Levothyroxine dose adjustment in hypothyroid women achieving pregnancy through IVF

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 173, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 417-424

  Busnelli, Andrea ^a,b   Vannucchi, Guia ^a   Paffoni, Alessio ^a   Faulisi, Sonia ^a,b   Fugazzola, Laura ^a,b   Fedele, Luigi ^a,b   Somigliana, Edgardo ^a  

^a FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LEVOTHYROXINE; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNITY; BLOOD ANALYSIS; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; FEMALE; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; LIVE BIRTH; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; THYROXINE BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PROCEDURES; THYROID FUNCTION TEST;

ADULT; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY TRIMESTERS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SPERM INJECTIONS, INTRACYTOPLASMIC; THYROID FUNCTION TESTS; THYROXINE;

EID: 84942806459     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: 1479683X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-15-0151     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocrine Reviews 1997 18 404-433. (doi:10.1210/edrv.18.3.0300).
2. Roelfsema F & Veldhuis JD. Thyrotropin secretion patterns in health and disease. Endocrine Reviews 2013 34 619-657. (doi:10.1210/er.2012-1076).
3. Toft A. Increased levothyroxine requirements in pregnancy - why, when, and how much? New England Journal of Medicine 2004 351 292-294. (doi:10.1056/NEJMe048110).
4. Reid SM, Middleton P, Cossich MC, Crowther CA & Bain E. Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013 5 CD007752. (doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007752.pub3).
5. Yassa L, Marqusee E, Fawcett R & Alexander EK. Thyroid hormone early adjustment in pregnancy (the THERAPY) trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010 95 3234-3241. (doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0013).
6. Muller AF, Verhoeff A, Mantel MJ, De Jong FH & Berghout A. Decrease of free thyroxine levels after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000 85 545-548. (doi:10.1210/jcem.85.2.6373).
7. Poppe K, Glinoer D, Tournaye H, Schiettecatte J, Devroey P, van Steirteghem A, Haentjens P & Velkeniers B. Impact of ovarian hyperstimulation on thyroid function in women with and without thyroid autoimmunity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 3808-3812. (doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0105.
8. Poppe K, Glinoer D, Tournaye H, Schiettecatte J, Haentjens P & Velkeniers B. Thyroid function after assisted reproductive technology in women free of thyroid disease. Fertility and Sterility 2005 83 1753-1757. (doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.12.036).
9. Reinblatt S, Herrero B, Correa JA, Shalom-Paz E, Ata B, Wiser A, Morris D & Holzer H. Thyroid stimulating hormone levels rise after assisted reproductive technology. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 2013 30 1347-1352. (doi:10.1007/s10815-013-0081-3).
10. Gracia CR, Morse CB, Chan G, Schilling S, Prewitt M, Sammel MD & Mandel SJ. Thyroid function during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation as part of in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility 2012 97 585-591. (doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.12.023).
11. Benaglia L, Busnelli A, Somigliana E, Leonardi M, Vannucchi G, De Leo S, Fugazzola L, Ragni G & Fedele L. Incidence of elevation of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2014 173 53-57. (doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.11.003).
12. Mintziori G, Goulis DG, Toulis KA, Venetis CA, Kolibianakis EM & Tarlatzis BC. Thyroid function during ovarian stimulation: A systematic review. Fertility and Sterility 2011 96 780-785. (doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.06.020).
13. Krassas GE, Poppe K & Glinoer D. Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocrine Reviews 2010 31 702-755. (doi:10.1210/er.2009-0041).
14. BusnelliA, Somigliana E, Benaglia L, Sarais V, Ragni G & Fedele L. Thyroid axis dysregulation during in vitro fertilization in hypothyroid-treated patients. Thyroid 2014 24 1650-1655. (doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0088).
15. Alexander EK, Marqusee E, Lawrence J, Jarolim P, Fischer GA & Larsen PR. Timing and magnitude of increases in levothyroxine requirements during pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism. New England Journal of Medicine 2004 351 241-249. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040079).
16. Busnelli A, Somigliana E, Benaglia L, Leonardi M, Ragni G & Fedele L. In vitro fertilization outcomes in treated hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2013 23 1319-1325. (doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0044).
17. Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, Azizi F, Mestman J, Negro R, Nixon A, Pearce EN, Soldin OP, Sullivan S et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid 2011 21 1081-1112. (doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0087).
18. De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, Eastman CJ, Lazarus JH, Luton D, Mandel SJ et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012 97 2543-2565. (doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2803).
19. Verga U, Bergamaschi S, Cortelazzi D, Ronzoni S, Marconi AM & Beck-Peccoz P. Adjustment of L-T4 substitutive therapy in pregnant women with subclinical, overt or post-ablative hypothyroidism. Clinical Endocrinology 2009 70 798-802. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03398.x).
20. Pekonen F, Teramo K, Ikonen E, Osterlund K, Mäkinen T& Lamberg BA. Women on thyroid hormone therapy: pregnancy course, fetal outcome, and amniotic fluid thyroid hormone level. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1984 63 635-638.
21. Abalovich M, Alcaraz G, Kleiman-Rubinsztein J, Pavlove MM, Cornelio C, Levalle O & Gutierrez S. The relationship of preconception thyrotropin levels to requirements for increasing the levothyroxine dose during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2010 20 1175-1178. (doi:10.1089/thy.2009.0457).
22. Rotondi M, de Martinis L, Coperchini F, Pignatti P, Pirali B, Ghilotti S, Fonte R, Magri F & Chiovato L. Serum negative autoimmune thyroiditis displays a milder clinical picture compared with classic Hashimoto's thyroiditis. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014 171 31-36. (doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0147).
23. Lv PP, Meng Y, Lv M, Feng C, Liu Y, Li JY, Yu DQ, Shen Y, Hu XL, Gao Q et al. Alteredthyroidhormoneprofile inoffspringafter exposure tohighestradiol environmentduring thefirst trimesterofpregnancy: A cross-sectional study. BMC Medicine 2014 12 240. (doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0240-0).
24. Kothari A & Girling J. Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: pre-pregnancy thyroid status influences gestational thyroxine requirements. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2008 115 1704-1708. (doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01901.x.
25. Magri F, Capelli V, Gaiti M, Brambilla E, Montesion L, Rotondi M, Spinillo A, Nappi RE & Chiovato L. Impaired outcome of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in women with thyroid autoimmune disease. Thyroid 2013 23 1312-1318. (doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0022).
26. Abalovich M, Gutierrez S, Alcaraz G, Maccallini G, Garcia A & Levalle O. Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Thyroid 2002 12 63-68. (doi:10.1089/105072502753451986).
27. Korevaar TI, Schalekamp-Timmermans S, de Rijke YB, Visser WE, Visser W, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Hofman A, Ross HA, Hooijkaas H, Tiemeier H et al. Hypothyroxinemia and TPO-antibody positivity are risk factors for premature delivery: The Generation R Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 4382-4390. (doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2855).
28. Taylor PN, Minassian C, Rehman A, Iqbal A, Draman MS, Hamilton W, Dunlop D, Robinson A, Vaidya B, Lazarus JH et al. TSH levels and risk of miscarriage in women on long-term levothyroxine: A communitybased study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014 99 3895-3902. (doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1954).
29. Ghassabian A, Bongers-Schokking JJ, Henrichs J, Jaddoe VW, Visser TJ, Visser W, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Hooijkaas H, Steegers EA, Hofman A et al. Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and behavioral problems in the offspring: The Generation R Study. Pediatric Research 2011 69 454-459. (doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182125b0c).
30. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE & Allan WC. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. New England Journal of Medicine 1999 341 549-555. (doi:10.1056/NEJM199908193410801).
31. Mandel SJ, Larsen PR, Seely EW & Brent GA. Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. New England Journal of Medicine 1990 323 91-96.
32. Kaplan MM. Assessment of thyroid function during pregnancy. Thyroid 1999 21 57-61.
33. Chopra IJ & Baber K. Treatment of primary hypothyroidism during pregnancy: is there an increase in thyroxine dose requirement in pregnancy? Metabolism 2003 52 122-128.
34. Hallengren B, Lantz M, Andreasson B & Grennert L. Pregnant women on thyroxine substitution are often dysregulated in early pregnancy. Thyroid 2009 19 391-394.
35. Loh JA, Wartofsky L, Jonklaas J & Burman KD. The magnitude of increased levothyroxine requirements in hypothyroid pregnant women depends upon the etiology of the hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2009 19 269-275.