Hepatic lipase: A comprehensive view of its role on plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis

Volumn 22, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 1001-1011

  Kobayashi, Junji ^a   Miyashita, Kazuya ^b   Nakajima, Katsuyuki ^c   Mabuchi, Hiroshi ^d  

^a KANAZAWA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b Immuno Biological Laboratories Co Ltd   (Japan)

^c GUNMA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^d KANAZAWA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; EL; HDL; HL deficiency; LPL

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN; CHOLESTEROL ESTER; CHYLOMICRON REMNANT; FENOFIBRATE; GEMFIBROZIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LIVER TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MEVINOLIN; PHOSPHOLIPID; ROSUVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DNA POLYMORPHISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GENE SEQUENCE; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE 1; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SUBSTITUTION THERAPY; ANIMAL; BLOOD; ENZYMOLOGY; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; HUMANS; LIPASE; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPIDS; LIPOPROTEINS; LIVER;

EID: 84943262289     PISSN: 13403478     EISSN: 18803873     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5551/jat.31617     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Kirchgessner TG, Chuat JC, Heinzmann C, Etienne J, Guilhot S, Svenson K, Ameis D, Pilon C, d’Auriol L, Andalibi A, et al: Organization of the human lipoprotein lipase gene and evolution of the lipase gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989; 86: 9647-9651
2. Choi SY, Hirata K, Ishida T, Quertermous T, Cooper AD: Endothelial lipase: a new lipase on the block. J Lipid Res, 2002; 43: 1763-1769
3. Cai S, Wong DM, Chen SH, Chan L: Structure of the human hepatic triglyceride lipase gene. Biochemistry, 1989; 28: 8966-8971
4. Ameis D, Stahnke G, Kobayashi J, McLean J, Lee G, Büscher M, Schotz MC, Will H: Isolation and characterization of the human hepatic lipase gene. J Biol Chem, 1990; 265: 6552-6555
5. Warden CH, Davis RC, Yoon MY, Hui DY, Svenson K, Xia YR, Diep A, He KY, Lusis AJ: Chromosomal localization of lipolytic enzymes in the mouse: pancreatic lipase, colipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, hepatic lipase, and carboxyl ester lipase. J Lipid Res, 1993; 34: 1451-1455
6. Santamarina-Fojo S, González-Navarro H, Freeman L, Wagner E, Nong Z: Hepatic lipase, lipoprotein metabolism, and atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2004; 24: 1750-1754
7. Davis RC, Stahnke G, Wong H, Doolittle MH, Ameis D, Will H, Schotz MC: Hepatic lipase: site-directed mutagenesis of a serine residue important for catalytic activity. J Biol Chem, 1990; 265: 6291-6295
8. Dugi KA, Dichek HL, Santamarina-Fojo S: Human hepatic and lipoprotein lipase: the loop covering the catalytic site mediates lipase substrate specificity. J Biol Chem, 1995; 270: 25396-25401
9. Kobayashi J, Applebaum-Bowden D, Dugi KA, Brown DR, Kashyap VS, Parrott C, Duarte C, Maeda N, Santamarina-Fojo S: Analysis of protein structure-function in vivo. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of lipase lid mutants in hepatic lipase-deficient mice. J Biol Chem, 1996; 271: 26296-26301
10. Davis RC, Wong H, Nikazy J, Wang K, Han Q, Schotz MC: Chimeras of hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase. Domain localization of enzyme-specific properties. J Biol Chem, 1992; 267: 21499-21504
11. Dichek HL, Parrott C, Ronan R, Brunzell JD, Brewer HB Jr, Santamarina-Fojo S: Functional characterization of a chimeric lipase genetically engineered from human lipoprotein lipase and human hepatic lipase. J Lipid Res, 1993; 34: 1393-1340
12. Sultan F, Lagrange D, Jansen H, Griglio S: Inhibition of hepatic lipase activity impairs chylomicron remnantremoval in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1990; 1042: 150-152
13. Diard P, Malewiak MI, Lagrange D, Griglio S: Hepatic lipase may act as a ligand in the uptake of artificial chylomicron remnant-like particles by isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem J, 1994; 299: 889-894
14. Ji ZS, Lauer SJ, Fazio S, Bensadoun A, Taylor JM, Mahley RW: Enhanced binding and uptake of remnant lipoproteins by hepatic lipase-secreting hepatoma cells in culture. J Biol Chem, 1994; 269: 13429-13436 1
15. de Faria E, Fong LG, Komaromy M, Cooper AD: Relative roles of the LDL receptor, the LDL receptor-like protein, and hepatic lipase in chylomicron remnant removal by the liver. J Lipid Res, 1996; 37: 197-209
16. Homanics GE, de Silva HV, Osada J, Zhang SH, Wong H, Borensztajn J, Maeda N: Mild dyslipidemia in mice following targeted inactivation of the hepatic lipase gene. J Biol Chem, 1995; 270: 2974-2980
17. Applebaum-Bowden D, Kobayashi J, Kashyap VS, Brown DR, Berard A, Meyn S, Parrott C, Maeda N, Shamburek R, Brewer HB Jr, Santamarina-Fojo S: Hepatic lipase gene therapy in hepatic lipase-deficient mice. Adenovirusmediated replacement of a lipolytic enzyme to the vascular endothelium. J Clin Invest, 1996; 97: 799-805
18. Braschi S, Couture N, Gambarotta A, Gauthier BR, Coffill CR, Sparks DL, Maeda N, Schultz JR: Hepatic lipase affects both HDL and ApoB-containing lipoprotein levels in the mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1998; 1392: 276-290
19. Dichek HL, Brecht W, Fan J, Ji ZS, McCormick SP, Akeefe H, Conzo L, Sanan DA, Weisgraber KH, Young SG, Taylor JM, Mahley RW: Overexpression of hepatic lipase in transgenic mice decreases apolipoprotein B-containing and high density lipoproteins. Evidence that hepatic lipase acts as a ligand for lipoprotein uptake. J Biol Chem, 1998; 273: 1896-1903
20. Amar MJ, Dugi KA, Haudenschild CC, Shamburek RD, Foger B, Chase M, Bensadoun A, Hoyt RF Jr, Brewer HB Jr, Santamarina-Fojo S: Hepatic lipase facilitates the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters from remnant lipoproteins in apoE-deficient mice. J Lipid Res, 1998; 39: 2436-2442
21. Fan J, Wang J, Bensadoun A, Lauer SJ, Dang Q, Mahley RW, Taylor JM: Overexpression of hepatic lipase in transgenic rabbits leads to a marked reduction of plasma high density lipoproteins and intermediate density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1994; 91: 8724-8728
22. Sanan DA, Fan J, Bensadoun A, Taylor JM: Hepatic lipase is abundant on both hepatocyte and endothelial cell surfaces in the liver. J Lipid Res, 1997; 38: 1002-1013
23. Barbagallo CM, Fan J, Blanche PJ, Rizzo M, Taylor JM, Krauss RM: Overexpression of human hepatic lipase and ApoE in transgenic rabbits attenuates response to dietary cholesterol and alters lipoprotein subclass distributions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999; 19: 625-632
24. Carr MC, Ayyobi AF, Murdoch SJ, Deeb SS, Brunzell JD: Contribution of hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein to LDL and HDL heterogeneity in healthy women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2002; 22: 667-673
25. Imamura S, Kobayashi J, Sakasegawa S, Nohara A, Nakajima K, Kawashiri M, Inazu A, Yamagishi M, Koizumi J, Mabuchi H: A novel method for measuring human hepatic lipase activity in postheparin plasma. J Lipid Res, 2007; 48: 453-457
26. Imamura S, Kobayashi J, Nakajima K, Sakasegawa S, Nohara A, Noguchi T, Kawashiri MA, Inazu A, Deeb SS, Mabuchi H, Brunzell JD: A novel method for measuring human lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities in postheparin plasma. J Lipid Res, 2008; 49: 1431-1437
27. Nakajima K, Kobayashi J, Mabuchi H, Nakano T, Tokita Y, Nagamine T, Imamura S, Ai M, Otokozawa S, Schaefer EF: Association of angiopoietin-like protein 3 with hepatic triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase activities in human plasma. Ann Clin Biochem, 2010; 47: 423-431
28. Huff MW, Sawyez CG, Connelly PW, Maguire GF, Little JA, Hegele RA: Beta-VLDL in hepatic lipase deficiency induces apoE-mediated cholesterol ester accumulation in macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb, 1993; 13: 1282-1290
29. Connelly PW, Hegele RA: Hepatic lipase deficiency. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 1998; 35: 547-572
30. Connelly PW: The role of hepatic lipase in lipoprotein metabolism. Clin Chim Acta, 1999; 286: 243-255
31. Mezdour H, Jones R, Dengremont C, Castro G, Maeda N: Hepatic lipase deficiency increases plasma cholesterol but reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Biol Chem, 1997; 272: 13570-13575
32. Hegele RA, Little JA, Vezina C, Maguire GF, Tu L, Wolever TS, Jenkins DJ, Connelly PW: Hepatic lipase deficiency. Clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic characteristics. Arterioscler Thromb, 1993; 13: 720-728
33. Knudsen P, Antikainen M, Uusi-Oukari M, Ehnholm S, Lahdenperä S, Bensadoun A, Funke H, Wiebusch H, Assmann G, Taskinen MR, Ehnholm C: Heterozygous hepatic lipase deficiency, due to two missense mutations R186H and L334F, in the HL gene. Atherosclerosis, 1997; 128: 165-174
34. Miyashita K, Kobayashi J, Imamura S, Kinoshita N, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Nakajima K, Machida T, Sumino H, Nara M, Murakami M: A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system for human hepatic triglyceride lipase. Clin Chim Acta, 2013; 424: 201-206
35. Jansen H, Verhoeven AJM, Weeks L, Kastelein JJP, Halley DJJ, Van den Ouweland A, Jukema JW, Seidell JC, Birkenhager JC: Common C-to-T substitution at position 2480 of the hepatic lipase promoter associated with a lowered lipase activity in coronary artery disease patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1997; 17: 2837-2842
36. Murtomaki S, Tahvanainen E, Antikainen M, Tiret L, Nicaud V, Jansen H, Ehnholm C: Hepatic lipase gene polymorphisms influence plasma HDL levels. Results from Finnish EARS participants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1997; 17: 1879-1884
37. Zambon A, Deeb SS, Hokanson JE, Greg Brown B, Brunzell JD: Common variants in the promoter of the hepatic lipase gene are associated with lower levels of hepatic lipase activity, buoyant LDL, and higher HDL2 cholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1998; 18: 1723-1729
38. Couture P, Otvos JD, Cupples LA, Lahoz C, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM: Association of the C-514T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene with variations in lipoprotein subclass profiles. The Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2000; 20: 815-822
39. Tahvanainen E, Syvanne M, Frick MH, Murtomaki-Repo S, Antikainen M, Kesaniemi YA, Kauma H, Pasternak A, Taskinen MR, Ehnholm C: Association of variation in hepatic lipase activity with promoter variation in the hepatic lipase gene. J Clin Invest, 1998; 101: 956-960
40. Inazu A, Nishimura Y, Terada Y, Mabuchi H: Effects of hepatic lipase gene promoter nucleotide variations on serum HDL cholesterol concentration in the general Japanese population. J Hum Genet, 2001; 46: 172-177
41. Takata M, Inazu A, Katsuda S, Miwa K, Kawashiri MA, Nohara A, Higashikata T, Kobayashi J, Mabuchi H, Yamagishi M: CETP promoter-1337 C >T polymorphism protects against coronary atherosclerosis in Japanese patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Clin Sci (Lond), 2006; 111: 325-331
42. Shohet RV, Vega GL, Anwar A, Cigarroa JE, Grundy SM, Cohen JC: Hepatic lipase (LIPC) promoter polymorphism in men with coronary artery disease. Allele frequency and effects on hepatic lipase activity and plasma HDL-C concentrations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999; 19: 1975-1978
43. Hokanson JE, Cheng S, Snell-Bergeon JK, Fijal BA, Grow MA, Hung C, Erlich HA, Ehrlich J, Eckel RH, Rewers M: A common promoter polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC-480C>)T. is associated with an increase in coronary calcification in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, 2002; 51: 1208-1213
44. Sorva R, Kuusi T, Taskinen MR, Perheentupa J, Nikkilä EA: Testosterone substitution increases the activity of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in hydrogonadal males. Atherosclerosis, 1988; 69: 191-197
45. Tikkanen MJ, Nikkilä EA, Kuusi T, Sipinen SU: High density lipoprotein-2 and hepatic lipase: reciprocal changes produced by oestrogens and norgestrel. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1982; 54: 1113-1117
46. Schoonderwoerd K, Hülsmann WC, Jansen H: Regulation of liver lipase. I. Evidence for several regulatory sites, studied in corticotrophin-treated rats. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1983; 754: 279-283
47. Berg AL, Nilsson-Ehle P: Direct effects of corticotropin on plasma lipoprotein metabolism in man–studies in vivo and in vitro. Metabolism, 1994; 43: 90-97
48. Valdemarsson S, Hansson P, Hedner P, Nilsson-Ehle P: Relations between thyroid function, hepatic ant lipoprotein lipase activities, and plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Acta Endocrinol, 1983; 104: 50-56
49. Kihara S, Wölle J, Ehnholm C, Chan L, Oka K: Regulation of hepatic triglyceride lipase by thyroid hormone in HepG2 cells. J Lipid Res, 1993; 34: 961-970
50. Baynes C, Henderson AD, Anyaoku V, Richmond W, Hughes CL, Johnston DG, Elkeles RS: The role of insulin insensitivity and hepatic lipase in the dyslipidaemia of type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med, 1991; 8: 560-566
51. Carr MC, Hokanson JE, Zambon A, Deeb SS, Barrett PH, Purnell JQ, Brunzell JD: The contribution of intraabdominal fat to gender differences in hepatic lipase activity and low/high density lipoprotein heterogeneity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001; 86: 2831-2837
52. Reynisdottir S, Angelin B, Langin D, Lithell H, Eriksson M, Holm C, Arner P: Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. Contrasting findings in familial combined hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1997; 17: 2287-2292
53. Hanyu O, Miida T, Kosuge K, Ito T, Soda S, Hirayama S, Wardaningsih E, Fueki Y, Obayashi K, Aizawa Y: Preheparin lipoprotein lipase mass is a practical marker of insulin resistance in ambulatory type 2 diabetic patients treated with oral hypoglycemic agents. Clin Chim Acta, 2007; 384: 118-123
54. Miyashita Y, Shirai K, Itoh Y, Sasaki H, Totsuka M, Murano T, Watanabe H: Low lipoprotein lipase mass in preheparin serum of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and its recovery with insulin therapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2002; 56: 181-187
55. Taskinen MR, Nikkilä EA, Kuusi T, Harmo K: Lipoprotein lipase activity and serum lipoproteins in untreated type 2 (insulin-independent) diabetes associated with obesity. Diabetologia, 1982; 22: 46-50
56. Kobayashi J, Saito K, Fukamachi I, Taira K, Takahashi K, Bujo H, Saito Y: Pre-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase mass: correlation with intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation. Horm Metab Res, 2001; 33: 412-416
57. Kobayashi J, Tashiro J, Murano S, Morisaki N, Saito Y: Lipoprotein lipase mass and activity in post-heparin plasma from subjects with intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1998; 48: 515-520
58. Saiki A, Oyama T, Endo K, Ebisuno M, Ohira M, Koide N, Murano T, Miyashita Y, Shirai K: Preheparin serum lipoprotein lipase mass might be a biomarker of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2007; 76: 93-101
59. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Walsh K: Obesity, adiponectin and vascular inflammatory disease. Curr Opin Lipidol, 2003; 14: 561-566
60. Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Nakamura T: The concept of metabolic syndrome: contribution of visceral fat accumulation and its molecular mechanism. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2011; 18: 629-639
61. Hirose H, Yamamoto Y, Seino-Yoshihara Y, Kawabe H, Saito I: Serum high-molecular-weight adiponectin as a marker for the evaluation and care of subjects with metabolic syndrome and related disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2010; 17: 1201-1211
62. Kobayashi J, Kusunoki M, Murase Y, Kawashiri M, Higashikata T, Miwa K, Katsuda S, Takata M, Asano A, Nohara A, Inazu A, Mabuchi H: Relationship of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triacylglycerol lipase activity to serum adiponectin levels in Japanese hyperlipidemic men. Horm Metab Res, 2005; 37: 505-509
63. Schneider JG, von Eynatten M, Schiekofer S, Nawroth PP, Dugi KA: Low plasma adiponectin levels are associated with increased hepatic lipase activity in vivo. Diabetes Care, 2005; 28: 2181-2186
64. von Eynatten M, Schneider JG, Humpert PM, Rudofsky G, Schmidt N, Barosch P, Hamann A, Morcos M, Kreuzer J, Bierhaus A, Nawroth PP, Dugi KA: Decreased plasma lipoprotein lipase in hypoadiponectinemia: an association independent of systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care, 2004; 27: 2925-2929
65. Itakura H, Murase T, Takaku F: Hepatic triglyceride lipase activity in plasma of patients with fatty liver, after treatment with heparin. Clin Chem, 1983; 29: 726-727
66. Osono Y, Nakajima K, Hata Y: Hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver: clinical diagnosis of fatty liver and lipoprotein profiles in hypertriglyceridemic patients with fatty liver. J Atheroscler Thromb, 1995; 2 Suppl 1: S47-52
67. Lucero D, Zago V, López GI, Graffigna M, López GH, Fainboim H, Miksztowicz V, Rosso LG, Belli S, Levalle O, Berg G, Brites F, Wikinski R, Schreier L: Does non-alcoholic fatty liver impair alterations of plasma lipoproteins and associated factors in metabolic syndrome? Clin Chim Acta, 2011; 412: 587-592
68. Chiu HK, Qian K, Ogimoto K, Morton GJ, Wisse BE, Agrawal N, McDonald TO, Schwartz MW, Dichek HL: Mice lacking hepatic lipase are lean and protected against diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Endocrinology, 2010; 151: 993-1001
69. Fraser A, Harris R, Sattar N, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G, Lawlor DA: Alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and incident diabetes: the British Women's Heart and Health Study and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 2009; 32: 741-750
70. Miksztowicz V, Lucero D, Zago V, Cacciagiú L, Lopez G, Gonzalez Ballerga E, Sordá J, Fassio E, Schreier L, Berg G: Hepatic lipase activity is increased in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease beyond insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2012; 28: 535-541
71. Rip J, Nierman MC, Wareham NJ, Luben R, Bingham SA, Day NE, van Miert JN, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJ, Kuivenhoven JA, Khaw KT, Boekholdt SM: Serum lipoprotein lipase concentration and risk for future coronary artery disease: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2006; 26: 637-642
72. Shimizugawa T, Ono M, Shimamura M, Yoshida K, Ando Y, Koishi R, Ueda K, Inaba T, Minekura H, Kohama T, Furukawa H: ANGPTL3 decreases very low density lipoprotein triglyceride clearance by inhibition of lipoprotein lipase. J Biol Chem, 2002; 277: 33742-33748
73. Fujimoto K, Koishi R, Shimizugawa T, Ando Y: Angptl3-null mice show low plasma lipid concentrations by enhanced lipoprotein lipase activity. Exp Anim, 2006; 55: 27-34
74. Ono M, Shimizugawa T, Shimamura M, Yoshida K, Noji-Sakikawa C, Ando Y, Koishi R, Furukawa H: Protein region important for regulation of lipid metabolism in angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3): ANGPTL3 is cleaved and activated in vivo. J Biol Chem, 2003; 278: 41804-41809
75. Shimamura M, Matsuda M, Yasumo H, Okazaki M, Fujimoto K, Kono K, Shimizugawa T, Ando Y, Koishi R, Kohama T, Sakai N, Kotani K, Komuro R, Ishida T, Hirata K, Yamashita S, Furukawa H, Shimomura I: Angiopoietin-like protein3 regulates plasma HDL cholesterol through suppression of endothelial lipase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2007; 27: 366-372
76. Moon HD, Nakajima K, Kamiyama K, Takanashi K, Sakurabayashi I, Nagamine T: Higher frequency of abnormal serum angiopoietin-like protein 3 than abnormal cholesteryl ester transfer protein in Japanese hyperalphalipoproteinemics. Clin Chim Acta, 2008; 398: 93-104
77. Sun L, Ishida T, Miyashita K, Kinoshita N, Mori K, Yasuda T, Toh R, Nakajima K, Imamura S, Hirata K: Plasma activity of endothelial lipase impacts high-density lipoprotein metabolism and coronary risk factors in humans. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2014; 21: 313-321
78. Badellino KO, Wolfe ML, Reilly MP, Rader DJ: Endothelial lipase concentrations are increased in metabolic syndrome and associated with coronary atherosclerosis. PLoS Med, 2006; 3: e22
79. Lamarche B, Paradis ME: Endothelial lipase and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol, 2007; 18: 298-303
80. Badellino KO, Wolfe ML, Reilly MP, Rader DJ: Endothelial lipase is increased in vivo by inflammation in humans. Circulation, 2008; 117: 678-685
81. Schneider JG, von Eynatten M, Schiekofer S, Nawroth PP, Dugi KA: Low plasma adiponectin levels are associated with increased hepatic lipase activity in vivo. Diabetes Care, 2005; 28: 2181-2186
82. Kobayashi J, Kusunoki M, Murase Y, Kawashiri M, Higashikata T, Miwa K, Katsuda S, Takata M, Asano A, Nohara A, Inazu A, Mabuchi H: Relationship of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triacylglycerol lipase activity to serum adiponectin levels in Japanese hyperlipidemic men. Horm Metab Res, 2005; 37: 505-509
83. Lewis GF, Murdoch S, Uffelman K, Naples M, Szeto L, Albers A, Adeli K, Brunzell JD: Hepatic lipase mRNA, protein, and plasmaenzyme activity is increased in the insulin-resistant, fructose-fed Syrian golden hamster and is partially normalized by the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone. Diabetes, 2004; 53: 2893-2900
84. Sibley SD, Palmer JP, Hirsch IB, Brunzell JD: Visceral obesity, hepatic lipase activity, and dyslipidemia in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003; 88: 3379-3384
85. Deeb SS, Zambon A, Carr MC, Ayyobi AF, Brunzell JD: Hepatic lipase and dyslipidemia: interactions among genetic variants, obesity, gender, and diet. J Lipid Res, 2003; 44: 1279-1286
86. Ruel IL, Lamarche B, Mauger JF, Badellino KO, Cohn JS, Marcil M, Couture P: Effect of fenofibrate on plasma lipoprotein composition and kinetics in patients with complete hepatic lipase deficiency. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2005; 25: 2600-2607
87. Al Riyami N, Al-Ali AM, Al-Sarraf AJ, Hill J, Sachs-Barrable K, Hegele R, Wasan KM, Frohlich J: Hepatic lipase deficiency in a Middle-Eastern-Arabic male. BMJ Case Rep, 2010 Nov 12; 2010. pii: bcr1220092589