Global Surgery 2030: Evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development

The Lancet

Volumn 386, Issue 9993, 2015, Pages 569-624

  Meara, John G ^a   Leather, Andrew J M ^c   Hagander, Lars ^d   Alkire, Blake C ^e   Alonso, Nivaldo ^f   Ameh, Emmanuel A ^g   Bickler, Stephen W ^h   Conteh, Lesong ^j   Dare, Anna J ^c   Davies, Justine ^k   Mérisier, Eunice Dérivois ^l   El Halabi, Shenaaz ^m   Farmer, Paul E ^n,o   Gawande, Atul ^n,q   Gillies, Rowan ^r   Greenberg, Sarah L M ^a,s   Grimes, Caris E ^c   Gruen, Russell L ^t   Ismail, Edna Adan ^u   Kamara, Thaim Buya ^v,w   Lavy, Chris ^x   Lundeg, Ganbold ^y   Mkandawire, Nyengo C ^z,aa   Raykar, Nakul P ^a,ab   Riesel, Johanna N ^a,ac   Rodas, Edgar ^ad   Rose, John ^i,p   Roy, Nobhojit ^ae   Shrime, Mark G ^b,e,af   Sullivan, Richard ^c   Verguet, Stéphane ^ag   Watters, David ^ah   Weiser, Thomas G ^ai   Wilson, Iain H ^aj   Yamey, Gavin ^ak   Yip, Winnie ^k   more..

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^e MASSACHUSETTS EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^g NATIONAL HOSPITAL   (Nigeria)

^h UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^j IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^k UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^l Department of Ministry of Health ^*  (Haïti)

^m Department of HIV AIDS Prevention and Care   (Botswana)

ⁿ BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^o PARTNERS IN HEALTH   (United States)

^p ARIADNE LABS   (United States)

^q ROYAL NORTH SHORE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^r MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^s ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^t NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^u Edna Adan University Hospital   (Somalia)

^v Ministry of Health and Sanitation   (Sierra Leone)

^w UNIVERSITY OF SIERRA LEONE   (Sierra Leone)

^x UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^y MONGOLIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Mongolia)

^z UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI   (Malawi)

^aa FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^ab BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^ac MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^ad UNIVERSIDAD DEL AZUAY   (Ecuador)

^ae BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE   (India)

^af HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^ag HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^ah DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^ai STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^aj ROYAL DEVON AND EXETER NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^ak UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHESIA; DISABILITY; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMICS; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INFORMATION SYSTEM; INVESTMENT; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; OPERATING ROOM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCALE UP; SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH; SURGERY; WELFARE; WORK SCHEDULE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; HEALTH; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT;

DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; GLOBAL HEALTH; HUMANS; SPECIALTIES, SURGICAL;

EID: 84938955749     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60160-X     Document Type: Review

References (321)

1. JY Kim Opening address to the inaugural "The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery" meeting. The World Bank. Jan 17, 2014. Boston, MA, USA http://www.globalsurgery.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Jim-Kim-Global-Surgery-Transcribed.pdf (accessed March, 31, 2015).
2. MG Shrime, WS Bickler, BC Alkire, A Mock Global burden of surgical disease: an estimation from the provider perspective Lancet Glob Health 3 2015 S8 S9
3. R Lozano, M Naghavi, K Foreman et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 380 2012 2095 2128
4. SW Bickler, TG Weiser, N Kassebaum et al. Global burden of surgical conditions HT Debas P Donkor A Gawande DT Jamison ME Kruk CN Mock Disease control priorities, 3rd edn, vol 1. Essential surgery 2015 World Bank Washington, DC 9 40
5. H Debas, R Gosselin, C McCord, A Thind Surgery DT Jamison JG Breman AR Measham 2006 The World Bank 2006
6. SN Zafar, Z Fatmi, A Iqbal, R Channa, AH Haider Disparities in access to surgical care within a lower income country: an alarming inequity World J Surg 37 2013 1470 1477
7. TG Weiser, AB Haynes, G Molina et al. Estimate of the global volume of surgery in 2012: an assessment supporting improved health outcomes Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S11
8. LM Funk, TG Weiser, WR Berry et al. Global operating theatre distribution and pulse oximetry supply: an estimation from reported data Lancet 376 2010 1055 1061
9. J Rose, DC Chang, TG Weiser, NJ Kassebaum, SW Bickler The role of surgery in global health: analysis of United States inpatient procedure frequency by condition using the Global Burden of Disease 2010 framework PLoS One 9 2014 e89693
10. CJ Murray, T Vos, R Lozano et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 380 2012 2197 2223
11. S Bickler, D Ozgediz, R Gosselin et al. Key concepts for estimating the burden of surgical conditions and the unmet need for surgical care World J Surg 34 2010 374 380
12. JG Meara, L Hagander, AJ Leather Surgery and global health: a Lancet Commission Lancet 383 2014 12 13
13. AJ Dare, CE Grimes, R Gillies et al. Global surgery: defining an emerging global health field Lancet 384 2015 2245 2247
14. P Byass The imperfect world of global health estimates PLoS Med 7 2010 e1001006
15. P Byass, M de Courten, WJ Graham et al. Reflections on the global burden of disease 2010 estimates PLoS Med 10 2013 e1001477
16. CDFD Mathers, DM Fat, M Inoue, C Rao, AD Lopez Counting the dead and what they died from: an assessment of the global status of cause of death data Bull World Health Organ 83 2005 171 177
17. WHO Civil registration of deaths http://www.who.int/gho/mortality-burden-disease/registered-deaths/en/ (accessed Aug 16, 2014).
18. WHO Civil registration: why counting births and deaths is important http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs324/en/ May, 2014 (accessed Aug 16, 2014).
19. PW Setel, SB Macfarlane, S Szreter the Monitoring of Vital Events A scandal of invisibility: making everyone count by counting everyone Lancet 370 2007 1569 1577
20. K Hill, AD Lopez, K Shibuya, P Jha the Monitoring of Vital Events (MoVE) Interim measures for meeting needs for health sector data: births, deaths, and causes of death Lancet 370 2007 1726 1735
21. C Watts, S Cairncross Should the GBD risk factor rankings be used to guide policy? Lancet 380 2012 2060 2061
22. UNICEF WHO UN Population Fund Guidelines for monitoring the availability and use of obstetric services http://www.childinfo.org/files/maternal-mortality-finalgui.pdf August, 1997 (accessed March 19, 2015).
23. UN Population Fund Monitoring emergency obstetric care - a handbook 2009 World Health Organization; UN Population Fund; United Nations Children's Fund; Averting Maternal Death and Disability Program France http://www.unfpa.org/publications/monitoring-emergency-obstetric-care (accessed March 19, 2015).
24. Dare AJ, Anderson BO, Sullivan RS, et al. Surgical services for cancer cure. In: Disease control priorities, 3rd edn. Cancer. Washington, DC: World Bank (in press).
25. Alkire BC, Raykar NP, Shrime MG, et-al. Global access to surgical care: a modelling exercise. Lancet Global Health (in press).
26. WHO Global status report on road safety 2013: supporting a decade of action 2013 World Health Organization Geneva http://www.who.int/violence-injury-prevention/road-safety-status/2013/en/ (accessed March 19, 2015).
27. J Rose, TG Weiser, P Hider, L Wilson, R Gruen, SW Bickler Estimated need for surgery worldwide based on prevalence of diseases: a modelling study Lancet Glob Health 3 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S13 S20
28. MG Shrime, A Dare, B Alkire, K O'Neill, JG Meara Catastrophic expenditure to pay for surgery: a modelling study Lancet Glob Health 3 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S38 S44
29. CJ Murray, M Ezzati, AD Flaxman et al. GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics Lancet 380 2012 2063 2066
30. L Pearson, R Shoo Availability and use of emergency obstetric services: Kenya, Rwanda, Southern Sudan, and Uganda Int J Gynaecol Obstet 88 2005 208 215
31. H Holmer, K Oyerinde, JG Meara, R Gillies, J Liljestrand, L Hagander The global met need for emergency obstetric care: a systematic review BJOG 122 2015 183 189
32. A Gakwaya, JB Kigula-Mugambe, A Kavuma et al. Cancer of the breast: 5-year survival in a tertiary hospital in Uganda Br J Cancer 99 2008 63 67
33. J Sariego Patterns of breast cancer presentation in the United States: does geography matter? Am Surg 75 2009 545 549
34. JS Ng-Kamstra, A Dare, J Patra for the Million Death Study Collaborators Deaths from acute abdominal conditions and geographic access to surgical care in India: a nationally representative population-based spatial analysis Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S32
35. Hider P, Wilson L, Rose J, Weiser TG, Gruen R, Bickler SW. The role of facility-based surgical services in addressing the national burden of disease in New Zealand: an index of procedure frequency based on country-specific disease prevalence. Surgery (in press).
36. Shrime MG DK, Daniels K, Meara JGM. Half a billion surgical cases: aligning surgical delivery with best-performing health systems. Surgery (in press).
37. The World Bank Health expenditure per capita http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP 2009-13 (accessed Sept 26, 2014).
38. TNS New Zealand Assessing the demand for elective surgery amongst New Zealanders http://www.healthfunds.org.nz/pdf/Assessing%20the%20demand%20for%20Elective%20Surgery%20for%20release.pdf September, 2013 (accessed Sept 26, 2014).
39. WHO World Bank Monitoring progress towards universal health coverage at country and global levels. May, 2014 2014 World Health Organization, World Bank Group Geneva
40. WHO Everybody's business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes. WHO's framework for action, 2007 2007 World Health Organization http://www.who.int/healthsystems/strategy/everybodys-business.pdf (accessed March 19, 2015).
41. J Kutzin Towards universal health care coverage: a goal-oriented framework for policy analysis 2000 World Bank Washington, DC
42. J Vega Universal health coverage: the post-2015 development agenda Lancet 381 2013 179 180
43. GJ Scheiber, P Gottret, LK Fleisher, AA Leive Financing global health: mission unaccomplished Health Aff 26 2007 921 934
44. K Xu, DB Evans, K Kawabata, R Zeramdini, J Klavus, CJ Murray Household catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis Lancet 362 2003 111 117
45. E van Doorslaer, O O'Donnell, RP Rannan-Eliya et al. Effect of payments for health care on poverty estimates in 11 countries in Asia: an analysis of household survey data Lancet 368 2006 1357 1364
46. SA Hamid, SM Ahsan, A Begum Disease-specific impoverishment impact of out-of-pocket payments for health care: evidence from rural Bangladesh Appl Health Econ Health Policy 12 2014 421 433
47. Jan S, Kimman M, Peters SA, Woodward M. Socioeconomic consequences of surgery for cancer in South-East Asia: results from the ACTION Study. Surgery (in press).
48. S Verguet, BC Alkire, SW Bickler et al. Timing and cost of scaling up surgical services in low-income and middle-income countries from 2012 to 2030: a modelling study Lancet Glob Health 3 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S28 S37
49. R Price, O Sergelen, C Unursaikhan Improving surgical care in Mongolia: a model for sustainable development World J Surg 37 2013 1492 1499
50. Esquivel MM, Molina G, Uribe-Leitz T, et al. Proposed minimum rates of surgery to support desirable health outcomes: an observational study based on four strategies. World J Surg (in press).
51. S Verguet, DT Jamison Estimates of performance in the rate of decline of under-five mortality for 113 low- and middle-income countries, 1970-2010 Health Policy Plan 29 2014 151 163
52. S Verguet, OF Norheim, ZD Olson, G Yamey, DT Jamison Annual rates of decline in child, maternal, HIV, and tuberculosis mortality across 109 countries of low and middle income from 1990 to 2013: an assessment of the feasibility of post-2015 goals Lancet Glob Health 2 2014 e698 e709
53. TE Chao, K Sharma, M Mandigo et al. Cost-effectiveness of surgery and its policy implications for global health: a systematic review and analysis Lancet Glob Health 2 2014 e334 e345
54. CN Mock, P Donkor, A Gawande, DT Jamison, ME Kruk, HT Debas for the DCP3 Essential Surgery Author Group Essential surgery: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition Lancet 2015 published online Feb 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60091-5
55. DE Bloom, ET Cafiero, E Jané-Llopis et al. The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases 2011 World Economic Forum Geneva
56. DT Jamison, LH Summers, G Alleyne et al. Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation Lancet 382 2013 1898 1955
57. BC Alkire, MG Shrime, AJ Dare, JR Vincent, JG Meara Global economic consequences of selected surgical diseases: a modelling study Lancet Glob Health 3 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S21 S27
58. G Molina, MM Esquivel, T Uribe-Leitz et al. Avoidable maternal and neonatal deaths associated with improving access to caesarean delivery in countries with low caesarean delivery rates: an ecological modelling analysis Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S33
59. OF Norheim, P Jha, K Admasu et al. Avoiding 40% of the premature deaths in each country, 2010-30: review of national mortality trends to help quantify the UN Sustainable Development Goal for health Lancet 385 2014 239 252
60. H Mahler Surgery and health for all. Address to the XXII Biennial World Congress of the International College of Surgeons. June 29, 1980, Mexico City http://www.who.int/surgery/strategies/Mahler1980speech.pdf (accessed March 19, 2015).
61. Copenhagen Consensus 2008 - Results 2008 Copenhagen Consensus Frederiksberg, Denmark http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/cc08-results-final-0.pdf (accessed March 19, 2015).
62. The PLoS Medicine Editors A crucial role for surgery in reaching the UN Millennium Development Goals PLoS Med 5 2008 e182
63. PE Farmer, JY Kim Surgery and global health: a view from beyond the OR World J Surg 32 2008 533 536
64. P Farmer, J Mukherjee Ebola's front lines Boston Globe (Boston) Sept 24, 2014
65. JY Kim, P Farmer, ME Porter Redefining global health-care delivery Lancet 382 2013 1060 1069
66. A Mills Health care systems in low- and middle-income countries N Engl J Med 370 2014 552 557
67. R Morgan, T Ensor The regulation of private hospitals in Asia Int J Health Plann Manage 2014 10.1002/hpm.2257 published online May 13.
68. S Thaddeus, D Maine Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context Soc Sci Med 38 1994 1091 1110
69. CE Grimes, KG Bowman, CM Dodgion, CB Lavy Systematic review of barriers to surgical care in low-income and middle-income countries World J Surg 35 2011 941 950
70. J DeJong Traditional medicine in Sub-Saharan Africa: its importance and potential policy options. Policy, Research, and External Affairs working papers; no. WPS 735. Population, health, and nutrition http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1991/07/699932/traditional-medicine-sub-saharan-africa-importance-potential-policy-options 1991 (accessed March 19, 2015).
71. WHO Traditional medicine strategy 2002-05 http://www.wpro.who.int/health-technology/book-who-traditional-medicine-strategy-2002-2005.pdf 2002 (accessed March 19, 2015).
72. K Nielsen, C Mock, M Joshipura, AM Rubiano, A Zakariah, F Rivara Assessment of the status of prehospital care in 13 low- and middle-income countries Prehosp Emerg Care 16 2012 381 389
73. K O'Neill, M Takane, A Sheffel, C Abou-Zahr, T Boerma Monitoring service delivery for universal health coverage: the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment Bull World Health Organ 91 2013 923 931
74. AL Kushner, MN Cherian, L Noel, DA Spiegel, S Groth, C Etienne Addressing the Millennium Development Goals from a surgical perspective: essential surgery and anesthesia in 8 low- and middle-income countries Arch Surg 145 2010 154 159
75. WHO Zambia service availability and readiness assessment 2010 summary report http://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/zmb-sara-report-2010-web.pdf (accessed March 19, 2015).
76. JA Henry, O Windapo, AL Kushner, RS Groen, BC Nwomeh A survey of surgical capacity in rural southern Nigeria: opportunities for change World J Surg 36 2012 2811 2818
77. BH Wagenaar, S Gimbel, R Hoek et al. Stock-outs of essential health products in Mozambique - longitudinal analyses from 2011 to 2013 Trop Med Int Health 19 2014 791 801
78. SM Ahmed, TG Evans, H Standing, S Mahmud Harnessing pluralism for better health in Bangladesh Lancet 382 2013 1746 1755
79. J Gallien, I Rashkova, RA Atun, P Yadav National drug stockout risks in Africa: analysis of the global fund disbursement process for procurement from 2002 to 2013. Ross School of Business Working Paper number 1241 http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/107445/1241-Yadav.pdf?sequence=1 May, 2014 (accessed March 19, 2015).
80. DG LeBrun, S Chackungal, TE Chao et al. Prioritizing essential surgery and safe anesthesia for the post-2015 Development Agenda: operative capacities of 78 district hospitals in 7 low- and middle-income countries Surgery 155 2014 365 373
81. WHO Guidelines for health care equipment donations http://www.who.int/medical-devices/publications/en/Donation-Guidelines.pdf 1997 (accessed March 19, 2015).
82. L Perry, R Malkin Effectiveness of medical equipment donations to improve health systems: how much medical equipment is broken in the developing world? Med Biol Eng Comput 49 2011 719 722
83. DJ Mollura, N Shah, J Mazal, RADAIDCW Group the RAD-AID Conference Writing Group White paper report of the 2013 RAD-AID Conference: improving radiology in resource-limited regions and developing countries J Am Coll Radiol 11 2014 913 919
84. TP Hanche-Olsen, L Alemu, A Viste, T Wisborg, KS Hansen Trauma care in Africa: a status report from Botswana, guided by the World Health Organization's "Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care" World J Surg 36 2012 2371 2383
85. H Benediktsson, J Whitelaw, I Roy Pathology services in developing countries: a challenge Arch Pathol Lab Med 131 2007 1636 1639
86. C Mock, S Nguyen, R Quansah, C Arreola-Risa, R Viradia, M Joshipura Evaluation of trauma care capabilities in four countries using the WHO-IATSIC Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care World J Surg 30 2006 946 956
87. CT Tagny, S Owusu-Ofori, D Mbanya, V Deneys The blood donor in sub-Saharan Africa: a review Transfus Med 20 2010 1 10
88. JB Tapko, B Toure, LG Sambo Status of blood safety in the WHO African region. Report of the 2010 Survey http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com-docman&task=doc-download&gid=9135&Itemid=2593 (accessed March 19, 2015).
89. WHO Blood safety and availability http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs279/en/ 2013 (accessed March 20, 2015).
90. CL van der Poel, E Seifried, WP Schaasberg Paying for blood donations: still a risk? Vox Sang 83 2002 285 293
91. JS Weissman, JM Rothschild, E Bendavid et al. Hospital workload and adverse events Med Care 45 2007 448 455
92. R Rehmani Emergency section and overcrowding in a university hospital of Karachi, Pakistan J Pak Med Assoc 54 2004 233 237
93. CE Grimes, RSL Law, ES Borgstein, NC Mkandawire, CBD Lavy Systematic review of met and unmet need of surgical disease in rural sub-Saharan Africa World J Surg 36 2012 8 23
94. LM Funk, DM Conley, WR Berry, AA Gawande Hospital management practices and availability of surgery in sub-Saharan Africa: a pilot study of three hospitals World J Surg 37 2013 2520 2528
95. F Dexter, RH Epstein Operating room efficiency and scheduling Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 18 2005 195 198
96. NP Raykar, RR Yorlets, C Liu et al. A qualitative study exploring contextual challenges to surgical care provision in 21 LMICs Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S15
97. B Marchal, M Dedzo, G Kegels Turning around an ailing district hospital: a realist evaluation of strategic changes at Ho Municipal Hospital (Ghana) BMC Public Health 10 2010 787
98. M King, P Bewes, J Cairns, J Thornton Primary surgery, vol 1. Non-trauma 1990 Oxford University Press Oxford
99. S Holmberg, B Rothstein Dying of corruption Health Econ Policy Law 6 2011 529 547
100. D Sachan Tackling corruption in Indian medicine Lancet 382 2013 e23 e24
101. JS Ng-Kamstra, S Arya, TE Chung et al. Mapping the playing field - a novel web-based strategy to identify non-governmental actors in global surgery Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S55
102. DR Welling, JM Ryan, DG Burris, NM Rich Seven sins of humanitarian medicine World J Surg 34 2010 466 470
103. P Farmer, A Kleinman, J Kim, M Basilico Reimagining global health: an introduction 2013 University of California Press California
104. AH Mussa, J Pfeiffer, SS Gloyd, K Sherr Vertical funding, non-governmental organizations, and health system strengthening: perspectives of public sector health workers in Mozambique Hum Resour Health 11 2013 26
105. C Mock Strengthening prehospital trauma care in the absence of formal emergency medical services World J Surg 33 2009 2510 2511
106. A Hadi An approach to reaching the poor and disadvantaged to promote health equity in rural Bangladesh. BRAC Health Research Report http://research.brac.net/reports/approach-to-reaching-poor-to-promote-health-equity-pdf 2004 (accessed Jan 1, 2015).
107. S Bergström, E Goodburn The role of traditional birth attendants in the reduction of maternal mortality V De Brouwere W Van Lerberghe Safe motherhood strategies: a review of the evidence 2001 ITGPress Antwerp, Belgium 77 95
108. A Liu, S Sullivan, M Khan, S Sachs, P Singh Community health workers in global health: scale and scalability Mt Sinai J Med 78 2011 419 435
109. N Roy, V Murlidhar, R Chowdhury et al. Where there are no emergency medical services-prehospital care for the injured in Mumbai, India Prehosp Disaster Med 25 2010 145 151
110. Thomson Reuters Foundation LLP Dechert Intel Corporation, Carrington, Coleman, Sloman & Blumenthal LLP Good Samaritan Laws: a comparative study of laws that protect first responders who assist accident victims. A research note by Dechert for SaveLIFE Foundation http://www.trust.org/publication/?id=7be34cce-ea0d-4c90-8b39-53427acf4c43 May, 2014 (accessed Jan 1, 2015).
111. MA Tiska, M Adu-Ampofo, G Boakye, L Tuuli, CN Mock A model of prehospital trauma training for lay persons devised in Africa Emerg Med J 21 2004 237 239
112. S Jayaraman, JR Mabweijano, MS Lipnick et al. First things first: effectiveness and scalability of a basic prehospital trauma care program for lay first-responders in Kampala, Uganda PLoS One 4 2009 e6955
113. A Donabedian The quality of care. How can it be assessed? JAMA 260 1988 1743 1748
114. OA Awojobi Twenty years of primary care surgery in Ibarapa Nig J Ophthalmol 11 2003 49 53
115. S Mendis, K Fukino, A Cameron et al. The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries Bull World Health Organ 85 2007 279 288
116. WHO WHO guidelines for safe surgery 1st edn. 2008 World Health Organization Geneva
117. S Luboga, SB Macfarlane, J von Schreeb the Bellagio Essential Surgery Group (BESG) Increasing access to surgical services in sub-Saharan Africa: priorities for national and international agencies recommended by the Bellagio Essential Surgery Group PLoS Med 6 2009 e1000200
118. J Hammer, W Jack Designing incentives for rural health care providers in developing countries J Dev Econ 69 2002 297 303
119. N Pakenham-Walsh, F Bukachi, R Stancliffe Healthcare information for all by 2015 Presentation 26 August 2006 2009 http://www.hifa2015.org/wp-content/uploads/Neil-Pakenham-Walsh-HIFA.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015).
120. I Roberts, H Shakur, A Afolabi the CRASH-2 collaborators The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial Lancet 377 2011 1096 1101 e1-2.
121. DS Maru, R Schwarz, A Jason, S Basu, A Sharma, C Moore Turning a blind eye: the mobilization of radiology services in resource-poor regions Global Health 6 2010 18
122. RD Harris, WM Marks Compact ultrasound for improving maternal and perinatal care in low-resource settings: review of the potential benefits, implementation challenges, and public health issues J Ultrasound Med 28 2009 1067 1076
123. J Dyro Clinical engineering handbook 2004 Elsevier Academic Press London
124. S Mullally Clinical engineering effectiveness in developing world hospitals. Masters thesis, Carleton University https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/theses/29435.pdf 2008 (accessed March 5, 2015).
125. Jan Swasthya Appropriate technology for health care. Sahyog http://www.jssbilaspur.org/activities/technology.php 2006 (accessed Dec 15, 2014).
126. FW Anderson Building Academic Partnerships to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality 2013 Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library Michigan http://open.umich.edu/sites/default/files/building-academic-partneships-reduce-maternal-morbidity-mortality-anderson.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015).
127. T Folaranmi Health in Africa: challenges and opportunities Perspect Public Health 134 2014 14 15
128. A Matousek, K Paik, E Winkler et al. Community health workers and smartphones for the detection of surgical site infections in rural Haiti: a pilot study Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S47
129. D Ozgediz, M Galukande, J Mabweijano et al. The neglect of the global surgical workforce: experience and evidence from Uganda World J Surg 32 2008 1208 1215
130. J Lemaire Elements necessary for the successful scale up of mobile health in developing countries. White paper Commissioned by advanced development for Africa 2011; 1 https://www.k4health.org/sites/default/files/ADA-mHealth%20White%20Paper.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015).
131. K Ndlovu, R Littman-Quinn, E Park, Z Dikai, CL Kovarik Scaling up a mobile telemedicine solution in Botswana: keys to sustainability Front Public Health 2 2014 275
132. OA Adeyi Pathology services in developing countries-the West African experience Arch Pathol Lab Med 135 2011 183 186
133. T Kotsi, LN Van Wassenhove, M Hensen Medicine donations: matching demand with supply in broken supply chains. INSEAD Social Innovation Centre http://centres.insead.edu/social-innovation/what-we-do/documents/WP2014-19-TOM-ISIC-Matching-Demand-with-Supply-in-Broken-Supply-Chains.pdf 2014 (accessed March 20, 2015).
134. BS Atiyeh, SWA Gunn, SN Hayek Provision of essential surgery in remote and rural areas of developed as well as low and middle income countries Int J Surg 8 2010 581 585
135. SC Williams, SP Schmaltz, DJ Morton, RG Koss, JM Loeb Quality of care in U.S. hospitals as reflected by standardized measures, 2002-2004 N Engl J Med 353 2005 255 264
136. AB Haynes, TG Weiser, WR Berry the Safe Surgery Saves Lives Study Group A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population N Engl J Med 360 2009 491 499
137. AC Kwok, LM Funk, R Baltaga et al. Implementation of the World Health Organization surgical safety checklist, including introduction of pulse oximetry, in a resource-limited setting Ann Surg 257 2013 633 639
138. S Kraiselburd, P Yadav Supply chains and global health: an imperative for bringing operations management scholarship into action Prod Oper Manag 22 2013 377 381
139. L Arney, P Yadav, R Miller, T Wilkerson Improving procurement practices in developing country health programs 2014 William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor
140. WHO Organization of referral systems - a summary of key processes to guide health services managers 2000 World Health Organization Geneva www.who.int/management/referralnotes.doc (accessed Jan 1, 2015).
141. Directorate of Health Services Kerala Referral guidelines for the common conditions for institutions under DME & DHS in Kerala 2012 Government of Kerala Kerala
142. D Gupta Surgical suites' operations management Prod Oper Manag 16 2007 689 700
143. Christian Medical College Vellore Patient care services at the Christian Medical College, Vellore http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/patients/CMC,%20in%20service%20of%20the%20nation%20since%201900.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015).
144. DAK Watters, H Ewing, E McCaig Three phases of the Pacific Islands Project (1995-2010) ANZ J Surg 82 2012 318 324
145. KM Casey The global impact of surgical volunteerism Surg Clin North Am 87 2007 949 960
146. S Shukla, SS Sinha Reclaiming public health through community-based monitoring. Municipal Services Project, Occasional Paper No 27 http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/publications/OccasionalPaper27-Shukla-Saha-Reclaiming-Public-Health-through-CBM-Case-Maharashtra-India-Aug2014.pdf September, 2014 (accessed March 20, 2015).
147. M Chêne Anticorruption Progress in Georgia, Liberia, Rwanda. Report from Transparency International Helpdesk 2011; 1 http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/answer/anti-corruption-progress-in-georgia-liberia-rwanda (accessed March 20, 2015).
148. WHO The world health report 2006: working together for health 2006 World Health Organization Geneva http://www.who.int/whr/2006/whr06-en.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015).
149. J Campbell, G Dussault, J Buchan et al. A universal truth: no health without a workforce. Third Global Forum on Human Resources for Health, Recife, Brazil. 2013. World Health Organisation http://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/GHWA-AUniversalTruthReport.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015).
150. H Holmer, A Lantz, T Kunjumen et al. Global distribution of surgeons, anaesthesiologists, and obstetricians Lancet Glob Health 3 2015 S9 11
151. H Holmer, M Shrime, JN Riesel, JG Meara, L Hagander Towards closing the gap of the global surgeon, anaesthesiologist and obstetrician workforce: thresholds and projections towards 2030 Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S40
152. UN World Population Prospects The 2012 Revision http://esa.un.org/wpp/index.htm.2014 (accessed Dec 18, 2014).
153. KM Daniels, JN Riesel, JG Meara The scale-up of the surgical workforce Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S41
154. NP Raykar, AN Bowder, Liu Charles et al. Geospatial mapping to estimate timely access to surgical care in nine low-income and middle-income countries Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S16
155. K Chu, P Rosseel, P Gielis, N Ford Surgical task shifting in sub-Saharan Africa PLoS Med 6 2009 e1000078
156. N Mkandawire, C Ngulube, C Lavy Orthopaedic clinical officer program in Malawi: a model for providing orthopaedic care Clin Orthop Relat Res 466 2008 2385 2391
157. G Chilopora, C Pereira, F Kamwendo, A Chimbiri, E Malunga, S Bergström Postoperative outcome of caesarean sections and other major emergency obstetric surgery by clinical officers and medical officers in Malawi Hum Resour Health 5 2007 17
158. C Pereira, A Cumbi, R Malalane et al. Meeting the need for emergency obstetric care in Mozambique: work performance and histories of medical doctors and assistant medical officers trained for surgery BJOG 114 2007 1530 1533
159. WHO Task shifting: global recommendations and guidelines http://www.who.int/healthsystems/TTR-TaskShifting.pdf 2008 (accessed March 20, 2015).
160. S Chowdhury, Z Chowdhury Tubectomy by paraprofessional surgeons in rural Bangladesh Lancet 2 1975 567 569
161. S Bergström, B McPake, C Pereira, D Dovlo Workforce innovations to expand the capacity for surgical services HT Debas P Donkor A Gawande DT Jamison ME Kruk CN Mock Disease control priorities, 3rd edn, vol 1. Essential surgery 2015 World Bank Washington, DC 307 316
162. WHO Optimising health worker roles to improve access to key maternal and newborn health interventions through task shifting http://www.optimisemnh.org 2012 (accessed Jan 24, 2013).
163. FM Federspiel, S Mukhopadhyay, P Milsom, JW Scott, JN Riesel, JG Meara Global surgical and anaesthetic task shifting: a systematic literature review and survey Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S46
164. G Meo, D Andreone, U De Bonis et al. Rural surgery in southern Sudan World J Surg 30 2006 495 504
165. SM White, RG Thorpe, D Maine Emergency obstetric surgery performed by nurses in Zaïre Lancet 2 1987 612 613
166. M Galukande, S Kaggwa, P Sekimpi et al. Use of surgical task shifting to scale up essential surgical services: a feasibility analysis at facility level in Uganda BMC Health Serv Res 13 2013 292
167. A Wilson, D Lissauer, S Thangaratinam, KS Khan, C MacArthur, A Coomarasamy A comparison of clinical officers with medical doctors on outcomes of caesarean section in the developing world: meta-analysis of controlled studies BMJ 342 2011 d2600
168. KM Chu, NP Ford, M Trelles Providing surgical care in Somalia: a model of task shifting Confl Health 5 2011 12
169. AF Tyson, N Msiska, M Kiser et al. Delivery of operative pediatric surgical care by physicians and non-physician clinicians in Malawi Int J Surg 12 2014 509 515
170. F Bajunirwe, L Twesigye, M Zhang, VB Kerry, DR Bangsberg Influence of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPfAR) on career choices and emigration of health-profession graduates from a Ugandan medical school: a cross-sectional study BMJ Open 3 2013 e002875
171. IA Abioye, NA Ibrahim, MO Odesanya, KO Wright The future of trauma care in a developing country: interest of medical students and interns in surgery and surgical specialties Int J Surg 10 2012 209 212
172. D Kahn, S Pillay, MG Veller, E Panieri, MJ Westcott General surgery in crisis - comparatively low levels of remuneration S Afr J Surg 44 2006 96 98-99, 102.
173. AH Lantz, H Holmer, S Finlayson et al. International migration of surgeons, anaesthesiologists, and obstetricians Lancet Global Health 3 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S11 S12
174. F Mullan The metrics of the physician brain drain N Engl J Med 353 2005 1810 1818
175. VC Burch, D McKinley, J van Wyk et al. Career intentions of medical students trained in six sub-Saharan African countries Educ Health (Abingdon) 24 2011 614
176. DM Smith Barriers facing junior doctors in rural practice Rural Remote Health 5 2005 348
177. CA Attah Surgery in rural Nigeria - problems, challenges and recommendations S Afr J Surg 31 1993 106 108
178. F Mullan, S Frehywot, F Omaswa et al. Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa Lancet 377 2011 1113 1121
179. J Frenk, L Chen, ZA Bhutta et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world Lancet 376 2010 1923 1958
180. A Cumbi, C Pereira, R Malalane et al. Major surgery delegation to mid-level health practitioners in Mozambique: health professionals' perceptions Hum Resour Health 5 2007 27
181. CO Bode, J Olatosi, G Amposah, I Desalu Has the middle-level anaesthesia manpower training program of the West African College of Surgeons fulfilled its objectives? Anaesth Intensive Care 41 2013 359 362
182. A Binagwaho, P Kyamanywa, PE Farmer et al. The human resources for health program in Rwanda - new partnership N Engl J Med 369 2013 2054 2059
183. EO Olapade-Olaopa, S Baird, E Kiguli-Malwadde, JC Kolars Growing partnerships: leveraging the power of collaboration through the Medical Education Partnership Initiative Acad Med 89 suppl 8 2014 S19 S23
184. AP Sawatsky, N Parekh, AS Muula, T Bui Specialization training in Malawi: a qualitative study on the perspectives of medical students graduating from the University of Malawi College of Medicine BMC Med Educ 14 2014 2
185. K Grady Safer Anaesthesia From Education (SAFE) obstetric anaesthesia course http://www.aagbi.org/international/international-relations-committee/refresher-courses 2014 (accessed Sept 20, 2014).
186. The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA) WFSA Fellowship Training Programs http://www.wfsahq.org/training-programs/50-wfsa-fellowship-training-programs 2014 (accessed Dec 5, 2014).
187. AE Elobu, A Kintu, M Galukande et al. Evaluating international global health collaborations: perspectives from surgery and anesthesia trainees in Uganda Surgery 155 2014 585 592
188. N Crisp, L Chen Global supply of health professionals N Engl J Med 370 2014 950 957
189. V Curran, L Rourke, P Snow A framework for enhancing continuing medical education for rural physicians: a summary of the literature Med Teach 32 2010 e501 e508
190. I Kakande, N Mkandawire, MIW Thompson A review of surgical capacity and surgical education programmes in the COSECSA region East Cent Afr J Surg 16 2011 6 34
191. FW Anderson, SA Obed, EL Boothman, H Opare-Ado The public health impact of training physicians to become obstetricians and gynecologists in Ghana Am J Public Health 104 suppl 1 2014 S159 S165
192. JR Frank, B Langer Collaboration, communication, management, and advocacy: teaching surgeons new skills through the CanMEDS Project World J Surg 27 2003 972 978
193. SR Swing Assessing the ACGME general competencies: general considerations and assessment methods Acad Emerg Med 9 2002 1278 1288
194. India MCo Medical Council of India salient features of postgraduate medical education regulations http://www.mciindia.org/RulesandRegulations/PGMedicalEducationRegulations2000.aspx 2013 (accessed Dec 11, 2014).
195. H Rushwan, S Khaddaj, L Knight, R Scott Need for a global obstetric fistula training strategy Int J Gynaecol Obstet 119 suppl 1 2012 S76 S79
196. WC McGaghie, SB Issenberg, ER Cohen, JH Barsuk, DB Wayne Does simulation-based medical education with deliberate practice yield better results than traditional clinical education? A meta-analytic comparative review of the evidence Acad Med 86 2011 706 711
197. KD Meneses, CH Yarbro An evaluation of the Train the Trainer International Breast Health and Breast Cancer Education: lessons learned J Cancer Educ 23 2008 267 271
198. E Rutebemberwa, AA Kinengyere, F Ssengooba, GW Pariyo, SN Kiwanuka Financial interventions and movement restrictions for managing the movement of health workers between public and private organizations in low- and middle-income countries Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2014 CD009845.
199. CD White, K Willett, C Mitchell, S Constantine Making a difference: education and training retains and supports rural and remote doctors in Queensland Rural Remote Health 7 2007 700
200. M Cherian, S Choo, I Wilson et al. Building and retaining the neglected anaesthesia health workforce: is it crucial for health systems strengthening through primary health care? Bull World Health Organ 88 2010 637 639
201. NC Makapela, U Useh Rural allowance and the retention of health professionals in selected hospitals in the North West Province of South Africa J Hum Ergol (Tokyo) 44 2013 129 138
202. JR Kolstad How to make rural jobs more attractive to health workers. Findings from a discrete choice experiment in Tanzania Health Econ 20 2011 196 211
203. JB Isah The rural surgeon and ivory towers World J Surg 32 2008 503 504
204. WHO Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention: global policy recommendations http://www.searo.who.int/Nepal/mediacentre/2010-increasing-access-to-health-workers-in-remote-and-rural-areas.pdf 2010 (accessed March 20, 2015).
205. A Mwanika, I Okullo, DK Kaye et al. Perception and valuations of community-based education and service by alumni at Makerere University College of Health Sciences BMC Int Health Hum Rights 11 suppl 1 2011 S5
206. T Bärnighausen, DE Bloom Financial incentives for return of service in underserved areas: a systematic review BMC Health Serv Res 9 2009 86
207. AA Edler, MS Gipp Teaching nonphysician anesthesia providers in Tanzania: a movement toward sustainable healthcare development Int Anesthesiol Clin 48 2010 59 69
208. TJ Cullen, LG Hart, ME Whitcomb, RA Rosenblatt The National Health Service Corps: rural physician service and retention J Am Board Fam Pract 10 1997 272 279
209. JD Pollock, TP Love, BC Steffes, DC Thompson, J Mellinger, C Haisch Is it possible to train surgeons for rural Africa? A report of a successful international program World J Surg 35 2011 493 499
210. WHO World Federation for Medical Education Accreditation of medical education institutions; report of a technical meeting Copenhagen, Denmark http://www.who.int/hrh/documents/WFME-report.pdf 2004 (accessed March 20, 2015).
211. RS Rhodes, TW Biester Certification and maintenance of certification in surgery Surg Clin North Am 87 2007 825 836
212. RS Rhodes, TW Biesten, WP Ritchie, MA Malangoni Continuing medical education activity and American Board of Surgery examination performance J Am Coll Surg 196 2003 604 609
213. AP Tucker, A Miller, D Sweeney, RW Jones Continuing medical education: a needs analysis of anaesthetists Anaesth Intensive Care 34 2006 765 769
214. AL Halverson, DA DaRosa, DC Borgstrom et al. Evaluation of a blended learning surgical skills course for rural surgeons Am J Surg 208 2014 136 142
215. H Kuper, S Polack, W Mathenge et al. Does cataract surgery alleviate poverty? Evidence from a multi-centre intervention study conducted in Kenya, the Philippines and Bangladesh PLoS One 5 2010 e15431
216. RP Finger, DG Kupitz, E Fenwick et al. The impact of successful cataract surgery on quality of life, household income and social status in South India PLoS One 7 2012 e44268
217. BM Essue, Q Li, ML Hackett the VISIONARY Study Team A multicenter prospective cohort study of quality of life and economic outcomes after cataract surgery in Vietnam: the VISIONARY study Ophthalmology 121 2014 2138 2146
218. B Alkire, CD Hughes, K Nash, JR Vincent, JG Meara Potential economic benefit of cleft lip and palate repair in sub-Saharan Africa World J Surg 35 2011 1194 1201
219. D Chisholm, AE Stanciole, T Tan Torres Edejer, DB Evans Economic impact of disease and injury: counting what matters BMJ 340 2010 c924
220. JK Hammitt Valuing mortality risk: theory and practice Environ Sci Technol 34 2000 1396 1400
221. WK Viscusi, JE Aldy The value of a statistical life: a critical review of market estimates throughout the world J Risk Uncertain 27 2003 5 76
222. P Davies Could a passage to India be the way to get more surgical experience? BMJ 345 2012 e6637
223. S Arnquist, R Weintraub Cases in global health delivery. The indus hospital: delivering free health care in Pakistan 2012 Harvard Medical School Boston, MA
224. MG Singh, A Gambhir, J Dasgupta Innovation in India: affordable innovations S Dutta The Global Innovation Index 2011 2011 INSEAD Paris, France
225. R Hutubessy, R Baltussen, T Tan-Torres Edejer, D Evans Generalized cost-effectiveness anlaysis: an aid to decision making in health 2003 World Health Organization Geneva
226. KT Storeng, RF Baggaley, R Ganaba, F Ouattara, MS Akoum, V Filippi Paying the price: the cost and consequences of emergency obstetric care in Burkina Faso Soc Sci Med 66 2008 545 557
227. J Borghi, K Hanson, CA Acquah et al. Costs of near-miss obstetric complications for women and their families in Benin and Ghana Health Policy Plan 18 2003 383 390
228. A Honda, PG Randaoharison, M Matsui Affordability of emergency obstetric and neonatal care at public hospitals in Madagascar Reprod Health Matters 19 2011 10 20
229. Z Quayyum, M Nadjib, T Ensor, PK Sucahya Expenditure on obstetric care and the protective effect of insurance on the poor: lessons from two Indonesian districts Health Policy Plan 25 2010 237 247
230. AM Ilbawi, EM Einterz, D Nkusu Obstacles to surgical services in a rural Cameroonian district hospital World J Surg 37 2013 1208 1215
231. G Brian, L Maher, J Ramke, A Palagyi Eye care in Fiji: a population-based study of use and barriers Ophthalmic Epidemiol 19 2012 43 51
232. C McCord, R Premkumar, S Arole, R Arole Efficient and effective emergency obstetric care in a rural Indian community where most deliveries are at home Int J Gynaecol Obstet 75 2001 297 307
233. G Schieber, C Baeza, D Kress, M Maier Financing health systems in the 21st Century DT Jamison JG Breman AR Measham Disease control priorities in developing countries 2nd edn. 2006 World Bank Washington, DC 225 242
234. JL Dielman, G Yamey, EK Johnson, CM Graves, A Haakenstad, JG Meara Tracking global expenditures on surgery: gaps in knowledge hinder progress Lancet Glob Health 3 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S2 S4
235. LA Gutnik, J Dielman, AJ Dare et al. Funding flows to global surgery; an analysis of contributions from the US Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S51
236. RS Groen, VM Sriram, TB Kamara, AL Kushner, L Blok Individual and community perceptions of surgical care in Sierra Leone Trop Med Int Health 19 2014 107 116
237. T Ensor, J Ronoh Effective financing of maternal health services: a review of the literature Health Policy 75 2005 49 58
238. S Witter, K Khalid Mousa, ME Abdel-Rahman, R Hussein Al-Amin, M Saed Removal of user fees for caesareans and under-fives in northern Sudan: a review of policy implementation and effectiveness Int J Health Plann Manage 28 2013 e95 120
239. S Witter, T Dieng, D Mbengue, I Moreira, V De Brouwere The national free delivery and caesarean policy in Senegal: evaluating process and outcomes Health Policy Plan 25 2010 384 392
240. RS Groen, TB Kamara, BC Nwomeh, KS Daoh, AL Kushner Free health care for under 5 year olds increases access to surgical care in Sierra Leone: an analysis of case load and patient characteristics World J Surg 37 2013 1216 1219
241. XJ Zhang, YB Liang, YP Liu et al. Implementation of a free cataract surgery program in rural China: a community-based randomized interventional study Ophthalmology 120 2013 260 265
242. MG Shrime, S Verguet, KA Johansson, D Desalegn, DT Jamison, ME Kruk Task-sharing or public finance for the expansion of surgical access in rural Ethiopia: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis H Debas P Donkor AA Gawande DT Jamison ME Kruk C Mock Disease control priorities, 3rd edn, vol 1. Essential surgery 2015 World Bank Washington, DC 339 352
243. S Bennett, A Creese, R Monasch Health insurance schemes for people outside formal sector employment. Analysis, Research & Assessment Division 1998 World Health Organization Geneva
244. K Chu, H Davoodi, S Gupta Income distribution and tax and government social spending policies in developing countries. IMF Working Paper 62 2000 IMF Washington
245. J Quick, J Jay, A Langer Improving women's health through universal health coverage PLoS Med 11 2014 e1001580
246. PE Farmer, CT Nutt, CM Wagner et al. Reduced premature mortality in Rwanda: lessons from success BMJ 346 2013 f65
247. S Basu, J Andrews, S Kishore, R Panjabi, D Stuckler Comparative performance of private and public healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review PLoS Med 9 2012 e1001244
248. AD Oxman, A Fretheim Can paying for results help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals? A critical review of selected evaluations of results-based financing J Evid Based Med 2 2009 184 195
249. P Basinga, PJ Gertler, A Binagwaho, AL Soucat, J Sturdy, CM Vermeersch Effect on maternal and child health services in Rwanda of payment to primary health-care providers for performance: an impact evaluation Lancet 377 2011 1421 1428
250. C Dickinson Is aid effectiveness giving us better health results? 2011 HLSP Institute London
251. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Applying strategic environmental assessment. Paris, France http://www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development/37353858.pdf 2006 (accessed March 20, 2015).
252. Department of Planning Ministry of Health Lilongwe Republic of Malawi A Joint Programme of Work for a Health Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) [2004-2010] http://gametlibrary.worldbank.org/FILES/466-Health%20Sector%20SWAp%20Malawi.pdf 2004 (accessed March 20, 2015).
253. V Orinda, H Kakande, J Kabarangira, G Nanda, AK Mbonye A sector-wide approach to emergency obstetric care in Uganda Int J Gynaecol Obstet 91 2005 285 291
254. E McNee Rethinking Health Sector Wide Approaches through the lens of aid effectiveness 2012 Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University Canberra, Australia
255. E McNee Rethinking health sector wide approaches through the lens of aid effectiveness. Development Policy Centre Discussion Paper 14 2012 Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University Canberra http://devpolicy.anu.edu.au/pdf/papers/DP-14-Rethinking-health-sector-wide-approaches-through-the-lens-of-aid-effectiveness.pdf (accessed March 22, 2015).
256. B Stewart, P Khanduri, C McCord et al. Global disease burden of conditions requiring emergency surgery Br J Surg 101 2014 e9 22
257. M Hsiao, SK Morris, A Malhotra, W Suraweera, P Jha Time-critical mortality conditions in low-income and middle-income countries Lancet 381 2013 993 994
258. B Loevinsohn, A Harding Buying results? Contracting for health service delivery in developing countries Lancet 366 2005 676 681
259. M Lagarde, N Palmer The impact of contracting out on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle-income countries Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2009 CD008133.
260. WHO Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage 2010 World Health Organization Geneva
261. A Makaka, S Breen, A Binagwaho Universal health coverage in Rwanda: a report of innovations to increase enrolment in community-based health insurance Lancet 380 2012 S7
262. G Lagomarsino, A Garabrant, A Adyas, R Muga, N Otoo Moving towards universal health coverage: health insurance reforms in nine developing countries in Africa and Asia Lancet 380 2012 933 943
263. FM Knaul, E González-Pier, O Gómez-Dantés et al. The quest for universal health coverage: achieving social protection for all in Mexico Lancet 380 2012 1259 1279
264. S Limwattananon, V Tangcharoensathien, K Tisayaticom, T Boonyapaisarncharoen, P Prakongsai Why has the Universal Coverage Scheme in Thailand achieved a pro-poor public subsidy for health care? BMC Public Health 12 suppl 1 2012 S6
265. SK SStansfield, J Walsh, N Prata, T Evans Information to improve decision making for health DT Jamison JG Breman AR Measham Disease control priorities in developing countries 2nd edn. 2006 World Bank Washington, DC 1018 1030
266. S Kinnon, D Steele, T Temesgen Living standards measurement study surveys Household sample surveys in developing and transition countries 2005 United Nations New York, NY 523 556
267. Health Metrics Network Technical note on the costs of alternative approaches to collecting population and vital events data http://www.who.int/healthmetrics/resources/Technical-note-on-costs.pdf?ua=1 (accessed March 20, 2015).
268. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) http://www.childinfo.org/mics.html April, 2014 (accessed Aug 15, 2014).
269. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys - Round 5 http://www.childinfo.org/mics5-background.html 2013 (accessed Aug 15, 2014).
270. The Demographic and Health Surveys Program Who we are http://dhsprogram.com/Who-We-Are/About-Us.cfm (accessed Aug 16, 2014).
271. The World Bank Living standards measurement study http://go.worldbank.org/IFS9WG7EO0 (accessed Aug 16, 2014).
272. World Bank Dataset Finder LSMS http://iresearch.worldbank.org/lsms/lsmssurveyFinder.htm (accessed Aug 29, 2014).
273. O Atijosan, H Kuper, D Rischewski, V Simms, C Lavy Musculoskeletal impairment survey in Rwanda: design of survey tool, survey methodology, and results of the pilot study (a cross sectional survey) BMC Musculoskelet Disord 8 2007 30
274. RS Groen, M Samai, RT Petroze et al. Pilot testing of a population-based surgical survey tool in Sierra Leone World J Surg 36 2012 771 774
275. CN Mock, F Abantanga, P Cummings, TD Koepsell Incidence and outcome of injury in Ghana: a community-based survey Bull World Health Organ 77 1999 955 964
276. M Ahmed, M Shah, S Luby, P Drago-Johnson, S Wali Survey of surgical emergencies in a rural population in the Northern Areas of Pakistan Trop Med Int Health 4 1999 846 857
277. CN Mock, D nii-Amon-Koeti, R V Maier Low Utilization of Formal Medical Services by Injured Persons in a Developing Nation: Health Service Data Underestimate the Importance of Trauma J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 42 1997 504 513
278. Linden A, Maine R, Hedt-Gauthier B, et al. Validation of a Community-Based Survey Assessing Non-Obstetric Surgical Conditions in Burera District, Rwanda. Full paper submitted for publication; 2015.
279. M Hsiao, A Malhotra, JS Thakur the Million Death Study Collaborators Road traffic injury mortality and its mechanisms in India: nationally representative mortality survey of 1.1 million homes BMJ Open 3 2013 e002621
280. J Jagnoor, W Suraweera, L Keay, RQ Ivers, J Thakur, P Jha the Million Death Study Collaborators Unintentional injury mortality in India, 2005: nationally representative mortality survey of 1·1 million homes BMC Public Health 12 2012 487
281. R Dikshit, PC Gupta, C Ramasundarahettige the Million Death Study Collaborators Cancer mortality in India: a nationally representative survey Lancet 379 2012 1807 1816
282. J Jagnoor, DG Bassani, L Keay the Million Death Study Collaborators Unintentional injury deaths among children younger than 5 years of age in India: a nationally representative study Inj Prev 17 2011 151 155
283. WHO Verbal autopsy standards: ascertaining and atrributing causes of death http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/verbalautopsystandards/en/ 2014 (accessed Dec 3, 2014).
284. J Löfgren, F Makumbi, E Galiwango et al. Prevalence of treated and untreated groin hernia in eastern Uganda Br J Surg 101 2014 728 734
285. H Osen, D Chang, S Choo et al. Validation of the World Health Organization tool for situational analysis to assess emergency and essential surgical care at district hospitals in Ghana World J Surg 35 2011 500 504
286. A Markin, R Barbero, JJ Leow et al. Inter-rater reliability of the PIPES tool: validation of a surgical capacity index for use in resource-limited settings World J Surg 38 2014 2195 2199
287. LC Carlson, JA Lin, EA Ameh et al. Moving from data collection to application: a systematic literature review of surgical capacity assessments and their applications World J Surg 2015 10.1007/s00268-014-2938-8 published online Jan 8.
288. I-OA Ekanem History of cancer resgistration in the world and in Nigeria. Presented at Institute of Human Virology, Abuja http://ihvnigeria.org/ihvnweb/webnew/rokdownloads/Cancer%20Registration%20Training%20lectures/HISTORY-OF-CANCER-REGISTRATION-IN-THE-WORLD-AND-NIGERIA-no.2.ppt April 7-10, 2009 (accessed March 20, 2015).
289. GM O'Reilly, M Joshipura, PA Cameron, R Gruen Trauma registries in developing countries: a review of the published experience Injury 44 2013 713 721
290. RL Gruen, BJ Gabbe, HT Stelfox, PA Cameron Indicators of the quality of trauma care and the performance of trauma systems Br J Surg 99 suppl 1 2012 97 104
291. KA Stevens, F Paruk, AM Bachani et al. Establishing hospital-based trauma registry systems: lessons from Kenya Injury 44 suppl 4 2013 S70 S74
292. A Mehmood, JA Razzak Trauma registry - needs and challenges in developing countries J Pak Med Assoc 59 2009 807 808
293. First Annual Report of the Registrar General of England and Wales http://www.jstor.org/stable/2337712?seq=1#page-scan-tab-contents 1839 (accessed March 20, 2015).
294. WHO International Classification of Diseases (ICD) http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ 2014 (accessed Sept 7, 2014).
295. International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation SNOMED CT - The Global Language of Healthcare http://www.ihtsdo.org/snomed-ct (accessed March 20, 2015).
296. J Shiffman, S Smith Generation of political priority for global health initiatives: a framework and case study of maternal mortality Lancet 370 2007 1370 1379
297. J Shiffman, S Sultana Generating political priority for neonatal mortality reduction in Bangladesh Am J Public Health 103 2013 623 631
298. TG Weiser, MA Makary, AB Haynes, G Dziekan, WR Berry, AA Gawande the Safe Surgery Saves Lives Measurement and Study Groups Standardised metrics for global surgical surveillance Lancet 374 2009 1113 1117
299. D Ozgediz, R Hsia, T Weiser et al. Population health metrics for surgery: effective coverage of surgical services in low-income and middle-income countries World J Surg 33 2009 1 5
300. R Gosselin, D Ozgediz, D Poenaru A square peg in a round hole? Challenges with DALY-based "burden of disease" calculations in surgery and a call for alternative metrics World J Surg 37 2013 2507 2511
301. D Poenaru, D Ozgediz, RA Gosselin Burden, need, or backlog: a call for improved metrics for the global burden of surgical disease Int J Surg 12 2014 483 486
302. UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda: ECE ESCAP UNDESA UNICEF UNRISD UN Women Addressing inequalities: the heart of the post-2015 agenda and the future we want for all http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/Think%20Pieces/10-inequalities.pdf 2012 (accessed March 23, 2015).
303. WHO Global reference list of 100 core health indicators. Working version 4 http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/fileadmin/uploads/ihp/Documents/Key-Issues/One-M-E-Platform/Global-RefList-Core-Indicators-V5-17Nov2014-WithoutAnnexes.pdf (accessed March 23, 2015).
304. SL McLafferty GIS and health care Annu Rev Public Health 24 2003 25 42
305. R Shahid, S Bertazzon, ML Knudtson, WA Ghali Comparison of distance measures in spatial analytical modeling for health service planning BMC Health Serv Res 9 2009 200
306. PL Delamater, JP Messina, AM Shortridge, SC Grady Measuring geographic access to health care: raster and network-based methods Int J Health Geogr 11 2012 15
307. DA Watters, MJ Hollands, RL Gruen et al. Perioperative mortality rate (POMR): A global indicator of access to safe surgery and anaesthesia World J Surg 2014 10.1007/s00268-014-2638-4 published online May 4.
308. JS Ng-Kamstra, SLM Greenberg, M Kotagal et al. Use and definitions of perioperative mortality rates in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review Lancet 385 Global Surgery special issue 2015 S29
309. Ariyaratnam R, Palmqvist CL, Hider P, et al. Towards a standard approach to measurement and reporting of peri-operative mortality rate as a global surgical indicator. Surgery (in press).
310. JA Røttingen, S Regmi, M Eide et al. Mapping of available health research and development data: what's there, what's missing, and what role is there for a global observatory? Lancet 382 2013 1286 1307
311. M Moran, J Guzman, N Chapman et al. Neglected disease research and development: the public divide. Australia: G-Finder http://www.policycures.org/downloads/GF-report13-all-web.pdf 2013 (accessed March 20, 2015).
312. WHO Research and development to meet health needs in developing countries: strengthening global financing and coordination: Report of the Consultative Expert Working Group on Research and Development: Financing and Coordination http://www.who.int/phi/cewg-report/en/ 2012 (accessed March 20, 2015).
313. M Lipnick, C Mijumbi, G Dubowitz et al. Surgery and anesthesia capacity-building in resource-poor settings: description of an ongoing academic partnership in Uganda World J Surg 37 2013 488 497
314. WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Conrol of Noncommunicalbe Diseases 2013-2020 2013 World Health Organization Geneva http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/94384/1/9789241506236-eng.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015).
315. E Nordberg, I Mwobobia, E Muniu Major and minor surgery output at district level in Kenya: review and issues in need of further research Afr J Health Sci 9 2002 17 25
316. E Nordberg, S Holmberg, S Kiugu Output of major surgery in developing countries. Towards a quantitative evaluation and planning tool Trop Geogr Med 47 1995 206 211
317. E Nordberg Surgical operations in eastern Africa: a review with conclusions regarding the need for further research East Afr Med J 67 suppl 1990 1 28
318. AA Gawande, EJ Thomas, MJ Zinner, TA Brennan The incidence and nature of surgical adverse events in Colorado and Utah in 1992 Surgery 126 1999 66 75
319. D Zurovac, RK Sudoi, WS Akhwale et al. The effect of mobile phone text-message reminders on Kenyan health workers' adherence to malaria treatment guidelines: a cluster randomised trial Lancet 378 2011 795 803
320. Sadana RM, Lopez CD, Murray AD, Christopher JL, Iburg KM. Comparative analyses of more than 50 household surveys on health status-GPE Discussion Paper Series: No.15. Geneva: World Health Organization.
321. TC Nchinda Research capacity strengthening in the South Soc Sci Med 54 2002 1699 1711