Descent toward the Icehouse: Eocene sea surface cooling inferred from GDGT distributions

Paleoceanography

Volumn 30, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 1000-1020

  Inglis, Gordon N ^a   Farnsworth, Alexander ^a   Lunt, Daniel ^a   Foster, Gavin L ^b   Hollis, Christopher J ^c   Pagani, Mark ^d   Jardine, Phillip E ^e   Pearson, Paul N ^f   Markwick, Paul ^g   Galsworthy, Amanda M J ^g   Raynham, Lauren ^g   Taylor, Kyle W R ^a   Pancost, Richard D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^c GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

^d YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^f CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^g Kitson House   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Eocene; greenhouse climates; organic biomarkers

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; BIOMARKER; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATE MODELING; COOL WATER; COOLING; EOCENE; GREENHOUSE ECOSYSTEM; LIPID; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; PALEOTEMPERATURE; PROKARYOTE;

EID: 84939253453     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: 19449186     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014PA002723     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Allen, M. B., and, H. A. Armstrong, (2008), Arabia-Eurasia collision and the forcing of mid-Cenozoic global cooling, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 265 (1-2), 52-58.
2. Aquilina, A., N. Knab, K. Knittel, G. Kaur, A. Geissler, S. Kelly, H. Fossing, C. Boot, R. Parkes, and, R. Mills, (2010), Biomarker indicators for anaerobic oxidizers of methane in brackish-marine sediments with diffusive methane fluxes, Org. Geochem., 41 (4), 414-426.
3. Beerling, D. J., A. Fox, D. S. Stevenson, and, P. J. Valdes, (2011), Enhanced chemistry-climate feedbacks in past greenhouse worlds, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108, 9770-9775.
4. Bice, K. L., C. R. Scotese, D. Seidov, and, E. J. Barron, (2000), Quantifying the role of geographic change in Cenozoic ocean heat transport using uncoupled atmosphere and ocean models, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 161 (3-4), 295-310.
5. Bijl, P. K., S. Schouten, A. Sluijs, G.-J. Reichart, J. C. Zachos, and, H. Brinkhuis, (2009), Early Palaeogene temperature evolution of the southwest Pacific Ocean, Nature, 461 (7265), 776-779.
6. Bijl, P. K., et al., (2013), Eocene cooling linked to early flow across the Tasmanian Gateway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110 (24), 9645-9650.
7. Blaga, C. I., G.-J. Reichart, O. Heiri, and, J. S. S. Damsté, (2009), Tetraether membrane lipid distributions in water-column particulate matter and sediments: A study of 47 European lakes along a north-south transect, J. Paleolimnol., 41 (3), 523-540.
8. Borrelli, C., B. S. Cramer, and, M. E. Katz, (2014), Bipolar Atlantic deepwater circulation in the middle-late Eocene: Effects of Southern Ocean gateway openings, Paleoceanography, 29, 308-327, doi: 10.1002/2012PA002444.
9. Bouloubassi, I., G. Aloisi, R. D. Pancost, E. Hopmans, C. Pierre, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2006), Archaeal and bacterial lipids in authigenic carbonate crusts from eastern Mediterranean mud volcanoes, Org. Geochem., 37 (4), 484-500.
10. Bralower, T. J., J. C. Zachos, E. Thomas, M. Parrow, C. K. Paull, D. C. Kelly, I. P. Silva, W. V. Sliter, and, K. C. Lohmann, (1995), Late Paleocene to Eocene paleoceanography of the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Stable isotopes recorded at Ocean Drilling Program Site 865, Allison Guyot, Paleoceanography, 10 (4), 841-865, doi: 10.1029/95PA01143.
11. Brassell, S., A. Wardroper, I. Thomson, J. Maxwell, and, G. Eglinton, (1981), Specific acyclic isoprenoids as biological markers of methanogenic bacteria in marine sediments, Nature, 290, 693-696.
12. Burgess, C. E., P. N. Pearson, C. H. Lear, H. E. Morgans, L. Handley, R. D. Pancost, and, S. Schouten, (2008), Middle Eocene climate cyclicity in the southern Pacific: Implications for global ice volume, Geology, 36 (8), 651-654.
13. Chidichimo, M. P., K. A. Donohue, D. R. Watts, and, K. L. Tracey, (2014), Baroclinic transport time series of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current measured in Drake Passage, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44 (7), 1829-1853.
14. Contreras, L., J. Pross, P. K. Bijl, A. Koutsodendris, J. I. Raine, B. van de Schootbrugge, and, H. Brinkhuis, (2013), Early to Middle Eocene vegetation dynamics at the Wilkes Land Margin (Antarctica), Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 197, 119-142.
15. Cramer, B., K. Miller, P. Barrett, and, J. Wright, (2011), Late Cretaceous-Neogene trends in deep ocean temperature and continental ice volume: Reconciling records of benthic foraminiferal geochemistry (δ18O and Mg/Ca) with sea level history, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C12023, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007255.
16. Creech, J. B., J. A. Baker, C. J. Hollis, H. E. Morgans, and, E. G. Smith, (2010), Eocene sea temperatures for the mid-latitude southwest Pacific from Mg/Ca ratios in planktonic and benthic foraminifera, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 299 (3), 483-495.
17. DeConto, R. M., and, D. Pollard, (2003), Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2, Nature, 421 (6920), 245-249.
18. Dickson, L., I. D. Bull, P. J. Gates, and, R. P. Evershed, (2009), A simple modification of a silicic acid lipid fractionation protocol to eliminate free fatty acids from glycolipid and phospholipid fractions, J. Microbiol. Methods, 78 (3), 249-254.
19. Douglas, P. M. J., H. P. Affek, L. C. Ivany, A. J. P. Houben, W. P. Sijp, A. Sluijs, S. Schouten, and, M. Pagani, (2014), Pronounced zonal heterogeneity in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111 (18), 6582-6587.
20. Dutton, A., K. C. Lohmann, and, R. M. Leckie, (2005), Insights from the Paleogene tropical Pacific: Foraminiferal stable isotope and elemental results from Site 1209, Shatsky Rise, Paleoceanography, 20, PA3004, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001098.
21. Eder, W., M. Schmidt, M. Koch, D. Garbe-Schönberg, and, R. Huber, (2002), Prokaryotic phylogenetic diversity and corresponding geochemical data of the brine-seawater interface of the Shaban Deep, Red Sea, Environ. Microbiol., 4 (11), 758-763.
22. Eldrett, J. S., I. C. Harding, J. V. Firth, and, A. P. Roberts, (2004), Magnetostratigraphic calibration of Eocene-Oligocene dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, Mar. Geol., 204 (1), 91-127.
23. Elling, F. J., M. Könneke, J. S. Lipp, K. W. Becker, E. J. Gagen, and, K.-U. Hinrichs, (2014), Effects of growth phase on the membrane lipid composition of the thaumarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus and their implications for archaeal lipid distributions in the marine environment, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 141, 579-597.
24. Fietz, S., A. Martínez-Garcia, C. Huguet, G. Rueda, and, A. Rosell-Melé, (2011), Constraints in the application of the Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether index as a terrestrial input proxy, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C10032, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007062.
25. Francis, J. E., and, I. Poole, (2002), Cretaceous and early Tertiary climates of Antarctica: Evidence from fossil wood, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 182 (1-2), 47-64.
26. Goldner, A., N. Herold, and, M. Huber, (2014), Antarctic glaciation caused ocean circulation changes at the Eocene-Oligocene transition, Nature, 511 (7511), 574-577.
27. Gordon, C., C. Cooper, C. A. Senior, H. Banks, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, J. F. B. Mitchell, and, R. A. Wood, (2000), The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments, Clim. Dyn., 16 (2-3), 147-168.
28. Gough, D., (1981), Solar interior structure and luminosity variations, in Physics of Solar Variations, vol. 74, pp. 21-34, Springer, Netherlands.
29. Gradstein, F. M., G. Ogg, and, M. Schmitz, (2012), The Geologic Time Scale 2012 2-Volume Set, pp. 92, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
30. Hernández-Sánchez, M., E. Woodward, K. Taylor, G. Henderson, and, R. Pancost, (2014), Variations in GDGT distributions through the water column in the South East Atlantic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 132, 337-348.
31. Ho, S. L., Mollenhauer, G., Fietz, S., Martínez-Garcia, A., Lamy, F., Rueda, G., Schipper, K., Méheust, M., Rosell-Melé, A., and, Stein, R., (2014), Appraisal of TEX86 and thermometries in subpolar and polar regions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 131, 213-226, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.01.001.
32. Hollis, C. J., L. Handley, E. M. Crouch, H. E. Morgans, J. A. Baker, J. Creech, K. S. Collins, S. J. Gibbs, M. Huber, and, S. Schouten, (2009), Tropical sea temperatures in the high-latitude South Pacific during the Eocene, Geology, 37 (2), 99-102.
33. Hollis, C. J., et al., (2012), Early Paleogene temperature history of the Southwest Pacific Ocean: Reconciling proxies and models, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 349-350, 53-66.
34. Hopmans, E. C., J. W. Weijers, E. Schefuß, L. Herfort, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, and, S. Schouten, (2004), A novel proxy for terrestrial organic matter in sediments based on branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 224 (1), 107-116.
35. Huber, M., (2008), Climate change. A Hotter Greenhouse?, Science, 321, 353.
36. Huber, M., and, L. C. Sloan, (1999), Warm climate transitions: A general circulation modeling study of the late Paleocene thermal maximum (∼56 Ma), J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D14), 16,633-16,655, doi: 10.1029/1999JD900272.
37. Huber, M., and, L. C. Sloan, (2000), Climatic responses to tropical sea surface temperature changes on a "greenhouse" Earth, Paleoceanography, 15 (4), 443-450, doi: 10.1029/1999PA000455.
38. Huber, M., L. C. Sloan, and, C. Shellito, (2003), Early Paleogene oceans and climate: A fully coupled modeling approach using the NCAR CCSM, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 369, 25-47.
39. Huguet, A., C. Fosse, F. Laggoun-Défarge, M.-L. Toussaint, and, S. Derenne, (2010), Occurrence and distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in a French peat bog, Org. Geochem., 41 (6), 559-572.
40. Hyland, E. G., and, N. D. Sheldon, (2013), Coupled CO2-climate response during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 369, 125-135.
41. Ionescu, D., S. Penno, M. Haimovich, B. Rihtman, A. Goodwin, D. Schwartz, L. Hazanov, M. Chernihovsky, A. F. Post, and, A. Oren, (2009), Archaea in the Gulf of Aqaba, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 69 (3), 425-438.
42. Jenkyns, H., L. Schouten-Huibers, S. Schouten, and, J. Sinninghe Damsté, (2012), Warm Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous high-latitude sea-surface temperatures from the Southern Ocean, Clim. Past, 8 (1), 215-226.
43. Jurgens, G., K. Lindström, and, A. Saano, (1997), Novel group within the kingdom Crenarchaeota from boreal forest soil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63 (2), 803-805.
44. Karner, M. B., E. F. DeLong, and, D. M. Karl, (2001), Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean, Nature, 409 (6819), 507-510.
45. Katz, M. E., K. G. Miller, J. D. Wright, B. S. Wade, J. V. Browning, B. S. Cramer, and, Y. Rosenthal, (2008), Stepwise transition from the Eocene greenhouse to the Oligocene icehouse, Nat. Geosci., 1 (5), 329-334.
46. Katz, M. E., B. S. Cramer, J. Toggweiler, G. Esmay, C. Liu, K. G. Miller, Y. Rosenthal, B. S. Wade, and, J. D. Wright, (2011), Impact of Antarctic Circumpolar Current development on late Paleogene ocean structure, Science, 332 (6033), 1076-1079.
47. Kennett, J. P., and, N. F. Exon, (2004), Paleoceanographic evolution of the Tasmanian Seaway and its climatic implications, in The Cenozoic Southern Ocean: Tectonics, Sedimentation, and Climate Change Between Australia and Antarctica, edited by, N. F. Exon, J. P. Kennett, and, M. J. Malone, pp. 345-367, AGU, Washington, D. C.
48. Keating-Bitonti, C. R., L. C. Ivany, H. P. Affek, P. Douglas, and, S. D. Samson, (2011), Warm, not super-hot, temperatures in the early Eocene subtropics, Geology, 39 (8), 771-774.
49. Kim, J.-H., S. Schouten, E. C. Hopmans, B. Donner, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2008), Global sediment core-top calibration of the TEX86 paleothermometer in the ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72 (4), 1154-1173.
50. Kim, J.-H., J. Van der Meer, S. Schouten, P. Helmke, V. Willmott, F. Sangiorgi, N. Koç, E. C. Hopmans, and, J. S. S. Damsté, (2010), New indices and calibrations derived from the distribution of crenarchaeal isoprenoid tetraether lipids: Implications for past sea surface temperature reconstructions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74 (16), 4639-4654.
51. Kim, J.-H., S. Schouten, M. Rodrigo-Gámiz, S. Rampen, G. Marino, C. Huguet, P. Helmke, R. Buscail, E. C. Hopmans, and, J. Pross, (2015), Influence of deep-water derived isoprenoid tetraether lipids on the paleothermometer in the Mediterranean Sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 150, 125-141.
52. Kleypas, J. A., G. Danabasoglu, and, J. M. Lough, (2008), Potential role of the ocean thermostat in determining regional differences in coral reef bleaching events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03613, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032257.
53. Koga, Y., M. Nishihara, H. Morii, and, M. Akagawa-Matsushita, (1993), Ether polar lipids of methanogenic bacteria: Structures, comparative aspects, and biosyntheses, Microbiol. Rev., 57 (1), 164-182.
54. Kuypers, M. M., P. Blokker, J. Erbacher, H. Kinkel, R. D. Pancost, S. Schouten, and, J. S. S. Damsté, (2001), Massive expansion of marine archaea during a mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event, Science, 293 (5527), 92-95.
55. Kuypers, M. M., Pancost, R. D., Nijenhuis, I. A., and, Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., (2002), Enhanced productivity led to increased organic carbon burial in the euxinic North Atlantic basin during the late Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event, Paleoceanography, 17 (4), 1051, doi: 10.1029/2000PA000569.
56. Lear, C. H., T. R. Bailey, P. N. Pearson, H. K. Coxall, and, Y. Rosenthal, (2008), Cooling and ice growth across the Eocene-Oligocene transition, Geology, 36 (3), 251-254.
57. Lefebvre, V., Y. Donnadieu, P. Sepulchre, D. Swingedouw, and, Z. S. Zhang, (2012), Deciphering the role of southern gateways and carbon dioxide on the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Paleoceanography, 27, PA4201, doi: 10.1029/2012PA002345.
58. Levitus, S., and, T. P. Boyer, (1994), World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 4, Temperature, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Washington, D. C.
59. Liu, Z., M. Pagani, D. Zinniker, R. DeConto, M. Huber, H. Brinkhuis, S. R. Shah, R. M. Leckie, and, A. Pearson, (2009), Global cooling during the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition, Science, 323 (5918), 1187-1190.
60. Livermore, R., C.-D. Hillenbrand, M. Meredith, and, G. Eagles, (2007), Drake Passage and Cenozoic climate: An open and shut case?, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q01005, doi: 10.1029/2005GC001224.
61. Loptson, C. A., D. J. Lunt, and, J. E. Francis, (2014), Investigating vegetation-climate feedbacks during the early Eocene, Clim. Past, 10 (2), 419-436.
62. Lowenstein, T. K., and, R. V. Demicco, (2006), Elevated Eocene atmospheric CO2 and its subsequent decline, Science, 313 (5795), 1928-1928.
63. Lunt, D. J., et al., (2012), A model-data comparison for a multi-model ensemble of early Eocene atmosphere-ocean simulations: EoMIP, Clim. Past, 8 (5), 1717-1736.
64. Martens, C. S., and, R. A. Berner, (1974), Methane production in the interstitial waters of sulfate-depleted marine sediments, Science, 185 (4157), 1167-1169.
65. Markwick, P. J., and, P. J. Valdes, (2004), Palaeo-digital elevation models for use as boundary conditions in coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM experiments: A Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous) example, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 213 (1-2), 37-63.
66. McQuarrie, N., Stock, J. M., Verdel, C., and, Wernicke, B. P., (2003), Cenozoic evolution of Neotethys and implications for the causes of plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (20), 2036, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017992.
67. Myhre, A., J. Thiede, J. Firth, and Shipboard Scientific Party (1995), North Atlantic-Arctic Gateways I: in Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, ODP, Init. Repts.: sites 907-913, 151, p. 926.
68. O'Brien, C. L., G. L. Foster, M. A. Martinez-Boti, R. Abell, J. W. B. Rae, and, R. D. Pancost, (2014), High sea surface temperatures in tropical warm pools during the Pliocene, Nat. Geosci., 7 (8), 606-611.
69. Ochsenreiter, T., D. Selezi, A. Quaiser, L. Bonch-Osmolovskaya, and, C. Schleper, (2003), Diversity and abundance of Crenarchaeota in terrestrial habitats studied by 16S RNA surveys and real time PCR, Environ. Microbiol., 5 (9), 787-797.
70. Pagani, M., (2014), Palaeoclimate: Broken tropical thermostats, Nat. Geosci., 7 (8), 555-556.
71. Pagani, M., J. C. Zachos, K. H. Freeman, B. Tipple, and, S. Bohaty, (2005), Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene, Science, 309 (5734), 600-603.
72. Pagani, M., M. Huber, Z. Liu, S. M. Bohaty, J. Henderiks, W. Sijp, S. Krishnan, and, R. M. DeConto, (2011), The role of carbon dioxide during the onset of Antarctic glaciation, Science, 334 (6060), 1261-1264.
73. Pancost, R., E. Hopmans, and, J. Sinninghe Damsté, (2001), Archaeal lipids in Mediterranean cold seeps: Molecular proxies for anaerobic methane oxidation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65 (10), 1611-1627.
74. Pancost, R. D., and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2003), Carbon isotopic compositions of prokaryotic lipids as tracers of carbon cycling in diverse settings, Chem. Geol., 195 (1), 29-58.
75. Pancost, R. D., J. M. Coleman, G. D. Love, A. Chatzi, I. Bouloubassi, and, C. E. Snape, (2008), Kerogen-bound glycerol dialkyl tetraether lipids released by hydropyrolysis of marine sediments: A bias against incorporation of sedimentary organisms?, Org. Geochem., 39 (9), 1359-1371.
76. Pearson, A., and, A. E. Ingalls, (2013), Assessing the use of archaeal lipids as marine environmental proxies, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 41, 359-384.
77. Pearson, A., A. P. McNichol, B. C. Benitez-Nelson, J. M. Hayes, and, T. I. Eglinton, (2001), Origins of lipid biomarkers in Santa Monica Basin surface sediment: A case study using compound-specific Δ14C analysis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65 (18), 3123-3137.
78. Pearson, P. N., and, M. R. Palmer, (2000), Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years, Nature, 406 (6797), 695-699.
79. Pearson, P. N., B. E. van Dongen, C. J. Nicholas, R. D. Pancost, S. Schouten, J. M. Singano, and, B. S. Wade, (2007), Stable warm tropical climate through the Eocene Epoch, Geology, 35 (3), 211-214.
80. Pearson, P. N., G. L. Foster, and, B. S. Wade, (2009), Atmospheric carbon dioxide through the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition, Nature, 461 (7267), 1110-1113.
81. Pester, M., C. Schleper, and, M. Wagner, (2011), The Thaumarchaeota: An emerging view of their phylogeny and ecophysiology, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 14 (3), 300-306.
82. Pierrehumbert, R., (1995), Thermostats, radiator fins, and the local runaway greenhouse, J. Atmos. Sci., 52 (10), 1784-1806.
83. Powers, L., J. P. Werne, A. J. Vanderwoude, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, E. C. Hopmans, and, S. Schouten, (2010), Applicability and calibration of the TEX86 paleothermometer in lakes, Org. Geochem., 41 (4), 404-413.
84. Pross, J., L. Contreras, P. K. Bijl, D. R. Greenwood, S. M. Bohaty, S. Schouten, J. A. Bendle, U. Röhl, L. Tauxe, and, J. I. Raine, (2012), Persistent near-tropical warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early Eocene epoch, Nature, 488 (7409), 73-77.
85. Qian, P.-Y., Y. Wang, O. O. Lee, S. C. Lau, J. Yang, F. F. Lafi, A. Al-Suwailem, and, T. Y. Wong, (2011), Vertical stratification of microbial communities in the Red Sea revealed by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing, ISME J., 5 (3), 507-518.
86. Ramanathan, V., and, W. Collins, (1991), Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Nino, Nature, 351 (6321), 27-32.
87. Reichart, G. J., H. Brinkhuis, F. Huiskamp, and, W. J. Zachariasse, (2004), Hyperstratification following glacial overturning events in the northern Arabian Sea, Paleoceanography, 19, PA2013, doi: 10.1029/2003PA000900.
88. Sagoo, N., P. Valdes, R. Flecker, and, L. J. Gregoire, (2013), The Early Eocene equable climate problem: Can perturbations of climate model parameters identify possible solutions?, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A, 371 (2001), doi: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0123.
89. Scher, H. D., and, E. E. Martin, (2006), Timing and climatic consequences of the opening of Drake Passage, Science, 312 (5772), 428-430.
90. Schouten, S., M. J. E. C. Van Der Maarel, R. Huber, and, J. S. S. Damste, (1997), 2,6,10,15,19-Pentamethylicosenes in Methanolobus bombayensis, a marine methanogenic archaeon, and in Methanosarcina mazei, Org. Geochem., 26 (5-6), 409-414.
91. Schouten, S., M. J. Hoefs, M. P. Koopmans, H.-J. Bosch, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (1998), Structural characterization, occurrence and fate of archaeal ether-bound acyclic and cyclic biphytanes and corresponding diols in sediments, Org. Geochem., 29 (5), 1305-1319.
92. Schouten, S., E. C. Hopmans, E. Schefuß, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2002), Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: A new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 204 (1), 265-274.
93. Schouten, S., S. G. Wakeham, E. C. Hopmans, and, J. S. S. Damsté, (2003), Biogeochemical evidence that thermophilic archaea mediate the anaerobic oxidation of methane, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69 (3), 1680-1686.
94. Schouten, S., E. C. Hopmans, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2013), The organic geochemistry of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids: A review, Org. Geochem., 54, 19-61.
95. Self-Trail, J. M., D. S. Powars, D. K. Watkins, and, G. A. Wandless, (2012), Calcareous nannofossil assemblage changes across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Evidence from a shelf setting, Mar. Micropaleontol., 92, 61-80.
96. Shah, S. R., G. Mollenhauer, N. Ohkouchi, T. I. Eglinton, and, A. Pearson, (2008), Origins of archaeal tetraether lipids in sediments: Insights from radiocarbon analysis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72 (18), 4577-4594.
97. Sijp, W. P., M. H. England, and, J. Toggweiler, (2009), Effect of ocean gateway changes under greenhouse warmth, J. Clim., 22 (24), 6639-6652.
98. Sijp, W. P., M. H. England, and, M. Huber, (2011), Effect of the deepening of the Tasman Gateway on the global ocean, Paleoceanography, 26, PA4207, doi: 10.1029/2011PA002143.
99. Sijp, W. P., A. S. von der Heydt, H. A. Dijkstra, S. Flögel, P. M. J. Douglas, and, P. K. Bijl, (2014), The role of ocean gateways on cooling climate on long time scales, Global Planet. Change, 119, 1-22.
100. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., J. Ossebaar, S. Schouten, and, D. Verschuren, (2012), Distribution of tetraether lipids in the 25-ka sedimentary record of Lake Challa: Extracting reliable TEX86 and MBT/CBT palaeotemperatures from an equatorial African lake, Quat. Sci. Rev., 50, 43-54.
101. Sivan, O., D. P. Schrag, and, R. W. Murray, (2007), Rates of methanogenesis and methanotrophy in deep-sea sediments, Geobiology, 5 (2), 141-151.
102. Sluijs, A., and, H. Brinkhuis, (2009), A dynamic climate and ecosystem state during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum-inferences from dinoflagellate cyst assemblages at the New Jersey Shelf, Biogeosci. Discuss., 6 (3), 1755-1781.
103. Sluijs, A., S. Schouten, M. Pagani, M. Woltering, H. Brinkhuis, J. S. S. Damsté, G. R. Dickens, M. Huber, G.-J. Reichart, and, R. Stein, (2006), Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum, Nature, 441 (7093), 610-613.
104. Sluijs, A., H. Brinkhuis, S. Schouten, S. M. Bohaty, C. M. John, J. C. Zachos, G.-J. Reichart, J. S. S. Damsté, E. M. Crouch, and, G. R. Dickens, (2007), Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary, Nature, 450 (7173), 1218-1221.
105. Sluijs, A., S. Schouten, T. H. Donders, P. L. Schoon, U. Röhl, G.-J. Reichart, F. Sangiorgi, J.-H. Kim, J. S. S. Damsté, and, H. Brinkhuis, (2009), Warm and wet conditions in the Arctic region during Eocene Thermal Maximum 2, Nat. Geosci., 2 (11), 777-780.
106. Sluijs, A., P. Bijl, S. Schouten, U. Röhl, G.-J. Reichart, and, H. Brinkhuis, (2011), Southern ocean warming, sea level and hydrological change during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Clim. Past, 7 (1), 47-61.
107. Sluijs, A., L. van Roij, G. J. Harrington, S. Schouten, J. A. Sessa, L. J. LeVay, G. J. Reichart, and, C. P. Slomp, (2013), Extreme warming, photic zone euxinia and sea level rise during the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum on the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain; connecting marginal marine biotic signals, nutrient cycling and ocean deoxygenation, Clim. Past Discuss., 9 (6), 6459-6494.
108. Sriver, R. L., and, M. Huber, (2007), Observational evidence for an ocean heat pump induced by tropical cyclones, Nature, 447 (7144), 577-580.
109. Stadnitskaia, A., D. Nadezhkin, B. Abbas, V. Blinova, M. Ivanov, and, J. Sinninghe Damsté, (2008), Carbonate formation by anaerobic oxidation of methane: Evidence from lipid biomarker and fossil 16S rDNA, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72 (7), 1824-1836.
110. Stickley, C. E., H. Brinkhuis, S. A. Schellenberg, A. Sluijs, U. Röhl, M. Fuller, M. Grauert, M. Huber, J. Warnaar, and, G. L. Williams, (2004), Timing and nature of the deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4027, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001022.
111. Taylor, K. W., M. Huber, C. J. Hollis, M. T. Hernandez-Sanchez, and, R. D. Pancost, (2013), Re-evaluating modern and Palaeogene GDGT distributions: Implications for SST reconstructions, Global Planet. Change, 108, 158-174.
112. Thiel, V., J. Peckmann, O. Schmale, J. Reitner, and, W. Michaelis, (2001), A new straight-chain hydrocarbon biomarker associated with anaerobic methane cycling, Org. Geochem., 32 (8), 1019-1023.
113. Thomas, D. J., R. Korty, M. Huber, J. A. Schubert, and, B. Haines, (2014), Nd isotopic structure of the Pacific Ocean 70-30 Ma and numerical evidence for vigorous ocean circulation and ocean heat transport in a greenhouse world, Paleoceanography, 29, 454-469, doi: 10.1002/2013PA002535.
114. Tierney, J. E., and, M. P. Tingley, (2014), A Bayesian, spatially-varying calibration model for the TEX86, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 127, 83-106.
115. Trommer, G., M. Siccha, M. T. van der Meer, S. Schouten, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, H. Schulz, C. Hemleben, and, M. Kucera, (2009), Distribution of Crenarchaeota tetraether membrane lipids in surface sediments from the Red Sea, Org. Geochem., 40 (6), 724-731.
116. van Hooidonk, R., and, M. Huber, (2009), Equivocal evidence for a thermostat and unusually low levels of coral bleaching in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06705, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036288.
117. Villanueva, L., S. Schouten, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2014), Depth-related distribution of a key gene of the tetraether lipid biosynthetic pathway in marine Thaumarchaeota, Environ. Microbiol., doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12508.
118. Wakeham, S. G., C. M. Lewis, E. C. Hopmans, S. Schouten, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2003), Archaea mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane in deep euxinic waters of the Black Sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67 (7), 1359-1374.
119. Wakeham, S. G., E. C. Hopmans, S. Schouten, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2004), Archaeal lipids and anaerobic oxidation of methane in euxinic water columns: A comparative study of the Black Sea and Cariaco Basin, Chem. Geol., 205 (3), 427-442.
120. Weijers, J. W., S. Schouten, E. C. Hopmans, J. A. Geenevasen, O. R. David, J. M. Coleman, R. D. Pancost, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2006a), Membrane lipids of mesophilic anaerobic bacteria thriving in peats have typical archaeal traits, Environ. Microbiol., 8 (4), 648-657.
121. Weijers, J. W., S. Schouten, O. C. Spaargaren, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2006b), Occurrence and distribution of tetraether membrane lipids in soils: Implications for the use of the TEX86 proxy and the BIT index, Org. Geochem., 37 (12), 1680-1693.
122. Weijers, J. W., K. L. Lim, A. Aquilina, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, and, R. D. Pancost, (2011), Biogeochemical controls on glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipid distributions in sediments characterized by diffusive methane flux, Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 12, Q10010, doi: 10.1029/2011GC003724.
123. Williams, I. N., R. T. Pierrehumbert, and, M. Huber, (2009), Global warming, convective threshold and false thermostats, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L21805, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039849.
124. Wuchter, C., S. Schouten, M. J. L. Coolen, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, (2004), Temperature-dependent variation in the distribution of tetraether membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota: Implications for TEX86 paleothermometry, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4028, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001041.
125. Zachos, J. C., J. R. Breza, and, S. W. Wise, (1992), Early Oligocene ice-sheet expansion on Antarctica: Stable isotope and sedimentological evidence from Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean, Geology, 20 (6), 569-573.
126. Zachos, J. C., S. Schouten, S. Bohaty, T. Quattlebaum, A. Sluijs, H. Brinkhuis, S. Gibbs, and, T. Bralower, (2006), Extreme warming of mid-latitude coastal ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Inferences from TEX86 and isotope data, Geology, 34 (9), 737-740.
127. Zhang, Y. G., C. L. Zhang, X.-L. Liu, L. Li, K.-U. Hinrichs, and, J. E. Noakes, (2011), Methane Index: A tetraether archaeal lipid biomarker indicator for detecting the instability of marine gas hydrates, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 307 (3), 525-534.
128. Zhang, Y. G., M. Pagani, Z. Liu, S. M. Bohaty, and, R. DeConto, (2013), A 40-million-year history of atmospheric CO2, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A, 371 (2001), doi: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0096.
129. Zhang, Z., Q. Yan, and, H. Wang, (2010), Has the Drake Passage played an essential role in the Cenozoic Cooling, Atmos. Ocean Sci. Lett., 3 (5), 288-292.
130. Zhang, Z., K. Nisancioglu, F. Flatøy, M. Bentsen, I. Bethke, and, H. Wang, (2011), Tropical seaways played a more important role than high latitude seaways in Cenozoic cooling, Clim. Past, 7 (3), 801-813.