메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 52, Issue , 2015, Pages 90-96

Smarter every day: The deceleration of population ageing in terms of cognition

Author keywords

Ageing population; Cognition; ELSA; Flynn effect; SOEP

Indexed keywords


EID: 84939782114     PISSN: 01602896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.07.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 77954031209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Flynn effect within subgroups in the U.S.: Gender, race, income, education, and urbanization differences in the NLSY-children data
    • Ang S., Rodgers J.L., Wänström L. The Flynn effect within subgroups in the U.S.: Gender, race, income, education, and urbanization differences in the NLSY-children data. Intelligence 2010, 38(4):367-384. 10.1016/j.intell.2010.05.004.
    • (2010) Intelligence , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 367-384
    • Ang, S.1    Rodgers, J.L.2    Wänström, L.3
  • 2
    • 84883660251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults
    • Anguera J.A., Boccanfuso J., Rintoul J.L., Al-Hashimi O., Faraji F., Janowich J., et al. Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults. Nature 2013, 501(7465):97-101. 10.1038/nature12486.
    • (2013) Nature , vol.501 , Issue.7465 , pp. 97-101
    • Anguera, J.A.1    Boccanfuso, J.2    Rintoul, J.L.3    Al-Hashimi, O.4    Faraji, F.5    Janowich, J.6
  • 3
    • 84922360724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive impact of the education revolution: A possible cause of the Flynn Effect on population IQ
    • Baker D.P., Eslinger P.J., Benavides M., Peters E., Dieckmann N.F., Leon J. The cognitive impact of the education revolution: A possible cause of the Flynn Effect on population IQ. Intelligence 2015, 49:144-158. 10.1016/j.intell.2015.01.003.
    • (2015) Intelligence , vol.49 , pp. 144-158
    • Baker, D.P.1    Eslinger, P.J.2    Benavides, M.3    Peters, E.4    Dieckmann, N.F.5    Leon, J.6
  • 4
    • 84859780146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of education on old age cognitive abilities: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design
    • Banks J., Mazzonna F. The effect of education on old age cognitive abilities: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design. The Economic Journal 2012, 122(560):418-448. 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012.02499.x.
    • (2012) The Economic Journal , vol.122 , Issue.560 , pp. 418-448
    • Banks, J.1    Mazzonna, F.2
  • 5
    • 33947394839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premorbid (early life) IQ and later mortality risk: Systematic review
    • Batty G.D., Deary I.J., Gottfredson L.S. Premorbid (early life) IQ and later mortality risk: Systematic review. Annals of Epidemiology 2007, 17(4):278-288. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.07.010.
    • (2007) Annals of Epidemiology , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 278-288
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Gottfredson, L.S.3
  • 9
    • 33746259994 scopus 로고
    • How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence
    • Ceci S.J. How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence. Developmental Psychology 1991, 27(5):703-722. 10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.703.
    • (1991) Developmental Psychology , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 703-722
    • Ceci, S.J.1
  • 10
    • 77956183880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-span cognition and information technology
    • Springer, New York, K.L. Fingerman, C. Berg, J. Smith, T. Antonucci (Eds.)
    • Charness N., Fox M., Mitchum A. Life-span cognition and information technology. Handbook of life-span development 2011, 331-361. Springer, New York. K.L. Fingerman, C. Berg, J. Smith, T. Antonucci (Eds.).
    • (2011) Handbook of life-span development , pp. 331-361
    • Charness, N.1    Fox, M.2    Mitchum, A.3
  • 13
    • 70349495203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ageing populations: The challenges ahead
    • Christensen K., Doblhammer G., Rau R., Vaupel J.W. Ageing populations: The challenges ahead. Lancet 2009, 374(9696):1196-1208. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61460-4.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , Issue.9696 , pp. 1196-1208
    • Christensen, K.1    Doblhammer, G.2    Rau, R.3    Vaupel, J.W.4
  • 14
    • 84886800511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and cognitive functioning of people older than 90years: A comparison of two Danish cohorts born 10years apart
    • Christensen K., Thinggaard M., Oksuzyan A., Steenstrup T., Andersen-Ranberg K., Jeune B., et al. Physical and cognitive functioning of people older than 90years: A comparison of two Danish cohorts born 10years apart. Lancet 2013, 382(9903):1507-1513. 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60777-1.
    • (2013) Lancet , vol.382 , Issue.9903 , pp. 1507-1513
    • Christensen, K.1    Thinggaard, M.2    Oksuzyan, A.3    Steenstrup, T.4    Andersen-Ranberg, K.5    Jeune, B.6
  • 16
    • 84892914246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does cognitive function increase over time in the healthy elderly?
    • De Rotrou J., Wu Y.-H., Mabire J.-B., Moulin F., de Jong L.W., Rigaud A.-S., et al. Does cognitive function increase over time in the healthy elderly?. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(11):e78646. 10.1371/journal.pone.0078646.
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , Issue.11 , pp. e78646
    • De Rotrou, J.1    Wu, Y.-H.2    Mabire, J.-B.3    Moulin, F.4    de Jong, L.W.5    Rigaud, A.-S.6
  • 17
    • 70350169103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between IQ in adolescence and a range of health outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth
    • Der G., Batty G.D., Deary I.J. The association between IQ in adolescence and a range of health outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Intelligence 2009, 37(6):573-580. 10.1016/j.intell.2008.12.002.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 573-580
    • Der, G.1    Batty, G.D.2    Deary, I.J.3
  • 18
    • 85047681202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved
    • Dickens W.T., Flynn J.R. Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved. Psychological Review 2001, 108(2):346-369.
    • (2001) Psychological Review , vol.108 , Issue.2 , pp. 346-369
    • Dickens, W.T.1    Flynn, J.R.2
  • 20
    • 58149369674 scopus 로고
    • The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978
    • Flynn J.R. The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin 1984, 95(1):29-51. 10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29.
    • (1984) Psychological Bulletin , vol.95 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-51
    • Flynn, J.R.1
  • 21
    • 0002730426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ gains over time: Toward finding the causes
    • American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, U. Neisser (Ed.)
    • Flynn J.R. IQ gains over time: Toward finding the causes. The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures 1998, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. U. Neisser (Ed.).
    • (1998) The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures
    • Flynn, J.R.1
  • 22
    • 0344518805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ gains and fluid g
    • Flynn J.R. IQ gains and fluid g. American Psychologist 2000, 55(5):543. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.543.
    • (2000) American Psychologist , vol.55 , Issue.5 , pp. 543
    • Flynn, J.R.1
  • 24
    • 79960473299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cohort differences in cognitive aging and terminal decline in the Seattle Longitudinal Study
    • Gerstorf D., Ram N., Hoppmann C., Willis S.L., Schaie K.W. Cohort differences in cognitive aging and terminal decline in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Developmental Psychology 2011, 47(4):1026-1041. 10.1037/a0023426.
    • (2011) Developmental Psychology , vol.47 , Issue.4 , pp. 1026-1041
    • Gerstorf, D.1    Ram, N.2    Hoppmann, C.3    Willis, S.L.4    Schaie, K.W.5
  • 25
    • 84920627981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use-dependent cortical processing from fingertips in touchscreen phone users
    • Gindrat A.-D., Chytiris M., Balerna M., Rouiller E.M., Ghosh A. Use-dependent cortical processing from fingertips in touchscreen phone users. Current Biology 2015, 25(1):109-116. 10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.026.
    • (2015) Current Biology , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 109-116
    • Gindrat, A.-D.1    Chytiris, M.2    Balerna, M.3    Rouiller, E.M.4    Ghosh, A.5
  • 26
    • 77953081980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The returns to cognitive abilities and personality traits in Germany
    • Heineck G., Anger S. The returns to cognitive abilities and personality traits in Germany. Labour Economics 2010, 17(3):535-546.
    • (2010) Labour Economics , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 535-546
    • Heineck, G.1    Anger, S.2
  • 27
    • 34250348666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Flynn effect and its relevance to neuropsychology
    • Hiscock M. The Flynn effect and its relevance to neuropsychology. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2007, 29(5):514-529. 10.1080/13803390600813841.
    • (2007) Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , vol.29 , Issue.5 , pp. 514-529
    • Hiscock, M.1
  • 30
    • 84863821583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computerized cognitive training with older adults: A systematic review
    • Kueider A.M., Parisi J.M., Gross A.L., Rebok G.W. Computerized cognitive training with older adults: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(7):e40588.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. e40588
    • Kueider, A.M.1    Parisi, J.M.2    Gross, A.L.3    Rebok, G.W.4
  • 31
    • 85050647737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing cognitive capacities in computer-assisted survey research: Two ultra-short tests of intellectual ability in the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP)
    • Lang F., Weiss D., Stocker A., von Rosenbladt B. Assessing cognitive capacities in computer-assisted survey research: Two ultra-short tests of intellectual ability in the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP). Schmollers Jahrbuch 2007, 127(1):183-192.
    • (2007) Schmollers Jahrbuch , vol.127 , Issue.1 , pp. 183-192
    • Lang, F.1    Weiss, D.2    Stocker, A.3    von Rosenbladt, B.4
  • 32
    • 42649124304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational differentials in life expectancy with cognitive impairment among the elderly in the United States
    • Lièvre A., Alley D., Crimmins E.M. Educational differentials in life expectancy with cognitive impairment among the elderly in the United States. Journal of Aging and Health 2008, 20(4):456-477. 10.1177/0898264308315857.
    • (2008) Journal of Aging and Health , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 456-477
    • Lièvre, A.1    Alley, D.2    Crimmins, E.M.3
  • 33
    • 0030968619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study
    • Lindenberger U., Baltes P.B. Intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging 1997, 12(3):410-432.
    • (1997) Psychology and Aging , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 410-432
    • Lindenberger, U.1    Baltes, P.B.2
  • 34
    • 57349199802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What has caused the Flynn effect? Secular increases in the Development quotients of infants
    • Lynn R. What has caused the Flynn effect? Secular increases in the Development quotients of infants. Intelligence 2009, 37(1):16-24. 10.1016/j.intell.2008.07.008.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-24
    • Lynn, R.1
  • 35
    • 84881363968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational differences in disability-free life expectancy: A comparative study of long-standing activity limitation in eight European countries
    • Mäki N., Martikainen P., Eikemo T., Menvielle G., Lundberg O., Ostergren O., et al. Educational differences in disability-free life expectancy: A comparative study of long-standing activity limitation in eight European countries. Social Science & Medicine 2013, 94:1-8. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.009.
    • (2013) Social Science & Medicine , vol.94 , pp. 1-8
    • Mäki, N.1    Martikainen, P.2    Eikemo, T.3    Menvielle, G.4    Lundberg, O.5    Ostergren, O.6
  • 36
    • 84859937103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ageing, cognitive abilities and retirement
    • Mazzonna F., Peracchi F. Ageing, cognitive abilities and retirement. European Economic Review 2012, 56(4):691-710. 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.03.004.
    • (2012) European Economic Review , vol.56 , Issue.4 , pp. 691-710
    • Mazzonna, F.1    Peracchi, F.2
  • 37
    • 84862280143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes and cognitive dysfunction
    • McCrimmon R.J., Ryan C.M., Frier B.M. Diabetes and cognitive dysfunction. Lancet 2012, 379(9833):2291-2299. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60360-2.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.379 , Issue.9833 , pp. 2291-2299
    • McCrimmon, R.J.1    Ryan, C.M.2    Frier, B.M.3
  • 38
    • 34548828234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolving the IQ paradox: Heterosis as a cause of the Flynn effect and other trends
    • Mingroni M.A. Resolving the IQ paradox: Heterosis as a cause of the Flynn effect and other trends. Psychological Review 2007, 114(3):806-829. 10.1037/0033-295X.114.3.806.
    • (2007) Psychological Review , vol.114 , Issue.3 , pp. 806-829
    • Mingroni, M.A.1
  • 39
    • 79958782163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful aging: Definitions and prediction of longevity and conversion to mild cognitive impairment
    • Negash S., Smith G.E., Pankratz S., Aakre J., Geda Y.E., Roberts R.O., et al. Successful aging: Definitions and prediction of longevity and conversion to mild cognitive impairment. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2011, 19(6):581-588. 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181f17ec9.
    • (2011) The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , vol.19 , Issue.6 , pp. 581-588
    • Negash, S.1    Smith, G.E.2    Pankratz, S.3    Aakre, J.4    Geda, Y.E.5    Roberts, R.O.6
  • 40
    • 0002471847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rising scores on intelligence tests
    • Neisser U. Rising scores on intelligence tests. American Scientist 1997, 85:440-447.
    • (1997) American Scientist , vol.85 , pp. 440-447
    • Neisser, U.1
  • 41
    • 84961291184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One century of global IQ gains: A formal meta-analysis of the Flynn effect (1909-2013)
    • Pietschnig J., Voracek M. One century of global IQ gains: A formal meta-analysis of the Flynn effect (1909-2013). Perspectives on Psychological Science 2015, 10(3):282-306.
    • (2015) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 282-306
    • Pietschnig, J.1    Voracek, M.2
  • 42
    • 79551581627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female Flynn effects: No sex differences in generational IQ gains
    • Pietschnig J., Voracek M., Formann A.K. Female Flynn effects: No sex differences in generational IQ gains. Personality and Individual Differences 2011, 50(5):759-762. 10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.019.
    • (2011) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.50 , Issue.5 , pp. 759-762
    • Pietschnig, J.1    Voracek, M.2    Formann, A.K.3
  • 44
    • 44149121697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The magnitude, generality, and determinants of Flynn effects on forms of declarative memory and visuospatial ability: Time-sequential analyses of data from a Swedish cohort study
    • Rönnlund M., Nilsson L.-G. The magnitude, generality, and determinants of Flynn effects on forms of declarative memory and visuospatial ability: Time-sequential analyses of data from a Swedish cohort study. Intelligence 2008, 36(3):192-209. 10.1016/j.intell.2007.05.002.
    • (2008) Intelligence , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 192-209
    • Rönnlund, M.1    Nilsson, L.-G.2
  • 45
    • 0023194609 scopus 로고
    • Human aging: Usual and successful
    • Rowe J.W., Kahn R.L. Human aging: Usual and successful. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1987, 237(4811):143-149.
    • (1987) Science (New York, N.Y.) , vol.237 , Issue.4811 , pp. 143-149
    • Rowe, J.W.1    Kahn, R.L.2
  • 46
    • 84889592841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The characteristics approach to the measurement of population aging
    • Sanderson W.C., Scherbov S. The characteristics approach to the measurement of population aging. Population and Development Review 2013, 39(4):673-685. 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00633.x.
    • (2013) Population and Development Review , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 673-685
    • Sanderson, W.C.1    Scherbov, S.2
  • 47
    • 84900561899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring the speed of aging across population subgroups
    • Sanderson W.C., Scherbov S. Measuring the speed of aging across population subgroups. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(5):e96289. 10.1371/journal.pone.0096289.
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp. e96289
    • Sanderson, W.C.1    Scherbov, S.2
  • 49
    • 0011970296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental complexity and the Flynn effect
    • American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, US, U. Neisser (Ed.)
    • Schooler C. Environmental complexity and the Flynn effect. The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures 1998, 67-79. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, US. U. Neisser (Ed.).
    • (1998) The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures , pp. 67-79
    • Schooler, C.1
  • 50
    • 84906069713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cross-country comparison of math achievement at teen age and cognitive performance 40years later
    • Skirbekk V., Bordone V., Weber D. A cross-country comparison of math achievement at teen age and cognitive performance 40years later. Demographic Research 2014, 31(4):105-118. 10.4054/DemRes.2014.31.4.
    • (2014) Demographic Research , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 105-118
    • Skirbekk, V.1    Bordone, V.2    Weber, D.3
  • 51
    • 84856383168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in cognitive functioning as a refined approach to comparing aging across countries
    • Skirbekk V., Loichinger E., Weber D. Variation in cognitive functioning as a refined approach to comparing aging across countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2012, 109(3):770-774. 10.1073/pnas.1112173109.
    • (2012) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.109 , Issue.3 , pp. 770-774
    • Skirbekk, V.1    Loichinger, E.2    Weber, D.3
  • 53
    • 84939820849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midlife diabetes, hypertension, may affect cognition later in life
    • Slomski A. Midlife diabetes, hypertension, may affect cognition later in life. JAMA 2014, 311(20):2056. 10.1001/jama.2014.5901.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , Issue.20 , pp. 2056
    • Slomski, A.1
  • 54
    • 0003694613 scopus 로고
    • Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA
    • Smith A. Symbol digits modalities test 1982, Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA.
    • (1982) Symbol digits modalities test
    • Smith, A.1
  • 55
    • 4344561701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The end of the Flynn effect?: A study of secular trends in mean intelligence test scores of Norwegian conscripts during half a century
    • Sundet J.M., Barlaug D.G., Torjussen T.M. The end of the Flynn effect?: A study of secular trends in mean intelligence test scores of Norwegian conscripts during half a century. Intelligence 2004, 32(4):349-362. 10.1016/j.intell.2004.06.004.
    • (2004) Intelligence , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 349-362
    • Sundet, J.M.1    Barlaug, D.G.2    Torjussen, T.M.3
  • 56
    • 44149094272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Flynn effect is partly caused by changing fertility patterns
    • Sundet J.M., Borren I., Tambs K. The Flynn effect is partly caused by changing fertility patterns. Intelligence 2008, 36(3):183-191. 10.1016/j.intell.2007.04.002.
    • (2008) Intelligence , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 183-191
    • Sundet, J.M.1    Borren, I.2    Tambs, K.3
  • 57
    • 22544452690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse
    • Teasdale T.W., Owen D.R. A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse. Personality and Individual Differences 2005, 39(4):837-843. 10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.029.
    • (2005) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 837-843
    • Teasdale, T.W.1    Owen, D.R.2
  • 59
    • 84860705789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serious games in prevention and rehabilitation - A new panacea for elderly people?
    • Wiemeyer J., Kliem A. Serious games in prevention and rehabilitation - A new panacea for elderly people?. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity 2012, 9(1):41-50. 10.1007/s11556-011-0093-x.
    • (2012) European Review of Aging and Physical Activity , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-50
    • Wiemeyer, J.1    Kliem, A.2
  • 60
    • 0038015265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of lifetime participation in cognitively stimulating activities
    • Wilson R., Barnes L., Bennett D. Assessment of lifetime participation in cognitively stimulating activities. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2003, 25(5):634-642. 10.1076/jcen.25.5.634.14572.
    • (2003) Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 634-642
    • Wilson, R.1    Barnes, L.2    Bennett, D.3
  • 61
    • 84860694979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A life history model of the Lynn-Flynn effect
    • Woodley M.A. A life history model of the Lynn-Flynn effect. Personality and Individual Differences 2012, 53(2):152-156. 10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.028.
    • (2012) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 152-156
    • Woodley, M.A.1
  • 62
    • 84858070112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social and scientific temporal correlates of genotypic intelligence and the Flynn effect
    • Woodley M.A. The social and scientific temporal correlates of genotypic intelligence and the Flynn effect. Intelligence 2012, 40(2):189-204. 10.1016/j.intell.2011.12.002.
    • (2012) Intelligence , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 189-204
    • Woodley, M.A.1
  • 63
    • 0000504909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects
    • Zajonc R.B., Mullally P.R. Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects. American Psychologist 1997, 52(7):685-699. 10.1037/0003-066X.52.7.685.
    • (1997) American Psychologist , vol.52 , Issue.7 , pp. 685-699
    • Zajonc, R.B.1    Mullally, P.R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.