The physiological ecology of mycoheterotrophy

Mycoheterotrophy: The Biology of Plants Living on Fungi

Volumn 9781461452096, Issue , 2013, Pages 297-342

  Hynson, Nicole A ^a   Madsen, Thomas P ^b   Selosse, Marc André ^c   Adam, Iris K U ^d   Ogura Tsujita, Yuki ^e   Roy, Melanie ^c,f   Gebauer, Gerhard ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c CENTRE D ECOLOGIE FONCTIONNELLE ET EVOLUTIVE   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH   (Germany)

^e JAPAN WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^f UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942250671     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5209-6_8     Document Type: Chapter

References (257)

1. Abadie J-C, Püttsepp Ü, Gebauer G, Faccio A, Bonfante P, Selosse M-A (2006) Cephalanthera longifolia (Neottieae, Orchidaceae) is mixotrophic: a comparative study between green and non-photosynthetic individuals. Can J Bot 84:1462-1477
2. Adamec L (1997) Mineral nutrition of carnivorous plants: a review. Bot Rev 63:273-299
3. Allen EB, Allen MF (1990) The mediation of competition by mycorrhizae in successional and patchy environments. In: Grace JR, Tilman D (eds) Perspectives on plant competition. Academic, New York, pp 367-389
4. Allen EB, Temple PJ, Bytnerowicz A, Arbaugh MJ, Sirulnik AG, Rao LE (2007) Patterns of understory diversity in mixed coniferous forests of southern California impacted by air pollution. ScientificWorldJournal 7, http://www.thescientificworld.com
5. Baldrian P (2009) Ectomycorrhizal fungi and their enzymes in soils: is there enough evidence for their role as facultative soil saprotrophs? Oecologia 161:657-660
6. Bannister P, Strong GL (2001) Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, nitrogen content and heterotrophy in New Zealand mistletoes. Oecologia 126:10-20
7. Beau C (1920) Sur le role trophique des endophytes d'orchid6es. Comp Rend Acad Sci 171:675-677
8. Bennett JR, Mathews S (2006) Phylogeny of the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae inferred from phyto-chrome A. Am J Bot 93:1039-1051
9. Bernard N (1899) Sur la germination du Neottia nidus-avis. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 128:1253-1255
10. Bernard N (1908) La culture des orchidées dans ses rapports avec la symbiose. Société Royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique de Gand, Gand
11. Bidartondo MI, Bruns TD (2005) On the origins of extreme mycorrhizal specificity in the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): performance trade-offs during seed germination and seedling development. Mol Ecol 14:1549-1560
12. Bidartondo MI, Read DJ (2008) Fungal specificity bottlenecks during orchid germination and development. Mol Ecol 17:3707-3716
13. Bidartondo MI, Redecker D, Hijri I, Wiemken A, Bruns TD, Dominguez L, Sérsic A, Leake JR, Read DJ (2002) Epiparasitic plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 419:389-392
14. Bidartondo MI, Bruns TD, Weiß M, Sérgio C, Read DJ (2003) Specialized cheating of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis by a epiparasitic liverwort. Proc Biol Sci 270:835-842
15. Bidartondo MI, Burghardt B, Gebauer G, Bruns TD, Read DJ (2004) Changing partners in the dark: Isotopic and molecular evidence of ectomycorrhizal liaisons between forest orchids and trees. Proc Biol Sci 271:1799-1806
16. Björkman E (1960) Monotropa hypopitys L.-an epipara-site on tree roots. Physiol Plant 13:308-327
17. Bonnardeaux Y, Brundrett M, Batty A, Dixon K, Koch J, Sivasithamparam K (2007) Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids: compatibility webs, brief encounters, lasting relationships and alien invasions. Mycol Res 111:51-61
18. Booth MG (2004) Mycorrhizal networks mediate oversto-rey-understorey competition in a temperate forest. Ecol Lett 7:538-546
19. Bougoure J, Ludwig M, Brundrett M, Grierson P (2009) Identity and specificity of the fungi forming mycor-rhizas with the rare mycoheterotrophic orchid Rhizanthella gardneri. Mycol Res 113:1097-1106
20. Bougoure JJ, Brundrett MC, Grierson PF (2010) Carbon and nitrogen supply to the underground orchid, Rhizanthella gardneri. New Phytol 186:947-956
21. Boullard B (1979) Considérations sur la symbiose fongique chez les Ptéridophytes. Syllogeus 19:1-58
22. Bruce JG, Beitel JM (1979) A community of Lycopodium gametophytes in Michigan. Am Fern J 69:33-41
23. Bruns TD, Read DJ (2000) In vitro germination of non-photosynthetic, myco-heterotrophic plants stimulated by fungi isolated from the adult plants. New Phytol 148:335-342
24. Burgeff H (1932) Saprophytismus und Symbiose. Studien an tropischen Orchideen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany
25. Burgeff H (1936) Samenkeimung der Orchideen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany
26. Burgeff H (1959) Mycorrhiza of orchids. In: Withner CL (ed) The orchids. Ronald Press, New York, pp 361-395
27. Cameron DD, Bolin JF (2010) Isotopic evidence of partial mycoheterotrophy in the Gentianaceae: Bartonia vir-ginica and Obolaria virginica as case studies. Am J Bot 97:1272-1277
28. Cameron DD, Leake JR (2007) A different kind of parasitic plant: a brief history of mycoheterotrophy and epi-parasitism. Haustorium 50:4-6
29. Cameron KM, Chase MW, Rudall PJ (2003) Recircumscription of the monocotyledonous family Petrosaviaceae to include Japanolirion. Brittonia 55:214-225
30. Cameron DD, Leake JR, Read DJ (2006) Mutualistic myc-orrhiza in orchids: evidence from the plant-fungus carbon and nitrogen transfers in the green-leaved terrestrial orchid Goodyera repens. New Phytol 171:405-416
31. Cameron DD, Johnson I, Read DJ, Leake JR (2008) Giving and receiving: measuring the carbon cost of mycorrhizas in the green orchid, Goodyera repens. New Phytol 180:176-184
32. Cameron DD, Preiss K, Gebauer G, Read DJ (2009) The chlorophyll-containing orchid Corallorhiza trifida derives little carbon through photosynthesis. New Phytol 183:358-364
33. Camp WH (1940) Aphyllous forms in pyrola. Bull Torrey Bot Club 67:453-465
34. Campbell EO (1962) The mycorrhiza of Gastrodia cunning-hamii Hook. F. Trans R Soc New Zealand 1:289-296
35. Campbell EO (1964) The fungal association in a colony of Gastrodia sesamoides. R Br Trans R Soc New Zealand 2:237-246
36. Cha JY, Igarashi T (1995) Armillaria species associated with Gastrodia elata in Japan. Eur J Forest Pathol 25:319-326
37. Cha JY, Igarashi T (1996) Armillaria jezoensis, a new symbiont of Galeola septentrionalis (Orchidaceae) in Hokkaido. Mycoscience 37:21-24
38. Chou H (1974) In propagation of Gastrodia elata Bl. Acta Bot Sin 16:288-290
39. Christoph H (1921) Untersuchungen über mykotrophen Verhältnisse der "Ericales" und die Keimung von Pirolaceen. Beihefte Botan Centralblatt 38:115-157
40. Courty P-E, Walder F, Boller T, Ineichen K, Wiemken A, Selosse M-A (2011) C and N metabolism in mycor-rhizal networks and mycoheterotrophic plants of tropical forests: a stable isotope analysis. Plant Physiol 156:952-961
41. Currah RS, Zelmer CD, Hambleton S, Richardson KA (1997) Fungi from orchid mycorrhizas. In: Arditti J, Pridgeon AM (eds) Orchid biology: reviews and perspectives, VII. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 117-170
42. Curtis JT (1943) Germination and seedling development infive species of Cypripedium. Am J Bot 30:199-206
43. Dawson TE, Mambelli S, Plamboeck AH, Templer PH, Tu KP (2002) Stable isotopes in plant ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:507-559
44. Dearnaley JDW (2006) The fungal endophytes of Erythrorchis cassythoides-is this orchid saprophytic or parasitic? Aust Mycol 25:51-57
45. Dearnaley JDW, Bougoure JJ (2010) Isotopic and molecular evidence for saprotrophic Marasmiaceae mycobi-onts in rhizomes of Gastrodia sesamoides. Fungal Ecol 3:288-294
46. Dearnaley JDW, Martos F, Selosse M-A (2012) Orchid mycorrhizas: molecular ecology, physiology, evolution and conservation aspects. In: Hock B (ed) Fungal associations, The mycota IX, 2nd edn. SpringerVerlag, Berlin
47. DeNiro MJ, Epstein S (1978) Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42:495-506
48. DeNiro MJ, Epstein S (1981) Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45:341-351
49. Douhan GW, Vincenot L, Selosse M-A (2011) Population genetics of ectomycorrhizal fungi: from current knowledge to emerging directions. Fungal Biol 115:569-597
50. Downie DG (1959) Rhisoctonia solani and orchid seed. Trans Bot Soc Edinb 37:279-285
51. Eriksson O, Kainulainen K (2011) The evolutionary ecology of dust seeds. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 13:73-87
52. Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick KT (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 40:503-537
53. Feller U, Anders I, Mae T (2008) Rubiscolytics: fate of Rubisco after its enzymatic function in a cell is terminated. J Exp Bot 59:1615-1624
54. Finlay RD, Read DJ (1986) The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants: 1. Translocation of C-14-labeled carbon between plants interconnected by a common mycelium. New Phytol 103:143-156
55. Fitter AH, Graves JD, Watkins NK, Robinson D, Scrimgeour C (1998) Carbon transfer between plants and its control in networks of arbuscular mycorrhizas. Funct Ecol 12:406-412
56. Francis R, Read DJ (1984) Direct transfer of carbon between plants connected by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium. Nature 307:53-56
57. Frank AB (1885) Neue Mittheilungen über die Mycorrhiza der Bäume und der Monotropa hypopitys. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 3:27-33
58. Freudenstein JV (1999) Relationships and character transformation in Pyroloideae (Ericaceae) based on ITS sequences, morphology, and development. Syst Bot 24:398-408
59. Freudenstein J V, Doyle JJ (1994) Character transformation and relationships in Corallorhiza (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae). I. Plastid DNA. Am J Bot 81:1449-1457
60. Fry B (2006) Stable isotope ecology. Springer, New York, 308pp
61. Gebauer G (2005) Partnertausch im dunklen Wald-Stabile Isotope geben neue Einblicke in das Ernährungsverhalten von Orchideen. In: Bayer (ed) Auf Spurensuche in der Natur: Stabile Isotope in der ökologischen Forschung. Rundgespräche der Kommission für Ökologie Bd. 30. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany, pp 55-67
62. Gebauer G, Dietrich P (1993) Nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a mixed stand of spruce, larch and beech trees and of understorey vegetation including fungi. Isotopenpraxis 29:35-44
63. 13 C natural abundance of autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids provides insight into nitrogen and carbon gain from fungal association. New Phytol 160:209-223
64. Gebauer G, Schulze E-D (1991) Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a healthy and a declining Picea abies forest in the Fichtelgebirge, NE Bavaria. Oecologia 87:198-207
65. 15 N natural abundance in fruit bodies of different functional groups of fungi in relation to substrate utilization. New Phytol 142:93-101
66. Gebauer G, Rehder H, Wollenweber B (1988) Nitrate, nitrate reduction and organic nitrogen in plants from different ecological and taxonomic groups of Central Europe. Oecologia 75:371-385
67. Girlanda M, Selosse M-A, Cafasso D, Brilli F, Delfine S, Fabbian R, Ghignone S, Pinelli P, Segreto R, Loreto F, Cozzolino S, Perotto S (2006) Inefficient photosynthesis in the Mediterranean orchid Limodorum abortivum is mirrored by specific association to ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae. Mol Ecol 15:491-504
68. Girlanda M, Segreto R, Cafasso D, Liebel HT, Rodda M, Ercole E, Cozzolino S, Gebauer G, Perotto S (2011) Photosynthetic Mediterranean meadow orchids feature partial mycoheterotrophy and specific mycor-rhizal associations. Am J Bot 98:1148-1163
69. 13 C content of primary and secondary plant products in different cell compartments and that in decomposing fungi. Plant Physiol 102:1287-1290
70. Haber E (1987) Variability distribution and systematics of pyrola-picta sensu-lato Ericaceae in Western North America. Syst Bot 12:324-335
71. Hadley G (1970) Non-specificity of symbiotic infection in orchid mycorrhiza. New Phytol 69:1015-1023
72. Hamada M (1939) Studien über die Mykorrhiza von Galeola septentrionalis Reichb. F.-Ein neuer Fall der Mycorrhizabildung durch intraradicale Rhizomorpha. Jpn J Bot 10:151-211
73. Hamada M, Nakamura S (1963) Wurzelsymbiose von Galeola altissima Reichb. F., einer chlorophyllfreien Orchidee, mit dem holzzerstörenden Pilz Hymenochaete crocicreas Berk et Br. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, Fourth Series (Biology), vol 29, pp 227-238
74. Harvais G, Hadley G (1967) The relation between host and endophyte in orchid mycorrhiza. New Phytol 66:205-215
75. Hashimoto Y, Kunishi A, Hasegawa S (2005) Interspecific C transfers from Larix kaempferi Carr. to Pyrola incarnata Fischer by way of mycorrhizal fungi. Inoculum (Supplement to Mycologia) 56:23-24
76. Hashimoto Y, Fukukawa S, Kunishi A, Suga H, Richard F, Sauve M, Selosse M-A (2012) Mycoheterotrophic germination of Pyrola asarifolia dust seeds reveals convergences with germination in orchids. New Phytol 195(3):620-630
77. Hofmeister W (1857) Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Gefässkryptogamen. II. Abh Math Phys Cl Königl Sächs Ges Wiss 3:601-682, Taf. 1-13
78. 15N natural abundance in soil-plant systems. New Phytol 137:179-203
79. 13 C abundance reveals trophic status of fungi and host-origin of carbon in mycorrhizal fungi in mixed forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:8534-8539
80. Hunt R, Hope-Simpson JF (1990) Growth of Pyrola rotundifolia ssp. maritima in relation to shade. New Phytol 114:129-137
81. Hynson NA, Bruns TD (2009) Evidence of a myco-het-erotroph in the plant family Ericaceae that lacks myc-orrhizal specificity. Proc Biol Sci 276:4053-4059
82. Hynson NA, Bruns TD (2010) Fungal hosts for myco-heterotrophic plants: a nonexclusive, but highly selective club. New Phytol 185:598-601
83. Hynson NA, Preiss K, Gebauer G (2009a) Is it better to give than receive? A stable isotope perspective to orchid-fungal carbon transport in the green orchid species Goodyera repens and Goodyera oblongifolia. New Phytol 182:8-11
84. Hynson NA, Preiss K, Gebauer G, Bruns TD (2009b) Isotopic evidence of full and partial myco-heterotro-phy in the plant tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae). New Phytol 182:719-726
85. Hynson NA, Mambelli S, Amend AS, Dawson TE (2012) Measuring carbon gains from fungal networks in understory plants from the tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae): afield manipulation and stable isotope approach. Oecologia 169:307-317. doi: 10.1007/s00442-011-2198-3
86. Illyés Z, Halász K, Rudnóy S, Ouanphanivanh N, Garay T, Bratek Z (2009) Changes in the diversity of the mycorrhizal fungi of orchids as a function of the water supply of the habitat. J Appl Bot Food Qual 83:28-36
87. Imhof S (2008) Specialized mycorrhizal colonization pattern in achlorophyllous Epirixanthes spp. (Polygalaceae). Plant Biol 9:786-792
88. Irmisch T (1855) Bemerkungen über einige Pflanzen der deutschen Flora. Flora 13:625-638
89. Isogai N, Yamamura Y, Mariko S, Nakano T (2003) Seasonal pattern of photosynthetic production in a subalpine evergreen herb, Pyrola incarnata. J Plant Res 116:199-206
90. Johnson-Groh CL (1998) Population demographics, underground ecology and phenology of Botrychium mormo. In: Berlin N, Miller P, Borovansky J, Seal US, Byers O (eds) Population and habitat viability assessment (PHVA) for the goblin fern (Botrychium mormo), Final Report. Conservation Biology Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota, pp 103-108
91. Johnson-Groh CL, Lee JM (2002) Phenology and demography of two species of Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae). Am J Bot 89:1624-1633
92. Jones RI (2000) Mixotrophy in planktonic protists: an overview. Freshwater Biol 45:219-226
93. Julou T, Burghardt B, Gebauer G, Berveiller D, Damesin C, Selosse M-A (2005) Mixotrophy in orchids: insights from a comparative study of green individuals and non-photosynthetic mutants of Cephalanthera dama-sonium. New Phytol 166:639-653
94. Kamienski F (1881) Die Vegetationsorgane der Monotropa hypopitys L. Bot Zeit 29:458-461
95. Kamjunke N, Tittel J (2009) Mixotrophic algae constrain the loss of organic carbon by exudation. J Phycol 45:807-811
96. Khan AG (1972) Mycorrhizae in the Pakistan Ericales Pak. J Bot 4:183-194
97. Kiers ET, Duhamel M, Beesetty Y, Mensah JA, Franken O, Verbruggen E, Felbaum CR, Kowalchuk GA, Hart MM, Bago A, Palmer TM, West SA, Vandenkoornhuyse P, Jansa J, Bücking H (2011) Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Science 333:880-882
98. Kikuchi G, Higuchi M, Yoshimura H, Morota T, Suzuki A (2008a) In vitro symbiosis between Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) and Armillaria Kummer (Tricholomataceae) species isolated from the orchid tuber. J Jpn Bot 83:77-87
99. Kikuchi G, Higuchi M, Morota T, Nagasawa E, Suzuki A (2008b) Fungal symbiont and cultivation test of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae). J Jpn Bot 83:88-95
100. Knudson L (1922) Nonsymbiotic germination of orchid seeds. Bot Gaz 73:1-25
101. 15 N abundance offield-collected fungi and their ecological implications. New Phytol 144:323-330
102. 15 N along productivity gradients of a boreal forest. Ecosystems 13:108-117
103. Kron KA, Judd WS, Stevens PF, Crayn DM, Anderberg AA, Gadek PA, Quinn CJ, Luteyn JL (2002) Phylogenic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Bot Rev 68:335-423
104. Kunishi A, Hasegawa S, Hashimoto Y (2004) Effects of mycorrhiza on Pyrola incarnata growing in dark forestfloor. In: Proceedings of the 51st annual meeting of the Ecological Society of Japan (JES51)
105. Kusano S (1911) Gastrodia elata and its symbiotic association with Armillaria mellea. J Coll Agric Imp Univ Tokyo 4:1-65
106. Leake JR (1994) Tansley review No. 69. The biology of myco-heterotrophic ('saprophytic') plants. New Phytol 127:171-216
107. Leake JR (2004) Myco-heterotroph/epiparasitic plant interactions with ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular myc-orrhizal fungi. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:422-428
108. Leake JR (2005) Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the "sapro-phytic" plant myth. Mycologist 19:113-122
109. 14 C transfer between the spring ephemeral Erythronium americanum and sugar maple saplings via arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in natural stands. Oecologia 132:181-187
110. 2 observations at Schauinsland Station, Germany. Radiocarbon 39:205-218
111. Liebel HT, Gebauer G (2011) Stable isotope signatures confirm carbon and nitrogen gain through ectomycor-rhizas in the ghost orchid Epipogium aphyllum Swartz. Plant Biol 13:270-275
112. Liebel HT, Preiss K, Gebauer G (2009) Parsiell mycoheterotrofii norske vintergrønnarter-relevans for vernetiltak av truede vintergrønnarter (partial myco-heterotrophy in Norwegian wintergreen species-relevance for endangered species protection). Blyttia J Norw Bot Soc 67:138-143
113. Liebel HT, Bidartondo MI, Preiss K, Segreto R, Stöckel M, Rodda M, Gebauer G (2010) C and N isotope signatures reveal constraints to nutritional modes in orchids of the Mediterranean and Macaronesia. Am J Bot 97:903-912
114. Lievens B, van Kerckhove S, Justé A, Cammue BPA, Honnay O, Jacquemyn H (2010) From extensive clone libraries to comprehensive DNA arrays for the efficient and simultaneous detection and identification of orchid mycorrhizal fungi. J Microbiol Methods 80:76-85
115. Ligrone R, Pocok K, Duckett JG (1993) A comparative ultrastructural study of endophytic basidiomycetes in the parasitic achlorophyllous hepatic Cryptothallus mirabilis and the closely allied photosynthetic species Aneura pinguis (Metzgeriales). Can J Bot 71:666-679
116. Lihnell D (1942) Keimungsversuche mit Pyrola-Samen. Symb Bot Upsal 6:1-37
117. Marschner H (1995) Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edn. Academic, London, UK
118. Martin F, Selosse M-A (2008) The Laccaria genome: a symbiont blueprint decoded (Tansley review-introduction to a special issue). New Phytol 180:296-310
119. Martos F, Dulormne M, Pailler T, Bonfante P, Faccio A, Fournel J, Dubios M-P, Selosse M-A (2009) Independent recruitment of saprotrophic fungi as myc-orrhizal partners by tropical achlorophyllous orchids. New Phytol 184:668-681
120. Matsuda Y, Amiya A, Ito S-I (2008) Colonization patterns of mycorrhizal fungi associated with two rare orchids, Cephalanthera falcata and C. erecta. Ecol Res 24:1023-1031
121. Matsuda Y, Shimizu S, Mori M, Ito S-I, Selosse M-A (2012) Seasonal and spatial changes of mycorrhizal associations and heterotrophy levels in mixotrophic Pyrola japonica growing under different light environments. In revision for Am. J, Bot
122. Matsushita N, Fukuda K, Nagasawa E, Terashita T, Suzuki K (1996) Armillaria species in Japan identified by isozyme patterns with special reference to the biological species of the Northern hemisphere. J For Res 1:155-160
123. Mayor JR, Schuur EAG, Henkel TW (2009) Elucidating the nutritional dynamics of fungi using stable isotopes. Ecol Lett 12:171-183
124. McCormick MK, Whigham DF, O'Neill J (2004) Mycorrhizal diversity in photosynthetic terrestrial orchids. New Phytol 163:425-438
125. McCormick MK, Taylor DL, Juhaszova K, Burnett RK, Whigham DF, O'Neill JP (2012) Limitations on orchid recruitment: not a simple picture. Mol Ecol 21:1511-1523
126. McGuire KL (2007) Common ectomycorrhizal networks may maintain monodominance in a tropical rain forest. Ecology 88:567-574
127. McKendrick SL, Leake JR, Read DJ (2000) Symbiotic germination and development of myco-heterotrophic plants in nature: transfer of carbon from ectomycor-rhizal Salix repens and Betula pendula to the orchid Corallorhiza trifida through shared hyphal connections. New Phytol 145:539-548
128. McKendrick SL, Leake JR, Taylor DL, Read DJ (2002) Symbiotic germination and development of the myco-heterotrophic orchid Neottia nidus-avis in nature and its requirement for locally distributed Sebacina spp. New Phytol 154:233-247
129. McNeal JR, Arumugunathan K, Kueh JV, Boore JL, dePamphilis CW (2007) Systematics and plastid genome evolution of the cryptically photosynthetic parasitic plant genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae). BMC Biol 5:55
130. Merckx V, Schols P, Van De Kamer HM, Maas HM, Huysmans S, Smets E (2006) Phylogeny and evolution of Burmaniaceae (Dioscoreales) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data. Am J Bot 93:1684-1698
131. 13 C natural abundance of two mycoheterotrophic and a putative partially myco-heterotrophic species associated with arbuscular myc-orrhizal fungi. New Phytol 188:590-596
132. Mettenius G (1856) Filices Horti Botanici Lipsiensis. L. Voss, Leipzig
133. Milligan MJ, Williams PG (1988) The mycorrhizal relationship of multinucleate rhizoctonias from non-orchids with Microtis (Orchidaceae). New Phytol 108:205-209
134. Montfort C, Küsters E (1940) Saprophytismus und Photosynthese. I. Biochemische und physiologische Studien an Humus-Orchideen. Bot Arch 40: 571-633
135. Motomura H, Yukawa T, Ueno O, Kagawa A (2008) The occurrence of Crassulacean acid metabolism in Cymbidium (Orchidaceae) and its ecological and evolutionary implications. J Plant Res 121:163-177
136. Motomura H, Selosse M-A, Martos F, Kagawa A, Yukawa T (2010) Mycoheterotrophy evolved from mixotrophic ancestors: evidence in Cymbidium (Orchidaceae). Ann Bot 106:573-581
137. Muir HJ (1989) Germination and mycorrhizal fungus compatibility in European orchids. In: Pritchard HW (ed) Modern methods in orchid conservation: the role of physiology, ecology and management. Cambridge University Press, England, pp 39-56
138. Mursidawati S (2004) Mycorrhizal association, propagation and conservation of the myco-heterotrophic orchid Rhizanthella gardneri. MSc thesis, The University of Western Australia
139. Nakano A, Takahashi K, Kimura M (1999) The carbon origin of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi estimated from d 13 C values of individual spores. Mycorrhiza 9:41-47
140. Nara K (2006) Ectomycorrhizal networks and seedling establishment during early primary succession. New Phytol 169:169-178
141. Neales TF, Hew CS (1975) Two types of carbonfixation in tropical orchids. Planta 123:303-306
142. Ogura-Tsujita Y, Yukawa T (2008) High mycorrhizal specificity in a widespread mycoheterotrophic plant, Eulophia zollingeri (Orchidaceae). Am J Bot 95:93-97
143. Ogura-Tsujita Y, Gebauer G, Hashimoto T, Umata H, Yukawa T (2009) Evidence for novel and specialized mycorrhizal parasitism: the orchid Gastrodia confusa gains carbon from saprotrophic Mycena. Proc Biol Sci 276:761-767
144. Ogura-Tsujita Y, Yokoyama J, Miyoshi K, Yukawa T (2012) Shifts in mycorrhizal fungi during the evolution of autotrophy to mycoheterotrophy in Cymbidium (Orchidaceae). Am J Bot 99(7):1158-1176
145. Ota Y, Intini M, Hattori T (2000) Genetic characterization of heterothallic and non-heterothallic Armillaria mel-lea sensu stricto. Mycol Res 104:1046-1054
146. Ouanphanivanh N, Merényi Z, Orczán ÁK, Bratek Z, Szigeti Z, Illyés Z (2008) Could orchids indicate truffle habitats? Mycorrhizal association between orchids and truffles. Acta Biol Szeg 52:229-232
147. Parrent JL, James TY, Vasaitis R, Taylor AFS (2009) Friend or foe? Evolutionary history of glycoside hydrolase family 32 genes encoding for sucrolytic activity in fungi and its implications for plant-fungal symbioses. BMC Evol Biol 9:148
148. Pfeffer PE, Douds DD, Bucking H, Schwartz DP, Shachar-Hill Y (2004) The fungus does not transfer carbon to or between roots in an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 163:617-627
149. Phillips RD, Barrett MD, Dixon KW, Hopper SD (2011) Do mycorrhizal symbioses cause rarity in orchids? J Ecol 99:858-869
150. Preiss K, Gebauer G (2008) A methodological approach to improve estimates of nutrient gains by partially myco-heterotrophic plants. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 44:393-401
151. Preiss K, Adam IKU, Gebauer G (2010) Irradiance governs exploitation of fungi:fine-tuning of carbon gain by two partially myco-heterotrophic orchids. Proc Biol Sci 277:1333-1336
152. Press MC, Graves JD (1995) Parasitic plants. Chapmann & Hall, London
153. Press MC, Smith JD, Stewart GR (1991) Carbon acquisition and assimilation relations in parasitic plants. Funct Ecol 5:278-283
154. Pridgeon A, Cribb PJ, Chase MM (2008) Genera orchi-dacearum: vol 4: Epidendroidae. Oxford University Press, New York
155. Ramsay RR, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K (1986) Patterns of infection and endophytes associated with Western Australian orchids. Lindleyana 1:203-214
156. Rasmussen HN (1995) Terrestrial orchids from seed to mycotrophic plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
157. Rasmussen HN (2002) Recent developments in the study of orchid mycorrhiza. Plant Soil 244:149-163
158. Rayner MC (1927) Mycorrhiza: an account of non-pathogenic infection by fungi in vascular plants and bryo-phyes. New phytologist reprint no. 15. Wheldon & Wesley, London, UK
159. Reeves P, Chase MW, Goldblatt P, Rudall P, Fay MF, Cox AV, Lejeune B, Souza-Chies T (2001) Molecular sys-tematics of Iridaceae: evidence from four plastid DNA regions. Am J Bot 88:2074-2087
160. Renner O (1938) Über blasse, saprophytische Cephalanthera alba und Epipactis latifolia. Flora 132:225-233
161. Robertson DC, Robertson JA (1985) Ultrastructural aspects of Pyrola mycorrhizae. Can J Bot 63:1089-1098
162. Robinson D, Fitter A (1999) The magnitude and control of carbon transfer between plants linked by a common mycorrhizal network. J Exp Bot 50:9-13
163. Roy M, Watthana S, Stier A, Richard F, Vessabutr S, Selosse M-A (2009a) Two mycoheterotrophic orchids from Thailand tropical dipterocarpacean forests associate with a broad diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. BMC Biol 7:51
164. Roy M, Yagame T, Yamato M, Iwase K, Heinz C, Faccio A, Bonfante P, Selosse M-A (2009b) Ectomycorrhizal Incybe species associate with the mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium aphyllum but not its asexual propagules. Ann Bot 104:595-610
165. Roy M, Gonneau C, Rocheteau A, Berveiller D, Thomas J-C, Damesin C, Selosse M-A (in press) Why do mix-otrophic plants stay green? A comparison between green and achlorophyllous orchid individuals in situ. Ecol Monographs
166. Rudall PJ, Bateman R (2006) Morphological phyloge-netic analysis of Pandanales: testing contrasting hypotheses offloral evolution. Syst Bot 31:223-238
167. Sadovsky O (1965) Orchideen im eigenen Garten. Bayerischer Landwirtschaftsverlag, Munich, Germany
168. Salisbury RA (1804) On the germination of the seeds of Orchidaceae. Trans Linn Soc Lond 7:29-32
169. Salmia A (1986) Chlorophyll-free form of Epipactis hel-leborine (Orchidaceae) in SE Finland. Ann Bot Fenn 23:49-57
170. Salmia A (1989a) Features of endomycorrhizal infection of chlorophyll-free and green forms of Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae). Ann Bot Fenn 26:15-26
171. Salmia A (1989b) General morphology and anatomy of chlorophyll-free and green forms of Epipactis helle-borine (Orchidaceae). Ann Bot Fenn 26:95-105
172. Schimel DS (1993) Theory and application of tracers. Academic, San Diego, USA
173. Schulze E-D, Lange OL, Ziegler H, Gebauer G (1991) Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of mistletoes growing on nitrogenfixing and non-nitrogenfixing hosts and on CAM plants in the Namib desert confirm partial heterotrophy. Oecologia 88:457-462
174. Schulze E-D, Beck E, Müller-Hohenstein K (2005) Plant ecology. Springer, Berlin
175. Sekizaki H, Kuninaga S, Yamamoto M, Asazu SN, Sawa S, Kojoma M, Yokosawa R, Yoshida N (2008) Identification of Armillaria nabsnona in Gastrodia tubers. Biol Pharm Bull 31:1410-1414
176. Selosse M-A, Rousset F (2011) The plant-fungal marketplace. Science 333:828-829
177. Selosse M-A, Roy M (2009) Green plants eating fungi: facts and questions about mixotrophy. Trends Plant Sci 14:64-70
178. Selosse M-A, Weiss M, Jany JL, Tillier A (2002) Communities and populations of sebacinoid basidio-mycetes associated with the achlorophyllous orchid Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.C.M. Rich. and neighbouring treeectomycorrhizae. Mol Ecol 11:1831-1844
179. Selosse M-A, Faccio A, Scappaticci G, Bonfante P (2004) Chlorophyllous and achlorophyllous specimens of Epipactis microphylla (Neottieae, Orchidaceae) are associated with ectomycorrhizal septomycetes, including truffles. Microb Ecol 47:416-426
180. Selosse M-A, Richard F, He X, Simard SW (2006) Mycorrhizal networks: des liaisons dangereuses? Trends Ecol Evol 22:621-628
181. Selosse M-A, Setaro S, Glatard F, Richard F, Urcelay C, Weiß M (2007) Sebacinales are common mycorrhizal associates of Ericaceae. New Phytol 174:864-878
182. Selosse M-A, Dubois M-P, Alvarez N (2009) Do Sebacinales commonly associate with plant roots as endophytes? Mycol Res 113:1062-1069
183. Selosse M-A, Martos F, Perry BA, Padamsee M, Roy M, Pailler T (2010) Saprotrophic fungal symbionts in tropical achlorophyllous orchids:finding treasures among the 'molecular scraps'? Plant Signal Behav 5:1-5
184. Selosse M-A, Boullard B, Richardson D (2011) Noel Bernard (1874-1911): orchids to symbiosis in a dozen years, one century ago. Symbiosis 54:61-68
185. Sharma J, Zettler LW, Van Sambeek JW, Ellersieck MR, Starbuck CJ (2003) Symbiotic seed germination and mycorrhizae of federally threatened Platanthera prae-clara (Orchidaceae). Am Midl Nat 149:104-120
186. Shefferson RP, Weiß M, Kull T, Taylor DL (2005) High specificity generally characterizes mycorrhizal association in rare lady's slipper orchids, genus Cypripedium. Mol Ecol 14:613-626
187. Shefferson RP, Kull T, Tali K (2006) Demographic response to shading and defoliation in two woodland orchids. Folia Geobot 41:95-106
188. Shefferson RP, Taylor DL, Weiß M, Garnica S, McCormick MK, Adams S, Gray HM, McFarland JW, Kull T, Tali K, Yukawa T, Kawahara T, Miyoshi K, Lee Y-I (2007) The evolutionary history of mycorrhizal specificity among lady's slipper orchids. Evolution 61:1380-1390
189. Shefferson RP, Kull T, Tali K (2008) Mycorrhizal interactions of orchids colonizing Estonian mine tailings hills. Am J Bot 95:156-164
190. Silvera K, Santiago LS, Cushman JC, Winter K (2010) The incidence of crassulacean acid metabolism in Orchidaceae derived from carbon isotope ratios: a checklist of theflora of Panama and Costa Rica. Bot J Linn Soc 163:194-222
191. Simard SW, Durall DM (2004) Mycorrhizal networks: a review of their extent, function, and importance. Can J Bot 82:1140-1165
192. Simard SW, Perry DA, Jones MD, Myrold DD, Durall DM, Molina R (1997) Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in thefield. Nature 388:579-582
193. Smith SE (1966) Physiology and ecology of orchid myc-orrhizal fungi with reference to seedling nutrition. New Phytol 65:488-499
194. Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic, London, UK
195. Stark JM (2000) Nutrient transformations. In: Sala OE, Jackson RB, Mooney HA, Howarth RW (eds) Methods in ecosystem science. Springer, New York, pp 215-234
196. Stark C, Babik W, Durka W (2009) Fungi from the roots of the common terrestrial orchid Gymnadenia conop-sea. Mycol Res 113:952-959
197. Stöckel M, Meyer C, Gebauer G (2011) The degree of mycoheterotrophic carbon gain in green, variegated and vegetative albino individuals of Cephalanthera damasonium is related to leaf chlorophyll concentrations. New Phytol 189:790-796
198. Stokey AG (1950) The gametophyte of the Gleicheniaceae. Bull Torrey Bot Club 77:323-339
199. Struwe L, Kadereit J, Klackenberg J, Nilsson S, Thiv M, von Hagen KB, Albert VA (2002) Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe L, Albert VA (eds) Gentianaceae-systematics and natural history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 21-309
200. Sung JM, Jung BS, Yang KJ, Lee HK, Harrington TC (1995) Production of Gastrodia elata tuber using Armillaria spp. Korean J Mycol 23:61-70
201. Taylor DL, Bruns TD (1997) Independent, specialized invasions of ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two non-photosynthetic orchids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:4510-4515
202. 15 N abundance of ectomycorrhizal and sapro-trophic fungal sporocarps. New Phytol 159:757-774
203. 13C) glycine by mycorrhizal pine seedlings. New Phytol 164:383-388
204. Tedersoo L, Pellet P, Kõljalg U, Selosse M-A (2007) Parallel evolutionary paths to mycohetereotrophy in understorey Ericaceae and Orchidaceae: ecological evidence for mixotrophy in Pyroleae. Oecologia 151:206-217
205. Tennakoon KU, Pate JS (1996) Heterotrophic gain of carbon from hosts by the xylem-tapping root hemipara-site Olax phyllanthi (Olacaceae). Oecologia 105:369-376
206. Terashima K, Kawashima Y, Cha JY, Miura K (1998) Identification of Armillaria species from Hokkaido by analysis of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of ribo-somal DNA using PCR-RFLP. Mycoscience 39:179-183
207. Terashita T, Chuman S (1987) Fungi inhabiting wild orchids in Japan. IV. Armillariella tabescens, a new symbiont of Galeola septentrionalis. Trans Mycol Soc Jpn 28:145-154
208. Terashita T, Chuman S (1989) Armillarias, isolated from the wild orchid, Galeola septentrionalis. In: Proceedings of the 7th IUFRO international conference on root and butt rots of forest trees, pp 364-370
209. Těšitel J, Plavcová L, Cameron DD (2010) Interactions between hemiparasitic plants and their hosts. The importance of organic carbon transfer. Plant Signal Behav 5:1072-1076
210. Těšitel J, Lepš J, Vráblová M, Cameron DD (2011) The role of heterotrophic carbon acquisition by the hemi-parasitic plant Rhinanthus alectorolophus in seedling establishment in natural communities: a physiological perspective. New Phytol 192:188-199
211. Tesitelova T, Těšitel J, Jersáková J, Říhová G, Selosse M-A (2012) Symbiotic germination capability of four Epipactis species (Orchidaceae) is broader than expected from adult ecology. Am J Bot 99(6):1020-1032
212. Teste FP, Simard SW, Durall DM, Guy RD, Jones MD, Schoonmaker AL (2009) Access to mycorrhizal networks and roots of trees: importance for seedling survival and resource transfer. Ecology 90:2808-2822
213. Tisserant E, Kohler A, Dozolme-Seddas P, Balestrini R, Benabdellah K, Colard A, Croll D, Da Silva C, Gomez SK, Koul R, Ferrol N, Fiorilli V, Formey D, Franken P, Helber N, Hijri M, Lanfranco L, Lindquist E, Liu Y, Malbreil M, Morin E, Poulain J, Shapiro H, van Tuinen D, Waschke A, Azcón-Aguilar C, Bécard G, Bonfante P, Harrison MJ, Küster H, Lammers P, Paszkowski U, Requena N, Rensing SA, Roux C, Sanders IR, Shachar-Hill Y, Tuskan G, Young JP, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Martin F (2012) The transcriptome of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (DAOM 197198) reveals functional tradeoffs in an obligate symbiont. New Phytol 193:755-769
214. Toftegaard T, Iason GR, Alexander IJ, Rosendahl S, Taylor AFS (2010) The threatened plant intermediate wintergreen (Pyrola media) associates with a wide range of biotrophic fungi in native Scottish pine woods. Biodivers Conserv 19:3963-3971
215. Tranchida-Lombardo V, Roy M, Bugot E, Santoro G, Püttsepp U, Selosse M-A, Cozzolino S (2010) Spatial repartition and genetic relationship of green and albino individuals in mixed populations of Cephalanthera orchids. Plant Biol 12:659-667
216. Trudell SA, Rygiewicz PT, Edmonds RL (2003) Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope abundances support the myco-heterotrophic nature and host-specificity of certain achlorophyllous plants. New Phytol 160: 391-401
217. Trumbore SE (2000) Age of soil organic matter and soil respiration: radiocarbon constraints on belowground C dynamics. Ecol Appl 10:399-411
218. Umata H (1995) Seed germination of Galeola altissima, an achlorophyllous orchid, with aphyllophorales fungi. Mycoscience 36:369-372
219. Umata H (1997) Formation of endomycorrhizas by an achlorophyllous orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis, and Auricularia polytricha. Mycoscience 38:335-339
220. Umata H (1998a) In vitro symbiotic association of an achlorophyllous orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis, with orchid and non-orchid fungi. Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, vol 34, pp 97-107
221. Umata H (1998b) A new biological function of shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes, in a myco-heterotrophic orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis. Mycoscience 39: 85-88
222. Umata H (1999) Germination and growth of Erythrorchis ochobiensis (Orchidaceae) accelerated by monokary-ons and dikaryons of Lenzites betulinus and Trametes hirsuta. Mycoscience 40:367-371
223. Umata H, Kaneko M, Miyagi T, Nakahira Y (2007) The application and utilization of fungi for the propagation of the endangered achlorophyllous plant, Erythrorchis ochobiensis (Hayata) Garay (Orchidaceae) in natural situations. Research Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Forests 35:31-48
224. Velenovsky J (1892) Über die Biologie und Morphologie der Gattung Moneses. Rozpravy Královské české společnosti nauk, řada, matematicko-přírodovědná 11:147-159
225. Vincenot L, Tedersoo L, Richard F, Horcine H, Kõljalg U, Selosse M-A (2008) Fungal associates of Pyrola rotundifolia, a mixotrophic Ericaceae, from two Estonian boreal forests. Mycorrhiza 19:15-25
226. Vujanovic V, St-Arnaut M, Barab D, Thibeault G (2000) Viability testing of orchid seed and the promotion of colouration and germination. Ann Bot 86:79-86
227. Wagner WH Jr, Wagner FS (1981) New species of moon-worts, Botrychium subg. Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae), from North America. Am Fern J 71:20-30
228. Warcup JH (1973) Symbiotic germination of some Australian terrestrial orchids. New Phytol 72:387-392
229. Warcup JH (1981) The mycorrhizal relationships of Australian orchids. New Phytol 87:371-381
230. Warcup JH (1988) Mycorrhizal associations of isolates of Sebacina vermifera. New Phytol 110:227-231
231. Warcup JH, Talbot PHB (1967) Perfect states of rhizocto-nias associated with orchids. New Phytol 66:631-641
232. Waterman RJ, Bidartondo MI, Stofberg J, Combs JK, Gebauer G, Savolainen V, Barraclough TG, Pauw A (2011) The effects of above-and belowground mutualism in orchid speciation and coexistence. Am Nat 177:E54-E68
233. Watson DM (2009) Parasitic plants as facilitators: more dryad than dracula? J Ecol 97:1151-1159
234. Weiss M, Selosse M-A, Rexer K, Urban A, Oberwinkler F (2004) Sebacinales: a hitherto overlooked cosm of het-erobasidiomycetes with a broad mycorrhizal potential. Mycol Res 108:1003-1010
235. Weiss M, Sýkorová Z, Garnica S, Riess K, Martos F, Krause C, Oberwinkler F, Bauer R, Redecker D (2011) Sebacinales everywhere: previously overlooked ubiquitous fungal endophytes. PLoS One 6:e16793
236. Westwood JH, Yoder JI, Timko MP, dePamphilis CW (2010) The evolution of parasitism in plants. Trends Plant Sci 15:227-235
237. Whittier P (1988) Dark-grown psilotum. Am Fern J 78:109-116
238. Whittier DP, Renzaglia KS (2005) The young gameto-phyte of Lycopodiella lateralis and the role of the intermediate shaft in development of Lycopodiella gametophytes. Am Fern J 95:153-159
239. Winther JL, Friedman WE (2007) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts in Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae). Am J Bot 94:1248-1255
240. Winther JL, Friedman WE (2008) Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Lycopodiaceae. New Phytol 177:790-801
241. Winther JL, Friedman WE (2009) Phylogenetic affinity of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts in Psilotum nudum. J Plant Res 122:485-496
242. Wright M, Cross R, Dixon K, Huynh T, Lawrie A, Nesbitt L, Pritchard A, Swarts N, Thomson R (2009) Propagation and reintroduction of Caladenia. Aust J Bot 57:373-387
243. Wright MM, Cross R, Cousens RD, May TW, McLean CB (2010) Taxonomic and functional characterisation of fungi from the Sebacina vermifera complex from common and rare orchids in the genus Caladenia. Mycorrhiza 20:375-390
244. Wu BY, Nara K, Hogetsu T (2001) Can C-14-labeled pho-tosynthetic products move between Pinus densiflora seedlings linked by ectomycorrhizal mycelia? New Phytol 149:137-146
245. Wu J, Ma H, Lü M, Han S, Zhu Y, Jin H, Liang J, Liu L, Xu J (2010) Rhizoctonia fungi enhance the growth of the endangered orchid Cymbidium goeringii. Botany 88:20-29
246. Xu J, Guo S (2000) Retrospect on the research of the cultivation of Gastrodia elata Bl, a rare traditional Chinese medicine. Chin Med J 113:686-692
247. Yagame T, Yamato M, Mii M, Suzuki A, Iwase K (2007) Developmental processes of achlorophyllous orchid, Epipogium roseum: from seed germination toflowering under symbiotic cultivation with mycorrhizal fungus. J Plant Res 120:229-236
248. Yagame T, Fukiharu T, Yamato M, Suzuki A, Iwase K (2008a) Identification of a mycorrhizal fungus in Epipogium roseum (Orchidaceae) from morphological characteristics of basidiomata. Mycoscience 49: 147-151
249. Yagame T, Yamato M, Suzuki A, Iwase K (2008b) Ceratobasidiaceae mycorrhizal fungi isolated from nonphotosynthetic orchid Chamaegastrodia sikoki-ana. Mycorrhiza 18:97-101
250. Yagame T, Orihara T, Selosse M-A, Yamato M, Iwase K (2012) Mixotrophy of Platanthera minor, an orchid associated with ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae fungi. New Phytol 193:178-187
251. Yamato M, Iwase K (2008) Introduction of asymbiotically propagated seedlings of Cephalanthera falcata (Orchidaceae) into natural habitat and investigation of colonized mycorrhizal fungi. Ecol Res 23:329-337
252. Yamato M, Yagame T, Suzuki A, Iwase K (2005) Isolation and identification of mycorrhizal fungi associating with an achlorophyllous plant, Epipogium roseum (Orchidaceae). Mycoscience 46:73-77
253. Zettler LW, Hofer CJ (1998) Propagation of the little clubspur orchid (Platanthera clavellata) by symbiotic seed germination and its ecological implications. Environ Exp Bot 39:189-195
254. Zettler LW, Stewart SL, Bowles ML, Jacobs KA (2001) Mycorrhizal fungi and cold-assisted symbiotic germination of federally threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley. Am Midl Nat 145:168-175
255. Zimmer K, Hynson NA, Gebauer G, Allen EB, Allen MF, Read DJ (2007) Wide geographical and ecological distribution of nitrogen and carbon gains from fungi in pyroloids and monotropoids (Ericaceae) and in orchids. New Phytol 175:166-175
256. Zimmer K, Meyer C, Gebauer G (2008) The ectomycor-rhizal specialist orchid Corallorhiza trifida is a partial myco-heterotroph. New Phytol 178:395-400
257. Zuccaro A, Lahrmann U, Güldener U, Langen G, Pfiffi S, Biedenkopf D, Wong P, Samans B, Grimm C, Basiewicz M, Murat C, Martin F, Kogel K-H (2011) Endophytic life strategies decoded by genome and transcriptome analyses of the mutualistic root symbi-ont Piriformospora indica. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002290