Corneal collagen cross-linking for treating keratoconus

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2015, Issue 3, 2015, Pages

  Sykakis, Evripidis ^a   Karim, Rushmia ^b   Evans, Jennifer R ^c   Bunce, Catey ^b   Amissah Arthur, Kwesi N ^d   Patwary, Showrob ^d   Mcdonnell, Peter J ^d   Hamada, Samer ^a  

^a QUEEN VICTORIA HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^d CITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RIBOFLAVIN; COLLAGEN; CROSS LINKING REAGENT; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT;

ANTERIOR EYE CHAMBER INFLAMMATION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CORNEA EDEMA; CORNEA EROSION; CORNEA NEOVASCULARIZATION; CORNEAL COLLAGEN CROSS LINKING; DISEASE COURSE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EYE INFLAMMATION; HUMAN; KERATOCONUS; KERATOMETRY; MEDICAL PROCEDURES; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOTHERAPY; VISUAL ACUITY; ADULT; CHEMISTRY; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; PHOTOTHERAPY; RADIATION RESPONSE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

ADULT; COLLAGEN; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; KERATOCONUS; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RIBOFLAVIN; ULTRAVIOLET THERAPY;

EID: 84942747679     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010621.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Brooks N, Greenstein S, Fry K, Hersh P. Patient subjective visual function after corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2012;33(4):615-9.
2. Greenstein S, Fry K, Hersh P. Effect of topographic cone location on outcomes of corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2012;28(6):397-405.
3. Greenstein S, Fry K, Hersh P. In vivo biomechanical changes after corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia: 1-year analysis of a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Cornea 2012;31(1):21-5.
4. Greenstein S, Shah V, Fry K, Hersh P. Corneal thickness changes after corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia: one-year results. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2011;37(4):691-700.
5. Hersh P, Greenstein S, Fry K. Corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia: One-year results. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2011;37(1):149-60.
6. OBrart D, Chan E, Samaras K, Patel P, Shah S. A randomised, prospective study to investigate the efficacy of riboflavin/ultraviolet A (370 nm) corneal collagen cross-linkage to halt the progression of keratoconus. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2011;95(11):1519-24.
7. Wittig-Silva C, Chan E, Islam FM, Wu T, Whiting M, Snibson GR. A randomized, controlled trial of corneal collagen cross-linking in progressive keratoconus: three-year results. Ophthalmology 2014;121(4):812-21.
8. Wittig-Silva C, Whiting M, Lamoureux E, Lindsay R, Sullivan L, Snibson GR. A randomized controlled trial of corneal collagen cross-linking in progressive keratoconus: preliminary results. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2008;24(7):S720-5.
9. Alessio G, L'abbate M, Sborgia C, La Tegola MG. Photorefractive keratectomy followed by cross-linking versus cross-linking alone for management of progressive keratoconus: two-year follow-up. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2013;155(1):54-65.
10. Caporossi A, Mazzotta C, Baiocchi S, Caporossi T. Long-term results of riboflavin ultraviolet a corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus in Italy: the Siena eye cross study. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;149(4):585-93.
11. Caporossi A, Mazzotta C, Paradiso AL, Baiocchi S, Marigliani D, Caporossi T. Transepithelial corneal collagen crosslinking for progressive keratoconus: 24-month clinical results. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2013; Vol. 39, issue 8:1157-63.
12. Coskunseven E, Jankov MR, Hafezi F. Contralateral eye study of corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin and UVA irradiation in patients with keratoconus. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2009; Vol. 25, issue 4:371-6.
13. Doors M, Tahzib NG, Eggink FA, Berendschot TT, Webers CA, Nuijts RM. Use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography to study corneal changes after collagen cross-linking. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2009; Vol. 148, issue 6:844-51.
14. Gkika M, Labiris G, Giarmoukakis A, Koutsogianni A, Kozobolis V. Evaluation of corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor after corneal cross-linking for keratoconus. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2012;250(4):565-73.
15. Goldich Y, Marcovich AL, Barkana Y, Avni I, Zadok D. Safety of corneal collagen cross-linking with UV-A and riboflavin in progressive keratoconus. Cornea 2010;29(4):409-11.
16. Greenstein SA, Hersh PS. Characteristics influencing outcomes of corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and ectasia: Implications for patient selection. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2013; Vol. 39, issue 8:1133-40.
17. Grewal DS, Brar GS, Jain R, Sood V, Singla M, Grewal SP. Corneal collagen crosslinking using riboflavin and ultraviolet-A light for keratoconus: one-year analysis using Scheimpflug imaging. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2009;35(3):425-32.
18. Hallahan KM, Rocha K, Roy AS, Randleman JB, Stulting RD, Dupps WJ Jr. Effects of corneal cross-linking on ocular response analyzer waveform-derived variables in keratoconus and postrefractive surgery ectasia. Eye and Contact Lens 2014;40(6):339-44.
19. NCT00567671. Safety and effectiveness of the UV-X system for corneal collagen cross-linking in eyes with corneal ectasia or progressive keratoconus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00567671 (accessed 22 September 2014).
20. Henriquez M, Izquierdo L, Bernilla C, Zakrzewski P, Mannis M. Riboflavin/ultraviolet a corneal collagen cross-linking for the treatment of keratoconus: Visual outcomes and scheimpflug analysis. Cornea 2011;30(3):281-6.
21. Holopainen JM, Krootila K. Transient corneal thinning in eyes undergoing corneal cross-linking. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2011;152(4):533-6.
22. ISRCTN04451470. Trans-epithelial corneal cross-linking to halt the progression of keratoconus. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN04451470/ (accessed 23 March 2014).
23. ISRCTN29378493. Corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin (C3R) with orthokeratology. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN29378493 (accessed 23 March 2014).
24. Jordan C, Patel DV, Abeysekera N, McGhee CN. In vivo confocal microscopy analyses of corneal microstructural changes in a prospective study of collagen cross-linking in keratoconus. Ophthalmology 2014;121(2):469-74.
25. Kilic A, Kamburoglu G, Akinci A. Riboflavin injection into the corneal channel for combined collagen crosslinking and intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2012;38(5):878-83.
26. Koller T, Iseli HP, Hafezi F, Vinciguerra P, Seiler T. Scheimpflug imaging of corneas after collagen cross-linking. Cornea 2009;28(5):510-5.
27. Kránitz K, Kovacs I, Mihaltz K, Sandor GL, Juhasz E, Gyenes A, et al. Changes of corneal topography indices after CXL in progressive keratoconus assessed by Scheimpflug camera. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2014;30(6):374-8.
28. Mastropasqua L, Nubile M, Lanzini M, Calienno R, Mastropasqua R, Agnifili L, et al. Morphological modification of the cornea after standard and transepithelial corneal cross-linking as imaged by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy. Cornea 2013;32(6):855-61.
29. Mazzotta C, Balestrazzi A, Traversi C, Baiocchi S, Caporossi T, Tommasi C, et al. Treatment of progressive keratoconus by riboflavin-UVA-induced cross-linking of corneal collagen: ultrastructural analysis by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II in vivo confocal microscopy in humans. Cornea 2007;26(4):390-7.
30. NCT01143389. Evaluation of two riboflavin dosing regimens for corneal collagen cross-linking in eyes with progressive keratoconus or ectasia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01143389 (accessed 23 March 2014).
31. NCT01152541. Corneal collagen crosslinking for progressive keratoconus and ectasia using riboflavin/dextran and hypotonic riboflavin. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01152541 (accessed 23 March 2014).
32. NCT01181219. Transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in treatment of keratoconus [Behandling av keratoconus med "cornea collagen cross-linking" uten hornhinneepitelfjerning]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01181219 (accessed 23 March 2014).
33. NCT01325298. UVA-riboflavin crosslinking treatment of corneal ectasia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01325298 (accessed 23 March 2014).
34. NCT01344187. Safety and efficacy study of corneal collagen cross-linking in eyes with keratoconus. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01344187 (accessed 23 March 2014).
35. NCT01459679. A multi-center, randomized, controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the KXL system with vibeX (riboflavin ophthalmic solution) for corneal collagen cross-linking in eyes with keratoconus or corneal ectasia after refractive surgery. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01459679 (accessed 23 March 2014).
36. NCT01464268. Transepithelial corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01464268 (accessed 23 March 2014).
37. NCT01643226. A multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the KXL system with vibeX (riboflavin ophthalmic solution) for corneal collagen cross-linking in eyes with keratoconus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01643226 (accessed 23 March 2014).
38. NCT01708538. Phase III study of corneal collagen cross-linking using two different techniques. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01708538 (accessed 23 March 2014).
39. NCT01868620. Non-inferiority trial of iontophoretic corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) compared to standard corneal collagen crosslinking in progressive keratoconus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01868620 (accessed 23 March 2014).
40. NCT01972854. A multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the KXL system with vibeX (riboflavin ophthalmic solution) for corneal collagen cross-linking in eyes with keratoconus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01972854 (accessed 23 March 2014).
41. NCT02009709. Study of the safety and effectiveness of photochemically induced collagen cross-linking at an irradiance of 9 mW/cm2 and 18 mW/cm2 in eyes with keratoconus or ectasia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02009709 (accessed 23 March 2014).
42. Poli M, Cornut PL, Balmitgere T, Aptel F, Janin H, Burillon C. Prospective study of corneal collagen cross-linking efficacy and tolerance in the treatment of keratoconus and corneal ectasia: 3-year results. Cornea 2013;32(5):583-90.
43. NCT01809977. Study of surgical methods for keratoconus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01809977 (accessed 22 September 2014).
44. Razmjoo H, Rahimi B, Kharraji M, Koosha N, Peyman A. Corneal haze and visual outcome after collagen crosslinking for keratoconus: A comparison between total epithelium off and partial epithelial removal methods. Advanced Biomedical Research 2014;3:221.
45. Rechichi M, Daya S, Scorcia V, Meduri A, Scorcia G. Epithelial-disruption collagen crosslinking for keratoconus: One-year results. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2013; Vol. 39, issue 8:1171-8.
46. Salman AG. Transepithelial corneal collagen crosslinking for progressive keratoconus in a pediatric age group. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2013;39(8):1164-70.
47. Viswanathan D, Males J. Prospective longitudinal study of corneal collagen cross-linking in progressive keratoconus. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2013;41(6):531-6.
48. Wisse RP, Godefrooij DA, Soeters N, Imhof SM, Van der Lelij A. A multivariate analysis and statistical model for predicting visual acuity and keratometry one year after cross-linking for keratoconus. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2014;157(3):519-25.
49. NCT00626717. Riboflavin mediated corneal crosslinking for stabilizing progression of keratoconus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00626717 (accessed 22 September 2014).
50. NCT00841386. Treatment of keratoconus using collagen cross-linking by means of topical riboflavin and UV light. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00841386 (accessed 23 March 2014).
51. NCT00815256. The safety and effectiveness of collagen cross linking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A light in progressive mild and moderate grades of keratoconus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00815256 (accessed 22 September 2014).
52. Serapicos PC, Bottos KM, Kurauchi MP, Sakai V, Schor P, Chamon W, et al. The safety and effectiveness of the collagen cross linking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A light in progressive mild and moderate grades of keratoconus. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2009; Vol. 50:ARVO E-Abstract 5494.
53. NCT01604135. Collagen crosslinking for keratoconus - a randomized controlled clinical trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01604135 (accessed 23 March 2014).
54. Akhtar S, Bron AJ, Salvi SM, Hawkesworth NR, Tuft SJ, Meek KM. Ultrastructural analysis of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans in keratoconus. Acta Ophthalmologica 2008;86(7):764-72.
55. Ambrósio R Jr, Klyce SD, Wilson SE. Corneal topographic and pachymetric screening of keratorefractive patients. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2003;19(1):24-9.
56. Arboleda A, Kowalczuk L, Savoldelli M, Klein C, Ladraa S, Naud MC, et al. Evaluating in vivo delivery of riboflavin with coulomb-controlled iontophoresis for corneal collagen cross-linking: a pilot study. Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences 2014;55(4):2731-8.
57. Ashwin PT, McDonnell PJ. Collagen cross-linkage: a comprehensive review and directions for future research. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;94(8):965-70.
58. Baiocchi S, Mazzotta C, Cerretani D, Caporossi T, Caporossi A. Corneal crosslinking: riboflavin concentration in corneal stroma exposed with and without epithelium. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2009;35(5):893-9.
59. Belin MW, Khachikian SS. Corneal diagnosis and evaluation with the OCULUS Pentacam. Highlights of Ophthalmology 2007;35:5-8.
60. Boxer Wachler BS, Christie JP, Chandra NS, Chou B, Korn T, Nepomuceno R. Intacs for keratoconus. Ophthalmology 2003;110(5):1031-40.
61. Carlsson DJ, Li F, Shimmura S, Griffith M. Bioengineered corneas: how close are we?. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2003;14(4):192-7.
62. Chan CC, Sharma M, Boxer BS. Effect of inferior segment Intacs with and without C3R on keratoconus. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2007;33(1):75-80.
63. Chunyu T, Xiujun P, Zhengjun F, Xia Z, Feihu Z. Corneal collagen cross-linking in keratoconus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports 2014;4:Article number 5652. [DOI: ]
64. Craig JA, Mahon J, Yellowlees A, Barata T, Glanville J, Arber M, et al. Epithelium-off photochemical corneal collagen cross-linkage using riboflavin and ultraviolet a for keratoconus and keratectasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ocular Surface 2014;12(3):202-14.
65. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
66. Fontes BM, Ambrósio R Jr, Salomao M, Velarde GC, Nosé W. Biomechanical and tomographic analysis of unilateral keratoconus. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2010;26(9):677-81.
67. Georgiou T, Funnell CL, Cassels-Brown A, O'Conor R. Influence of ethnic origin on the incidence of keratoconus and associated atopic disease in Asians and white patients. Eye 2004;18(4):379-83.
68. Glanville JM, Lefebvre C, Miles JN, Camosso-Stefinovic J. How to identify randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE: ten years on. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2006;94(2):130-6.
69. Gore D, Shortt A, Allan B. New clinical pathways for keratoconus. Eye 2013;27(3):329-39.
70. Hafezi F, Mrochen M, Iseli HP, Seiler T. Collagen crosslinking with ultraviolet-A and hypoosmolar riboflavin solution in thin corneas. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2009;35(4):621-4.
71. Hayes S, O'Brart DP, Lamdin LS, Doutch J, Samaras K, Marshall J, et al. Effect of complete epithelial debridement before riboflavin-ultraviolet-A corneal collagen crosslinking therapy. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2008;34(4):657-61.
72. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
73. Hovakimyan M, Guthoff R, Stachs O. Collagen cross-linking: current status and future directions. Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;2012:Article ID 406850.
74. Koppen C, Wouters K, Mathysen D, Rozema S, Tassignon M. Refractive and topographic results of benzalkonium chloride-assisted transepithelial crosslinking. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2011;38(6):1000-5.
75. Krachmer JH, Feder RS, Belin MW. Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders. Survey of Ophthalmology 1984;28(4):293-322.
76. Kymionis GD, Portaliou DM, Diakonis VF, Kounis GA, Panagopoulou SI, Grentzelos MA. Corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A irradiation in patients with thin corneas. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;153(1):24-8.
77. Leccisotti A. Bioptics: where do things stand?. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2006;17(4):399-405.
78. Li X, Yang H, Rabinowitz YZ. Keratoconus: classification scheme based on videokeratography and clinical signs. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2009;35(9):1597-603.
79. Li Y, Tan O, Brass R, Weiss JL, Huang D. Corneal epithelial thickness mapping by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography in normal and keratoconic eyes. Ophthalmology 2012;119(12):2425-33.
80. Mastropasqua L, Lanzini M, Curcio C, Calienno R, Mastropasqua R, Colasante M, et al. Structural modifications and tissue response after standard epi-off and iontophoretic corneal crosslinking with different irradiation procedures. Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science 2014;55(4):2526-33.
81. McMahon TT, Szczotka-Flynn L, Barr JT, Anderson RJ, Slaughter ME, Lass JH, et al. A new method for grading the severity of keratoconus: the Keratoconus Severity Score (KSS). Cornea 2006;25(7):794-800.
82. Meek KM, Tuft SJ, Huang Y, Gill PS, Hayes S, Newton RH, et al. Changes in collagen orientation and distribution in keratoconus corneas. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2005;46(6):1948-56.
83. Miranda D, Sartori M, Francesconi C, Allemann N, Ferrara P, Campos M. Ferrara intrastromal corneal ring segments for severe keratoconus. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2003;19(6):645-53.
84. Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ. Life expectancy in keratoconus. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1992;76(10):590-1.
85. Naoumidi TL, Pallikaris IG, Naoumidi II, Astyrakakis NI. Conductive keratoplasty: histological study of human corneas. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2005;140(6):984-92.
86. NICE International Procedure Advisory Committee. Photochemical corneal collagen cross-linkage using riboflavin and ultraviolet A for keratoconus: a systematic review. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg466/resources/photochemical-corneal-collagen-crosslinkage-using-riboflavin-and-ultraviolet-a-for-keratoconus-systematic-review2 (accessed 30 August 2014).
87. Pinelli R. Corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin (C3-R) treatment opens new frontiers for keratoconus and corneal ectasia. www.eyeworld.org/article.php?sid=3797 (accessed 22 May 2011).
88. Rabinowitz YS. Keratoconus. Survey of Ophthalmology 1998;42(4):297-319.
89. Rabinowitz YS. Intacs for keratoconus. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2007;18(4):279-83.
90. Raiskup-Wolf F, Hoyer A, Spoerl E, Pillunat LE. Collagen crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A light in keratoconus: long-term results. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2008;34(3):796-801.
91. Reinstein DZ, Archer TJ, Gobbe M. Corneal epithelial thickness profile in the diagnosis of keratoconus. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2009;25(7):604-10.
92. Reinstein DZ, Gobbe M, Archer TJ, Silverman RH, Coleman DJ. Epithelial, stromal, and total corneal thickness in keratoconus: three-dimensional display with Artemis very-high frequency digital ultrasound. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2010;26(4):259-71.
93. Schumacher S, Oeftiger L, Mrochen M. Equivalence of biomechanical changes induced by rapid and standard corneal cross-linking, using riboflavin and ultraviolet radiation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2011;52(12):9048-52.
94. Shimmura S, Tsubota K. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2006;17(4):349-55.
95. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Search filters for randomised controlled trials. www.sign.ac.uk/methodology/filters.html#random (accessed 4 March 2011).
96. Smolek MK, Klyce SD. Current keratoconus detection methods compared with a neural network approach. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1997;38(11):2290-9.
97. Spoerl E, Huhle M, Seiler T. Induction of cross-links in corneal tissue. Experimental Eye Research 1998;66(1):97-103.
98. Szalai E, Berta A, Hassan Z, Módis L Jr. Reliability and repeatability of swept-source Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography and Scheimpflug imaging in keratoconus. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2012;38(3):485-94.
99. Vicente LL, Boxer Wachler BS. Factors that correlate with improvement in vision after combined Intacs and trans-epithelial corneal crosslinking. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;94(12):1597-601.
100. Vinciguerra P, Albe E, Trazza S, Seiler T, Epstein D. Intraoperative and postoperative effects of corneal collagen cross-linking on progressive keratoconus. Archives of Ophthalmology 2009;127(10):1258-65.
101. Vinciguerra P, Albé E, Frueh BE, Trazza S. Two-year corneal cross-linking results in patients younger than 18 years with documented progressive keratoconus. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;154(3):520-6.
102. Wagner H, Barr JT, Zadnik K. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study: methods and findings to date. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 2007;30(4):223-32.
103. Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. Riboflavin/ultraviolet-a-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2003;135(5):620-7.
104. Wollensak G, Wilsch M, Spoerl E, Seiler T. Collagen fiber diameter in the rabbit cornea after collagen crosslinking by riboflavin/UVA. Cornea 2004;23(5):503-7.
105. Wollensak G. Crosslinking treatment of progressive keratoconus: new hope. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2006;17(4):356-60.
106. Zadnik K, Barr J, Gordon M, Edrington T. Biomicroscopic signs and disease severity in keratoconus. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Group. Cornea 1996;15(2):139-46.
107. Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB, Everett DF, Jameson M, McMahon TT, et al. Baseline findings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1998;39(13):2537-46.
108. Hamada S, Patwary S, Amissah-Arthur KN, Bunce C, McDonnell PJ. Corneal collagen cross-linking for treating keratoconus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. [DOI: ]