full visible range covering InP/ZnS nanocrystals with high photometric performance and their application to white quantum dot lightemitting diodes. Adv. Mater.2012, 24, 4180–4185.
39. Yang, X. Y.; Divayana, Y.; Zhao, D. W.; Leck, K. S.; Lu, F.; Tan, S. T.; Abiyasa, A. P.; Zhao, Y. B.; Demir, H. V.; Sun, X. W. A bright cadmium-free, hybrid organic/quantum dot white light-emitting diode. Appl. Phys. Lett.2012, 101, 233110.
40. Lim, J.; Park, M.; Bae, W. K.; Lee, D.; Lee, S.; Lee, C.; Char, K. Highly efficient cadmium-free quantum dot lightemitting diodes enabled by the direct formation of excitons within InP@ZnSeS quantum dots. ACS Nano2013, 7, 9019- 9026.
41. Lee, J.; Sundar, V. C.; Heine, J. R.; Bawendi, M. G.; Jensen, K. F. Full color emission from II–VI semiconductor quantum dot–polymer composites. Adv. Mater.2000, 12, 1102–1105.
42. Li, Y. Q.; Rizzo, A.; Cingolani, R.; Gigli, G. Bright whitelight- emitting device from ternary nanocrystal composites. Adv. Mater.2006, 18, 2545–2548.
43. Nizamoglu, S.; Ozel, T.; Sari, E.; Demir, H. V. White light generation using CdSe/ZnS core–shell nanocrystals hybridized with InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes. Nanotechnology2007, 18, 065709.
44. Mueller, A. H.; Petruska, M. A.; Achermann, M.; Werder, D. J.; Akhadov, E. A.; Koleske, D. D.; Hoffbauer, M. A.; Klimov, V. I. Multicolor light-emitting diodes based on semiconductor nanocrystals encapsulated in GaN charge injection layers. Nano Lett.2005, 5, 1039–1042.
45. Bol, A. A.; Meijerink, A. Luminescence of nanocrystalline ZnS:Pb2+. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2001, 3, 2105–2112.
46. Chen, H. S.; Wang, S. J. J.; Lo, C. J.; Chi, J. Y. White-light emission from organics-capped ZnSe quantum dots and application in white-light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett.2005, 86, 131905.
47. Nizamoglu, S.; Mutlugun, E.; Akyuz, O.; Perkgoz, N. K.; Demir, H. V.; Liebscher, L.; Sapra, S.; Gaponik, N.; Eychmüller, A. White emitting CdS quantum dot nanoluminophores hybridized on near-ultraviolet LEDs for high-quality white light generation and tuning. New J. Phys.2008, 10, 023026.
48. Bowers, M. J.; McBride, J. R.; Rosenthal, S. J. White-light emission from magic-sized cadmium selenide nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005, 127, 15378–15379.
49. Rosson, T. E.; Claiborne, S. M.; McBride, J. R.; Stratton, B. S.; Rosenthal, S. J. Bright white light emission from ultrasmall cadmium selenide nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2012, 134, 8006–8009.
50. Huang, B.; Dai, Q.; Zhuo, N. Z.; Jiang, Q. S.; Shi, F. H.; Wang, H. B.; Zhang, H. C.; Liao, C.; Cui, Y. P.; Zhang, J. Y. Bicolor Mn-doped CuInS2/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals for white light-emitting diode with high color rendering index. J. Appl. Phys.2014, 116, 094303.
51. Sapra, S.; Mayilo, S.; Klar, T. A.; Rogach, A. L.; Feldmann, J. Bright white-light emission from semiconductor nanocrystals: By chance and by design. Adv. Mater.2007, 19, 569–572.
52. Nizamoglu, S.; Mutlugun, E.; Özel, T.; Demir, H. V.; Sapra, S.; Gaponik, N.; Eychmüller, A. Dual-color emitting quantumdot- quantum-well CdSe-ZnS heteronanocrystals hybridized on light emitting diodes for high-quality white light generation. Appl. Phys. Lett.2008, 92, 113110.
53. Battaglia, D.; Blackman, B.; Peng, X. G. Coupled and decoupled dual quantum systems in one semiconductor nanocrystal. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005, 127, 10889–10897.
54. Lutich, A. A.; Mauser, C.; Como, E. D.; Huang, J.; Vaneski, A.; Talapin, D. V.; Rogach, A. L.; Feldmann, J. Multiexcitonic dual emission in CdSe/CdS tetrapods and nanorods. Nano Lett.2010, 10, 4646–4650.
55. Vlaskin, V. A.; Janssen, N.; van Rijssel, J.; Beaulac, R.; Gamelin, D. R. Tunable dual emission in doped semiconductor nanocrystals. Nano Lett.2010, 10, 3670–3674.
56. McLaurin, E. J.; Fataftah, M. S.; Gamelin, D. R. One-step synthesis of alloyed dual-emitting semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem. Commun.2013, 49, 39–41.
57. McLaurin, E. J.; Bradshaw, L. R.; Gamelin, D. R. Dualemitting nanoscale temperature sensors. Chem. Mater.2013, 25, 1283–1292.
58. Soni, U.; Pal, A.; Singh, S.; Mittal, M.; Yadav, S.; Elangovan, R.; Sapra, S. Simultaneous Type-I/Type-II emission from CdSe/CdS/ZnSe nano-heterostructures. ACS Nano2014, 8, 113–123.
59. Brovelli, S.; Bae, W. K.; Galland, C.; Giovanella, U.; Meinardi, F.; Klimov, V. I. Dual-color electroluminescence from dotin- bulk nanocrystals. Nano Lett.2014, 14, 486–494.
60. Brovelli, S.; Bae, W. K.; Meinardi, F.; González, B. S.; Lorenzon, M.; Galland, C.; Klimov, V. I. Electrochemical control of two-color emission from colloidal dot in-bulk nanocrystals. Nano Lett.2014, 14, 3855–3863.
61. Norris, D. J.; Efros, A. L.; Erwin, S. C. Doped nanocrystals. Science2008, 319, 1776–1779.
62. Pradhan, N.; Goorskey, D.; Thessing, J.; Peng, X. G. An alternative of CdSe nanocrystal emitters: Pure and tunable impurity emissions in ZnSe nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005, 127, 17586–17587.
63. Xie, R. G.; Peng, X. G. Synthesis of Cu-doped InP nanocrystals (d-dots) with ZnSe diffusion barrier as efficient and colortunable NIR emitters. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2009, 131, 10645–10651.
64. Jana, S.; Srivastava, B. B.; Pradhan, N. Correlation of dopant states and host bandgap in dual-doped semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2011, 2, 1747–1752.
65. Buonsanti, R.; Milliron, D. J. Chemistry of doped colloidal nanocrystals. Chem. Mater.2013, 25, 1305–1317.
66. Zhang, J. Z.; Cooper, J. K.; Gul, S. Rational co-doping as a strategy to improve optical properties of doped semiconductor quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2014, 5, 3694–3700.
67. Cao, S.; Li, C. M.; Wang, L.; Shang, M. H.; Wei, G. D.; Zheng, J. J.; Yang, W. Y. Long-lived and well-resolved Mn2+ ion emissions in CuInS-ZnS quantum dots. Sci. Rep.2014, 4, 7510.
68. Zeng, R. S.; Zhang, T. T.; Dai, G. Z.; Zou, B. S. Highly emissive, color-tunable, phosphine-free Mn:ZnSe/ZnS core/ shell and Mn:ZnSeS shell-alloyed doped nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C2014, 7, 3005–3010.
69. Nag, A.; Sarma, D. D. White light from Mn2+-doped CdS nanocrystals: A new approach. J. Phys. Chem. C2007, 111, 13641–13644.
70. Quan, Z. W.; Yang, D. M.; Li, C. X.; Kong, D. Y.; Yang, P. P.; Cheng, Z. Y.; Lin. J. Multicolor tuning of manganese-doped ZnS colloidal nanocrystals. Langmuir2009, 25, 10259–10262.
71. Lü, X. D.; Yang, J.; Fu, Y. Q.; Liu, Q. Q.; Qi, B.; Lu, C. L.; Su, Z. M. White light emission from Mn2+ doped ZnS nanocrystals through the surface chelating of 8-hydroxyquinoline- 5-sulfonic acid. Nanotechnology2010, 21, 115702.
72. Panda, S. K.; Hickey, S. G.; Demir, H. V.; Eychmüller, A. Bright white-light emitting manganese and copper co-doped ZnSe quantum dots. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2011, 50, 4432–4436.
73. Luong, B. T.; Hyeong, E.; Yoon, S.; Choi, J.; Kim, N. Facile synthesis of UV-white light emission ZnSe/ZnS:Mn core/ (doped) shell nanocrystals in aqueous phase. RSC Adv.2013, 3, 23395–23401.
74. Sharma, V. K.; Guzelturk, B.; Erdem, T.; Kelestemur, Y.; Demir, H. V. Tunable white-light-emitting Mn-doped ZnSe nanocrystals. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces2014, 6, 3654–3660.
75. Liu, Q. H.; Deng, R. P.; Ji, X. L.; Pan, D. C. Alloyed Mn–Cu–In–S nanocrystals: A new type of diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dots. Nanotechnology2012, 23, 255706.
76. Ding, K.; Jing, L. H.; Liu, C. Y.; Hou, Y.; Gao, M. Y. Magnetically engineered Cd-free quantum dots as dualmodality probes for fluorescence/magnetic resonance imaging of tumors. Biomaterials2014, 35, 1608–1617.
77. Manna, G.; Jana, S.; Bose, R.; Pradhan, N. Mn-doped multinary CIZS and AIZS nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2012, 3, 2528–2534.
78. Zhang, Z. L.; Liu, D.; Li, D. Z.; Huang, K. K.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, Z.; Xie, R. G.; Han, M. Y.; Wang, Y.; Yang, W. S. Dual emissive Cu:InP/ZnS/InP/ZnS nanocrystals: Single-source “greener” emitters with flexibly tunable emission from visible to near-infrared and their application in white light emitting diodes. Chem. Mater.2015, 27, 1405–1411.
79. Xie, R. G.; Rutherford, M.; Peng, X. G. Formation of highquality I-III-VI semiconductor nanocrystals by tuning relative reactivity of cationic precursors. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2009, 131, 5691–5697.
80. Zhong, X. H.; Han, M. Y.; Dong, Z. L.; White, T. J.; Knoll, W. Composition-tunable ZnxCd1–xSe nanocrystals with high luminescence and stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2003, 125, 8589–8594.
81. Zhong, X. H.; Zhang, Z. H.; Liu, S. H.; Han, M. Y.; Knoll, W. Embryonic nuclei-induced alloying process for the reproducible synthesis of blue-emitting ZnxCd1–xSe nanocrystals with long-time thermal stability in size distribution and emission wavelength. J. Phys. Chem. B2004, 108, 15552–15559.
82. Bae, W. K.; Char, K.; Hur, H.; Lee, S. Single-step synthesis of quantum dots with chemical composition gradients. Chem. Mater.2008, 20, 531–539.
83. Deng, Z. T.; Yan, H.; Liu, Y. Band gap engineering of quaternary-alloyed ZnCdSSe quantum dots via a facile phosphine-free colloidal method. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2009, 131, 17744–17745.
84. Cho, J.; Jung, Y. K.; Lee, J. K. Kinetic studies on the formation of various II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals and synthesis of gradient alloy quantum dots emitting in the entire visible range. J. Mater. Chem.2012, 22, 10827–10833.
85. Maikov, G. I.; Vaxenburg, R.; Sashchiuk, A.; Lifshitz, E. Composition-tunable optical properties of colloidal IV-VI quantum dots, composed of core/shell heterostructures with alloy components. ACS Nano2010, 4, 6547–6556.
86. Yang, Y. A.; Chen, O.; Angerhofer, A.; Cao, Y. C. Radialposition- controlled doping in CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006. 128, 12428–12429.
87. Chen, H. Y.; Maiti, S.; Son, D. H. Doping location-dependent energy transfer dynamics in Mn-doped CdS/ZnS nanocrystals. ACS Nano2012, 6, 583–591.
88. Chen, H. Y.; Chen, T. Y.; Son, D. H. Measurement of energy transfer time in colloidal Mn-doped semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C2010, 114, 4418–4423.
89. Chen, O.; Shelby. D. E.; Yang Y. A.; Zhuang J. Q.; Wang T.; Niu C. G.; Omenetto N.; Cao, Y. C. Excitation-intensitydependent color-tunable dual emissions from manganesedoped CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2010, 122, 10330–10333.
90. Vlaskin, V. A.; Janssen, N.; van Rijssel, J.; Beaulac, R.; Amelin, D. R. Tunable dual emission in doped semicondutor nanocrystals. Nano Lett.2010, 10, 3670–3674.
91. Zhong, H. Z.; Zhou, Y.; Ye, M. F.; He, Y. J.; Ye, J. P.; He, C.; Yang, C. H.; Li, Y. F. Controlled synthesis and optical properties of colloidal ternary chalcogenide CuInS2 nanocrystals. Chem. Mater.2008, 20, 6434–6443.
92. Santra, S.; Yang, H.; Holloway, P. H.; Stanley, J. T.; Mericle, R. A. Synthesis of water-dispersible fluorescent, radio-opaque, and paramagnetic CdS:Mn/ZnS quantum dots: A multifunctional probe for bioimaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005, 127, 1656–1657.
93. Santra, P. K.; Kamat, P. V. Mn-doped quantum dot sensitized solar cells: A strategy to boost efficiency over 5%. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2012, 134, 2508–2511.
94. Wood, V.; Halpert, J. E.; Panzer, M. J.; Bawendi, M. G.; Bulovic, V. Alternating current driven electroluminescence from ZnSe/ZnS:Mn/ZnS nanocrystals. Nano Lett.2009, 9, 2367–2371.
95. Srivastava, B. B.; Jana, S.; Karan, N. S.; Paria, S.; Jana, N. R.; Sarma, D. D.; Pradhan, N. Highly luminescent Mn-doped ZnS nanocrystals: Gram-scale synthesis. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2010, 1, 1454–1458.
96. Zeng, R.; Zhang, T.; Dai, G.; Zou, B. Highly emissive, color-tunable, phosphinefree Mn:ZnSe/ZnS core/shell and Mn:ZnSeS shell-alloyed doped nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C2011, 115, 3005–3010.
97. Pan, D. C.; An, L. J.; Sun, Z. M.; Hou, W.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Z. Z.; Lu,Y. F. Synthesis of Cu-In-S ternary nanocrystals with tunable structure and composition. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008, 130, 5620–5621.
98. Park, J.; Kim, S.-W. CuInS2/ZnS core/shell quantum dots by cation exchange and their blue-shifted photo-luminescence. J. Mater. Chem.2011, 21, 3745–3750.
99. Chen, Y. Y.; Li, S. J.; Huang, L. J.; Pan, D. C. Green and facile synthesis of water-soluble Cu-In-S/ZnS core/shell quantum dots. Inorg. Chem.2013, 52, 7819–7821.
100. Chen, B. K.; Zhong, H. Z.; Zhang, W. Q.; Tan, Z. A.; Li, Y. F.; Yu, C. R.; Zhai, T. Y.; Bando, Y.; Yang, S. Y.; Zou, B. S. Highly emissive and color-tunable CuInS2-based colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals: Off-stoichiometry effects and improved electroluminescence performance. Adv. Funct. Mater.2012, 22, 2081–2088.
101. Zhang, W. J.; Lou, Q.; Ji, W. Y.; Zhao, J. L.; Zhong, X. H. Color-tunable highly bright photoluminescence of cadmiumfree Cu doped Zn-In-S nanocrystals and electroluminescence. Chem. Mater.2014, 26, 1204–1212.
102. De Trizio, L.; Prato, M.; Genovese, A.; Casu, A.; Povia, M.; Simonutti, R.; Alcocer, M. J. P.; D’ Andrea, C.; Tassone, F.; Manna, L. Strongly fluorescent quaternary Cu-In-Zn-S nanocrystals prepared from Cu1-xInS2 nanocrystals by partial cation exchange. Chem. Mater.2012, 24, 2400–2406.
103. Sarkar, S.; Karan, N. S.; Pradhan, N. Ultrasmall color-tunable copper-doped ternary semiconductor nanocrystal emitters. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2011, 50, 6065–6069.
104. Rice, W. D.; McDaniel, H.; Klimov, V. I.; Crooker, S. A. Magneto-optical properties of CuInS2 nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2014, 5, 4105–4109.