The Flynn effect and its relevance to neuropsychology

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 514-529

  Hiscock, Merrill ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MENTAL CAPACITY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGY; REVIEW; SKILL;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; COGNITION; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 34250348666     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: 1744411X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13803390600813841     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75, 81-95.
2. Boake, C. (2002). From the Binet-Simon to the Wechsler-Bellevue: Tracing the history of intelligence testing. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 363-405.
3. Boring, E. G. (1923, June 6). Intelligence as the tests test it. The New Republic, 35-37.
4. Bornstein, R. A. (1987). The WAIS-R in neuropsychological practice: Boon or bust? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1, 185-190.
5. Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Lykken, D. T., McGue, M., Segal, N. L., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science, 250, 223-250.
6. Burke, H. R. (1985). Raven's Progressive Matrices: More on norms reliability, and validity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 231-235.
7. Carlson, J. S., & Jensen, C. M. (1980). The factorial structure of the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test: A reanalysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40, 1111-1116.
8. Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A., & Shell, P. (1990). What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. Psychological Review, 97, 404-431.
9. Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and motivation structure and measurement. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
10. Chelune, G. J., Eversole, C., Kane, M., & Talbott, R. (1987). WAIS versus WAIS-R subtest patterns: A problem of generalization. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1, 235-242.
11. Cole, M. (1996). Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
12. Costa, L. D. (1976). Interset variability on the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices as an indicator of specific ability deficit in brain-lesioned patients. Cortex, 12, 3-40.
13. Cozby, P. C. (2003). Methods in behavioral research (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
14. Diaz-Asper, C. M., Schretlen, D. J., & Pearlson, G. D. (2004). How well does IQ predict neuropsychological test performance in normal adults? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 82-90.
15. Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2001a). Great leap forward: A new theory of intelligence. New Scientist, 21, 44-47.
16. Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2001b). Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved. Psychological Review, 108, 346-369.
17. Dickinson, M. D., & Hiscock, M. (2005, February). The influence of the Flynn effect on age norms for the Wechsler IQ test [Abstract]. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, St. Louis, MO.
18. Dickinson, M. D., & Hiscock, M. (2006, February). The Flynn effect in neuropsychological assessment [Abstract]. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Boston.
19. Flynn, J. R. (1984). The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 29-51.
20. Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191.
21. Flynn, J. R. (1994). IQ gains over time. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The encyclopedia of human intelligence (pp. 617-623). New York: Macmillan.
22. Flynn, J. R. (1998a). IQ gains over time: Toward finding the causes. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 25-66). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
23. Flynn, J. R. (1998b). Israeli military IQ tests: Gender differences small; IQ gains large. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30, 541-553.
24. Flynn, J. R. (1998c). WAIS-III and WISC-III IQ gains in the United States from 1972 to 1995: How to compensate for obsolete norms. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 1231-1239.
25. Flynn, J. R. (1999). Searching for justice: The discovery of IQ gains over time. American Psychologist, 54, 5-20.
26. Flynn, J. R. (2000). The hidden history of IQ and special education: Can the problem be solved? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 191-198.
27. Flynn, J. R. (2003). Movies about intelligence: The limitations of g. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 95-99.
28. Flynn, J. R. (2006a). Efeito Flynn: Repensando a inteligência e seus efeitos [The Flynn effect: Rethinking intelligence and what affects it]. In C. Flores-Mendoza & R. Colom (Eds.), Introdução à psicologia das diferenças individuais [Introduction to the psychology of individual differences] (pp. 387-411). Pôrto Alegre, Brasil: ArtMed. (English trans. available from jim.flynn@stonebow.otago.ac.nz).
29. Flynn, J. R. (2006b). Tethering the elephant: Capital cases, IQ, and the Flynn effect. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 12, 170-189.
30. Flynn, J. R. (2006c). Towards a theory of intelligence beyond g. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 132-134.
31. Flynn, J. R., & Weiss, L. G. (2006). American IQ gains from 1932 to 2002: The significance of the WISC subtests. Manuscript submitted for publication.
32. Gould, S. J. (1996). Full house: The spread of excellence from Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony Books.
33. Greenfield, P. M. (1998). The cultural evolution of IQ. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 81-123). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
34. Hanson, R., Smith, J. A., & Hume, W. (1985). Achievements of infants on items of the Griffiths scales: 1980 compared to 1950. Child: Care, Health and Development, 11, 91-104.
35. Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1991). Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: Demographic corrections, research findings, and clinical applications. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
36. Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press.
37. Hiscock, M., Inch, R., & Gleason, A. (2002). Raven's Progressive Matrices performance in adults with traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology, 9, 129-138.
38. Holford, T. R. (1991). Understanding the effects of age, period, and cohort on incidence and mortality rates. Annual Review of Public Health, 12, 425-457.
39. Jencks, C., & Phillips, M. (1998). The Black-White test score gap. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
40. Jensen, A. R. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review, 39, 1-123.
41. Jensen, A. R. (1973). Educability and group differences. New York: Harper & Row.
42. Jensen, A. R. (1975). The meaning of heritability in the behavioral sciences. Educational Psychologist, 11, 171-183.
43. Jensen, A. R. (1980). Bias in mental testing. London: Methuen.
44. Jensen, A. R. (1998). The g factor: The science of mental ability. Westport, CT: Praeger.
45. Kanaya, T., Scullin, M. H., & Ceci, S. (2003). The Flynn effect and U.S. policies: The impact of rising IQ scores on American society via mental retardation diagnoses. American Psychologist, 58, 778-790.
46. Kaplan, E., Fein, D., Morris, R., & Delis, D. C. (1991). WAIS-R as a neuropsychological instrument. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
47. Lezak, M. D. (1983). Neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
48. Lezak, M. D. (1988). IQ: R.I.P. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 351-361.
49. Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
50. Llabre, M. M. (1984). Standard Progressive Matrices. In D. J. Keyser & R. C. Sweetland (Eds.), Test critiques (Vol. 1). Kansas City, MO: Test Corporation of America.
51. Luria, A. R. (1973). The working brain: An introduction to neuropsychology (B. Haigh, Trans.) New York: Basic Books.
52. Lynn, R. (1990). the role of nutrition in the secular increases of intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 273-286.
53. Lynn, R. (1998). In support of the nutrition theory. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 207-215). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
54. Martorell, R. (1998). Nutrition and the worldwide rise in IQ scores. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 183-206). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
55. Neisser, U. (1998a). Introduction: Rising test scores and what they mean. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 3-22).
56. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Neisser, U. (Ed.). (1998b). The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
57. Plomin, R. (1986). Development, genetics, and psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
58. Plomin, R. (1990). The role of inheritance in behavior. Science, 248, 183-188.
59. Raven, J. C. (1938). Progressive Matrices: A perceptual test of intelligence: Individual form. London: H.K. Lewis.
60. Raven, J. C. (1960). Guide to the Standard Progressive Matrices. London: H.K. Lewis.
61. Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (1995). Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales: Section J. General overview. Oxford, UK: Oxford Psychologists Press.
62. Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (1998). Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales: Section 1. General overview. Introducing parallel versions of the CPM and SPM together with a more powerful version of the SPM (SPM-Plus). Oxford: Oxford Psychologists Press.
63. Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
64. Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1990). A consideration of the comparability of the WAIS and WAIS-R. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 4, 80-85.
65. Rourke, B. P., Bakker, D. J., Fisk, J. L., & Strang, J. D. (1983). Child neuropsychology: An introduction to theory, research, and clinical practice. New York: Guilford.
66. Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Development and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1-19.
67. Schaie, K. W. (1994). The course of adult intellectual development. American Psychologist, 49, 304-313.
68. Sigman, M., & Whaley, S.E. (1998). The role of nutrition in the development of intelligence. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 155-182). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
69. Snow, R. E., Kyllonen, C. P., & Marshalek, B. (1984). The topography of ability and learning correlations. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (pp. 47-103). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
70. Spearman, C. S. (1904). "General intelligence," objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201-209.
71. Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
72. Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., & Bundy, D. A. (2001). The predictive value of IQ. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 47, 1-41.
73. Tuddenham, R. D. (1948). Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II. American Psychologist, 3, 54-56.
74. Villardita, C. (1985). Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices and intellectual impairment in patients with focal brain damage. Cortex, 21, 627-634.
75. Waltz, J. A., Knowlton, B. J., Holyoak, K. J., Boone, K. B., Mishkin, F. S., Santos, M. de M., et al. (1999). A system for relational reasoning in human prefrontal cortex. Psychological Science, 10, 119-123.
76. Wechsler, D. (1997). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
77. Williams, W. M. (1998). Are we raising smarter children today? School- and home- related influences on IQ. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 125-154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.