Emotion Regulation Flexibility

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 263-278

  Aldao, Amelia ^a   Sheppes, Gal ^b   Gross, James J ^c  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Affective science; Context; Emotion regulation; Emotion regulation flexibility; Psychopathology

Indexed keywords

EID: 84939946985     PISSN: 01475916     EISSN: 15732819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Aldao, A. (2013). The future of emotion regulation research: Capturing Context. Perspectives on Psychological Science,8, 155–172.
2. Aldao, A., & Christensen, K. (in press). Linking the expanded process of emotion regulation to psychopathology by focusing on behavioral outcomes of regulation. Psychological Inquiry.
3. Aldao, A., & Dixon-Gordon, K. (2014). Broadening the scope of research on emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,43, 22–33.
4. Aldao, A., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,28, 382–389.
5. Aldao, A., & Mennin, D. S. (2014). Emotion regulation in anxiety disorders. In P. Emmelkamp & T. Ehring (Eds.), International Handbook of Anxiety Disorders: Theory, Research, & Practice (pp. 191–200). New York: Wiley.
6. Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012a). The influence of context on the implementation of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy,50, 493.
7. Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012b). When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Journal of Abnormal Psychology,121, 276–281.
8. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review,30, 217–237.
9. Austenfeld, J. L., & Stanton, A. L. (2004). Coping through emotional approach: A new look at emotion, coping, and health-related outcomes. Journal of Personality,72, 1335–1364.
10. Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
11. Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self-regulation, ego depletion, and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,1, 115–128.
12. Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
13. Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego control and ego resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect, and social relations: The minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39–101). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Earlbaum.
14. Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separatedness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70, 349–361.
15. Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2014). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science,8, 591–612.
16. Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., O’Neill, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science,15, 482–487.
17. Bonanno, G. A., Pat-Horenczyk, R., & Noll, J. (2011). Coping flexibility and trauma: The perceived ability to cope with trauma (PACT) scale. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy,3, 117–129.
18. Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. New York: Guilford Press.
19. Bradley, M. M., & Lang, O. J. (2000). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. In R. D. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 242–276). New York: Oxford University Press.
20. Bushman, B. J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,28, 724–731.
21. Calcott, R. D., & Berkman, E. T. (in press). Attentional flexibility during approach and avoidance motivational states: The role of context shifts in attentional breadth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1393–1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035060.
22. Caligor, E., Diamond, D., Yeomans, F. E., & Kernberg, O. F. (2011). The interpretive process in the psychoanalytic psychotherapy of borderline personality pathology. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,57, 271–301.
23. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
24. Cheng, C. (2001). Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,80, 814–833.
25. Christensen, K. A., & Aldao, A. (in press). Tipping points for adaptation: Connecting emotion regulation,motivated behavior, and psychopathology. Current Opinion in Psychology.
26. Cramer, P. (2008). Seven pillars of defense mechanism theory. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,2, 1963–1981.
27. Cunningham, W. A., van Bavel, J. J., & Johnsen, I. R. (2008). Affective flexibility: Evaluative processing goals shape amygdala activity. Psychological Science,19, 152–160.
28. Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C., & Kalin, N. H. (2000). Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin,126, 890–909.
29. Dickson, J. M., & Moberly, N. J. (2012). Reduced specificity for personal goals and explanations for goal attainment in major depression. PLoS ONE,8, 1–5.
30. Ehring, T., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Schnulle, J., Fischer, S., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: Spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion,10, 563–572.
31. Etkin, A., Egner, T., Peraza, D. M., Kandel, E. R., & Hirsch, J. (2006). Resolving emotional conflict: A role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala. Neuron,51, 871–882.
32. Farmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2013). Affective and self-esteem instability in the daily lives of people with social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychological Science,2, 187–201.
33. Feldman Barrett, L., & Barrett, D. J. (2001). An introduction to computerized experience sampling in psychology. Social Science Computer Review,19, 175–185.
34. Folkman, S., Lazarus, R., Dunkel-Schetter, C., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50, 992–1003.
35. Freud, A. (1936). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. New York: International University Press.
36. Freud, A. (1965). Normality and pathology in childhood. New York: International University Press.
37. Fujita, K. (2011). On conceptualizing self-control as more than the effortful inhibition of impulses. Personality & Social Psychology Review,15, 352–366.
38. Gable, P. A., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2011). Attentional consequences of pregoal and postgoal positive affect. Emotion,11, 1358–1367.
39. Galatzer-Levi, I. R., Burton, C. L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012). Coping flexibility, potentially traumatic life events, and resilience: A prospective study of college student adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,31, 542–567.
40. Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2013). Heterogeneous patterns f stress over the four years of college: Associations with anxious attachment and ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality,81, 476–486.
41. Goldin, P. R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Neural basis of social anxiety disorder: Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Archives of General Psychiatry,66, 170–180.
42. Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,26, 41–54.
43. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
44. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology,2, 271–299.
45. Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion,13, 359–365.
46. Gross, J.J. (in press). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry.
47. Gupta, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). Complicated grief and deficits in emotional expressive flexibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,120, 635–643.
48. Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A dual-process framework. Cognition and Emotion,25, 312–400.
49. Hallion, L. A., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression. Psychological Bulletin,137, 940–958.
50. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
51. Heilman, R. M., Crişan, L. G., Houser, D., Miclea, M., & Miu, A. C. (2010). Emotion regulation and decision making under risk and uncertainty. Emotion,10, 257–265.
52. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist,52, 1280–1300.
53. Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Interpersonal emotion regulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy & Research,38, 483–492.
54. Hollenstein, T., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., & Potworowski, G. (2013). A model of socioemotonal flexibility at three time scales. Emotion Review,5, 397–405.
55. Huffziger, S., Ebner-Priemer, U., Eisenbach, C., Koudela, S., Reinhard, I., Zamoscik, V., & Kuehener, C. (2013). Induced ruminative and mindful attention in everyday life: An experimental ambulatory assessment study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,44, 322–328.
56. Jazaieri, H., Urry, H. L., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Affective disturbance in psychopathology: An emotion regulation perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology,4, 584–599.
57. Johnson, S. L. (2005). Mania and dysregulation in goal pursuit: A review. Clinical Psychology Review,25, 241–262.
58. Kashdan, T. B., Goodman, F. R., Machell, K. A., Kleiman, E. F., Monfort, S. S., Ciarrochi, J. & Nezlek, J. B. (2014). A contextual approach to experiential avoidance and social anxiety: Evidence from an experimental interaction and daily interactions of people with social anxiety disorder. Emotion,14, 769–781.
59. Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review,30, 865–878.
60. Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion,23, 4–41.
61. Koole, S., & Rothermund, K. (2011). “I feel better but I don’t know why”. The psychology of implicit emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion,265, 389–399.
62. Koster, E. H. W., Fox, E., & MacLeod, C. (2009). Introduction to the special section on cognitive bias modification in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,118, 1–4.
63. Koval, P., Butler, E. A., Hollenstein, T., Lanteigne, D., & Kuppens, P. (in press). Emotion regulation and the temporal dynamics of emotions: Effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on emotional inertia. Cognition & Emotion.
64. Kring, A. M., Germans Gard, M., & Gard, D. E. (2011). Emotion deficits in schizophrenia: Timing matters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,120, 79–98.
65. Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. S. (2009). Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.
66. Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2010). Emotional inertia and psychological maladjustment. Psychological Science,21, 984–991.
67. Lam, C. B., & McBride-Chang, C. A. (2007). Resilience in young adulthood: The moderating influences of gender-related personality traits and coping flexibility. Sex Roles,56, 159–172.
68. Lazarus, R. S. (1983). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology,44, 1–21.
69. Lazarus, R. S. (1985). The costs and benefits of denial. In A. Monat & R. S. Lazarus (Eds.), Stress and coping: An anthology (2nd ed., pp. 154–173). New York: Columbia University Press.
70. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
71. Magen, E., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Getting our act together: Toward a general model of self-control. In R. Hassin, K. Ochsner, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Self-control in society, mind, and brain (pp. 335–353). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
72. Marroquin, B. (2011). Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanisms of social support in depression. Clinical Psychology Review,31, 1276–1290.
73. Martell, C. R., Addis, M. E., & Jacobson, N. S. (2001). Depression in context: Strategies for guided action. New York: Norton.
74. Mauss, I. B., Evers, C., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2006). How to bite your tongue without blowing your top: Implicit evaluation of emotion regulation predicts affective responding to anger provocation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,32, 589–602.
75. Mauss, I. B., Tamir, M., Anderson, C. L., & Savino, N. S. (2011). Can seeking happiness make people happy? Paradoxical effects of valuing happiness. Emotion,11, 807–815.
76. Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2014). Emotion regulation therapy. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 469–490). New York: Guilford Press.
77. Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behaviour Therapy,38, 284–302.
78. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science,244, 933–938.
79. Moberly, N. J., & Watkins, E. R. (2010). Negative affect and ruminative self-focus during everyday goal pursuit. Cognition and Emotion,24, 729–739.
80. Nock, M. W. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,6, 339–363.
81. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science,3, 400–424.
82. Park, C. L., Armeli, S., & Tennen, H. (2004). Appraisal-coping goodness of fit: A daily Internet study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,30, 558–569.
83. Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Personality Processes & Individual Differences,79, 410–424.
84. Rodebaugh, T. L., & Shumaker, E. A. (2012). Avoidance goals for a specific social situation influence activated negative and positive affect. Cognitive Therapy & Research,36, 36–46.
85. Rottenberg, J., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,114, 627–639.
86. Segal, H. (2012). Introduction to the work of Melanie Klein. London: Karnac Books.
87. Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Is timing everything? Timing considerations in emotion regulation. Personality & Social Psychology Review,15, 319–331.
88. Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., Blechert, J., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation choice: A conceptual framework and supporting evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,143, 163–181.
89. Tamir, M., Bigman, Y. E., Rhodes, E., Salerno, J., & Schreier, J. (in press). An expectancy-value model of emotion regulation: Implications for motivation, emotional experience, and decision making. Emotion.
90. Tamir, M., Mitchell, C., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Hedonic and instrumental motives in anger regulation. Psychological Science,19, 324–328.
91. Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior,36, 53–79.
92. Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,59, 25–52.
93. Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2013). A person-by-situation approach to emotion regulation: Cognitive reappraisal can either help or hurt, depending on the context. Psychological Science,24, 2505–2514.
94. Van’t Wout, M., Chang, L. J., & Sanfey, A. G. (2010). The influence of emotion regulation on social interactive decision-making. Emotion,10, 815–821.
95. Vine, V., & Aldao, A. (2014). Impaired emotional clarity in psychopathology: A transdiagnostic deficit with symptom-specific pathways through emotion regulation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,33, 319–342.
96. Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2000). Self-regulatory failure: A resource-depletion approach. Psychological Science,11, 249–254.
97. Watkins, E. (2010). Dysregulation in level of goal and action identification across psychological disorders. Clinical Psychology Review,31, 260–278.
98. Waugh, C. E., Fredrickson, B. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2008). Adapting to life’s slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat. Journal of Research in Personality,42, 1031–1046.
99. Waugh, C. E., Thompson, R. J., & Gotlib, I. (2011). Flexible emotional responsiveness in trait resilience. Emotion,11, 1059–1067.
100. Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feelings: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin,138, 775–808.
101. Westphal, M., Seivert, N. H., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Expressive flexibility. Emotion,10, 92–100.
102. Williams, J. M. G., Matthews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin,120, 3–24.
103. Willick, M. S. (1995). Psychoanalysis: The main concepts. Defense (ch.37). New Haven: Yale University Press.
104. Wolgast, M., Lundh, L., & Viborg, G. (2011). Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance: An experimental comparison of two emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy,49, 856–858.
105. Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., Miller, G. E., Schulz, R., & Carver, C. S. (2003). Adaptive self-regulation of unattainable goals: Goal disengagement, goal reengagement, and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,29(12), 1494–1508.
106. Youngstrom, E., & Izard, C. E. (2008). Functions of emotion and emotion-related dysfunction. In A. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 367–385). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
107. Zaki, J., & Williams, W. C. (2013). Interpersonal emotion regulation. Emotion,13, 803–810.