Opportunities for photoacoustic-guided drug delivery

Current Drug Targets

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 571-581

  Xia, Jun ^a   Kim, Chulhong ^b   Lovell, Jonathan F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^b Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Drug delivery; Image guided therapy; Optoacoustic; Photoacoustic; Photothermal; Theranostics

Indexed keywords

CONTRAST MEDIUM; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTICLE; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER STAGING; CAPILLARY DENSITY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; MELANOMA; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXYGEN EXTRACTION FRACTION; PHOTOACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY; PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTOACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY; PHOTOACOUSTICS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; TEMPERATURE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR XENOGRAFT; ANIMAL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; PROCEDURES; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH;

ANIMALS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; PHOTOACOUSTIC TECHNIQUES; TRANSLATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH;

EID: 84938596331     PISSN: 13894501     EISSN: 18735592     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150707100328     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Bell AG. The production of sound by radiant energy. Science 1881; 2(49): 242-53.
2. Bell AG. The Photophone. Science 1880; 1(11): 130-4.
3. Rosencwaig A. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of biological materials. Science 1973; 181(4100): 657-8.
4. Wang X, Pang Y, Ku G, Xie X, Stoica G, Wang LV. Noninvasive laser-induced photoacoustic tomography for structural and functional in vivo imaging of the brain. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21(7): 803-6.
5. Cox B, Laufer JG, Arridge SR, Beard PC. Quantitative spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging: a review. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17(6): 061202-1.
6. Beard P. Biomedical photoacoustic imaging. Interface Focus 2011; 1(4): 602-31.
7. Wang LV, Hu S. Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science 2012; 335(6075): 1458-62.
8. Kim C, Park S, Kim J, et al. Objective-free optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. J Biomed Opt 2013; 18(1): 10501.
9. Kim C, Jeon M, Wang LV. Nonionizing photoacoustic cystography in vivo. Opt Lett 2011; 36(18): 3599-601.
10. Kim C, Erpelding TN, Jankovic L, Wang LV. Performance benchmarks of an array-based hand-held photoacoustic probe adapted from a clinical ultrasound system for non-invasive sentinel lymph node imaging. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2011; 369(1955): 4644-50.
11. Xia J, Chatni MR, Maslov K, et al. Whole-body ring-shaped confocal photoacoustic computed tomography of small animals in vivo. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17(5): 050506.
12. Ke H, Erpelding TN, Jankovic L, Liu C, Wang LV. Performance characterization of an integrated ultrasound, photoacoustic, and thermoacoustic imaging system. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17(5): 056010.
13. Kim C, Song KH, Gao F, Wang LV. Sentinel lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels: noninvasive dual-modality in vivo mapping by using indocyanine green in rats--volumetric spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging and planar fluorescence imaging. Radiology 2010; 255(2): 442-50.
14. Lovell JF, Jin CS, Huynh E, et al. Porphysome nanovesicles generated by porphyrin bilayers for use as multimodal biophotonic contrast agents. Nat Mater 2011; 10(4): 324-32.
15. Kim C, Cho EC, Chen J, et al. In vivo molecular photoacoustic tomography of melanomas targeted by bioconjugated gold nanocages. ACS Nano 2010; 4(8): 4559-64.
16. Pan D, Pramanik M, Senpan A, et al. Molecular photoacoustic tomography with colloidal nanobeacons. Angew Chem Int Ed 2009; 48(23): 4170-3.
17. Koo J, Jeon M, Oh Y, et al. In vivo non-ionizing photoacoustic mapping of sentinel lymph nodes and bladders with ICG-enhanced carbon nanotubes. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57(23): 7853-62.
18. Pu K, Shuhendler AJ, Jokerst JV, et al. Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as photoacoustic molecular imaging probes in living mice. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9(3): 233-9.
19. Jeon M, Kim C. Multimodal photoacoustic tomography. IEEE Trans Multimedia 2013; 15(5): 975-82.
20. Kruger RA, Kopecky KK, Aisen AM, Reinecke DR, Kruger GA, Kiser WL. Thermoacoustic CT with radio waves: a medical imaging paradigm. Radiology 1999; 211(1): 275-8.
21. Ku G, Wang LV. Scanning microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography: Signal, resolution, and contrast. Med Phys 2001; 28(1): 4-10.
22. Xiang L, Han B, Carpenter C, Pratx G, Kuang Y, Xing L. X-ray acoustic computed tomography with pulsed x-ray beam from a medical linear accelerator. Med Phys 2013; 40(1): 010701.
23. Yao J, Wang L, Li C, Zhang C, Wang LV. Photoimprint photoacoustic microscopy for three-dimensional label-free subdiffraction imaging. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112(1): 014302.
24. Gregory KW, Shearin A, Prahl SA. Photoacoustic drug delivery to arterial thrombus - A new method for local drug delivery. Circulation 1996; 94(8): 1-201.
25. Doukas AG, Flotte TJ. Physical characteristics and biological effects of laser-induced stress waves. Ultrasound Med Biol 1996; 22(2): 151-64.
26. Lee S, McAuliffe DJ, Flotte TJ, Kollias N, Doukas AG. Photomechanical transcutaneous delivery of macromolecules. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111(6): 925-9.
27. Lee S, Kollias N, McAuliffe DJ, Flotte TJ, Doukas AG. Topical drug delivery in humans with a single photomechanical wave. Pharm Res 1999; 16(11): 1717-21.
28. Favazza CP, Jassim O, Cornelius LA, Wang LHV. In vivo photoacoustic microscopy of human cutaneous microvasculature and a nevus. J Biomed Opt 2011; 16(1): 016015.
29. Kruger RA, Kuzmiak CM, Lam RB, Reinecke DR, Del Rio SP, Steed D. Dedicated 3D photoacoustic breast imaging. Med Phys 2013; 40(11): 113301.
30. Harrison T, Zemp RJ. Coregistered photoacoustic-ultrasound imaging applied to brachytherapy. J Biomed Opt 2011; 16(8): 080502.
31. Su JL, Bouchard RR, Karpiouk AB, Hazle JD, Emelianov SY. Photoacoustic imaging of prostate brachytherapy seeds. Biomed Opt Express 2011; 2(8): 2243-54.
32. Yang JM, Favazza C, Chen RM, et al. Simultaneous functional photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopy of internal organs in vivo. Nat Med 2012; 18(8): 1297-302.
33. Levi J, Kothapalli SR, Bohndiek S, et al. Molecular Photoacoustic Imaging of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19(6): 1494-502.
34. Erpelding TN, Kim C, Pramanik M, et al. Sentinel lymph nodes in the rat: noninvasive photoacoustic and US imaging with a clinical US system. Radiology 2010; 256(1): 102-10.
35. Kim C, Erpelding TN, Maslov K, et al. Handheld array-based photoacoustic probe for guiding needle biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes. J Biomed Opt 2010; 15(4): 046010-046010-4.
36. Abenstein JP, Welna JO. Clinical evaluation of a photoacoustic cas analyzer. Anesthesiology 1991; 75(3): A463.
37. Sethuraman S, Aglyamov SR, Amirian JH, Smalling RW, Emelianov SY. Intravascular photoacoustic imaging using an IVUS imaging catheter. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2007; 54(5): 978-86.
38. Nie L, Cai X, Maslov K, Garcia-Uribe A, Anastasio MA, Wang LV. Photoacoustic tomography through a whole adult human skull with a photon recycler. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17(11): 110506.
39. Wang LV, Hu S. Photoacoustic Tomography: In vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science 2012; 335(6075): 1458-62.
40. Oladipupo SS, Hu S, Santeford AC, et al. Conditional HIF-1 induction produces multistage neovascularization with stage-specific sensitivity to VEGFR inhibitors and myeloid cell independence. Blood 2011; 117(15): 4142-53.
41. Laufer J, Johnson P, Zhang E, et al. In vivo preclinical photoacoustic imaging of tumor vasculature development and therapy. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17(5): 056016.
42. Nie LM, Wang SJ, Wang XY, et al. In vivo volumetric photoacoustic molecular angiography and therapeutic monitoring with targeted plasmonic nanostars. Small 2014; 10(8): 1585-93.
43. Pan D, Pramanik M, Senpan A, et al. Molecular photoacoustic imaging of angiogenesis with integrin-targeted gold nanobeacons. FASEB J 2011; 25(3): 875-82.
44. Xia J, Li G, Wang L, et al. Wide-field two-dimensional multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic-computed microscopy. Opt Lett 2013; 38(24): 5236-9.
45. Fang H, Maslov K, and Wang LV. Photoacoustic Doppler flow measurement in optically scattering media. Appl Phys Lett 2007; 91(26): 264103.
46. Yao J and Wang LV. Transverse flow imaging based on photoacoustic Doppler bandwidth broadening. J Biomed Opt 2010; 15(2): 021304.
47. Chen SL, Ling T, Huang SW, Baac HW, Chang YC, Guo LJ. Photoacoustic correlation technique for low-speed flow measurement. Proc Soc Photo-Opt Instr Eng 2010; 7564(1): 75642I.
48. Brunker J, Beard P. Pulsed photoacoustic Doppler flowmetry using time-domain cross-correlation: accuracy, resolution and scalability. J Acoust Soc Am 2012; 132(3):1780-91.
49. Wang L, Maslov K, Wang LV. Single-cell label-free photoacoustic flowoxigraphy in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110(15): 5759-64.
50. Yao J, Maslov KI, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Wang LV. Label-free oxygenmetabolic photoacoustic microscopy in vivo. J Biomed Opt 2011; 16(7): 076003.
51. Bauer AQ, Nothdurft RE, Erpelding TN, Wang LV, Culver JP. Quantitative photoacoustic imaging: correcting for heterogeneous light fluence distributions using diffuse optical tomography. J Biomed Opt 2011; 16(9): 096016.
52. Li XQ, Xi L, Jiang RX, Yao L, Jiang HB. Integrated diffuse optical tomography and photoacoustic tomography: phantom validations. Biomed Opt Express 2011; 2(8): 2348-53.
53. Guo Z, Favazza C, Garcia-Uribe A, Wang LV. Quantitative photoacoustic microscopy of optical absorption coefficients from acoustic spectra in the optical diffusive regime. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17(6): 066011-1.
54. Xia J, Danielli A, Liu Y, Wang L, Maslov K, Wang LV. Calibration- free quantification of absolute oxygen saturation based on the dynamics of photoacoustic signals. Opt Lett 2013; 38(15): 2800-3.
55. Wang L, Xia J, Yao J, Maslov KI, Wang LV. Ultrasonically encoded photoacoustic flowgraphy in biological tissue. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111(20): 204301.
56. Xiang L, Xing D, Gu H, et al. Real-time optoacoustic monitoring of vascular damage during photodynamic therapy treatment of tumor. J Biomed Opt 2007; 12(1): 014001.
57. Deco G, Jirsa VK, McIntosh AR. Emerging concepts for the dynamical organization of resting-state activity in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12(1): 43-56.
58. Fox MD, Raichle ME. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8(9): 700-11.
59. Buckner RL, Krienen FM, Yeo BTT. Opportunities and limitations of intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16(7): 832-37.
60. Nasiriavanaki M, Xia J, Wan H, Bauer AQ, Culver JP, Wang LV. High-resolution photoacoustic tomography of resting-state functional connectivity in the mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111(1): 21-6.
61. Mehrmohammadi M, Yoon SJ, Yeager D, Emelianov SY. Photoacoustic imaging for cancer detection and staging. Curr Mol Imaging 2013; 2(1): 89-105.
62. Zhang HF, Maslov K, Stoica G, Wang LV. Functional photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution and noninvasive in vivo imaging. Nat Biotech 2006; 24(7): 848-51.
63. Favazza CP, Cornelius LA, Wang LHV. In vivo functional photoacoustic microscopy of cutaneous microvasculature in human skin. J Biomed Opt 2011; 16(2): 026004.
64. Chatni MR, Xia J, Sohn R, et al. Tumor glucose metabolism imaged in vivo in small animals with whole-body photoacoustic computed tomography. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17(7): 076012.
65. Shah J, Park S, Aglyamov S, et al. Photoacoustic imaging and temperature measurement for photothermal cancer therapy. J Biomed Opt 2008; 13(3): 034024.
66. Pramanik M, Wang LV. Thermoacoustic and photoacoustic sensing of temperature. J Biomed Opt 2009; 14(5): 054024.
67. Lee HJ, Liu Y, Zhao J, et al. In vitro and in vivo mapping of drug release after laser ablation thermal therapy with doxorubicin-loaded hollow gold nanoshells using fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. J Control Release 2013; 172(1): 152-8.
68. Kim C, Qin RG, Xu JS, Wang LV, Xu R. Multifunctional microbubbles and nanobubbles for photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. J Biomed Opt 2010; 15(1): 010510.
69. Jeon M, Song WT, Huynh E, et al. Methylene blue microbubbles as a model dual-modality contrast agent for ultrasound and activatable photoacoustic imaging. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19(1): 16005.
70. Huynh E, Lovell JF, Helfield BL, et al. Porphyrin shell microbubbles with intrinsic ultrasound and photoacoustic properties. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134(40): 16464-7.
71. Li M-L, Jung-Taek O, Xueyi X, et al. Simultaneous molecular and hypoxia imaging of brain tumors in vivo using spectroscopic photoacoustic tomography. Proc IEEE 2008; 96(3): 481-9.
72. Kircher MF, de la Zerda A, Jokerst JV, et al. A brain tumor molecular imaging strategy using a new triple-modality MRIphotoacoustic- Raman nanoparticle. Nat Med 2012; 18(5): 829-34.
73. Filonov GS, Krumholz A, Xia J, Yao J, Wang LV, Verkhusha VV. Deep-Tissue Photoacoustic Tomography of a Genetically Encoded Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed 2012; 51(6): 1448-51.
74. Krumholz A, Shcherbakova DM, Xia J, Wang LV, Verkhusha VV. Multicontrast photoacoustic in vivo imaging using near-infrared fluorescent proteins. Sci Rep 2014; 4: 3939.
75. Razansky D, Distel M, Vinegoni C, et al. Multispectral optoacoustic tomography of deep-seated fluorescent proteins in vivo. Nat Photon 2009; 3(7): 412-7.
76. Li L, Zemp RJ, Lungu G, Stoica G, Wang LV. Photoacoustic imaging of lacZ gene expression in vivo. J Biomed Opt 2007; 12(2): 020504.
77. Yao J, Xia J, Maslov KI, et al. Noninvasive photoacoustic computed tomography of mouse brain metabolism in vivo. NeuroImage 2013; 64: 257-66.
78. Jin Y, Jia C, Huang S-W, O'Donnell M, Gao X. Multifunctional nanoparticles as coupled contrast agents. Nat Commun 2010; 1: 41.
79. Zhang Y, Jeon M, Rich LJ, et al. Non-invasive multimodal functional imaging of the intestine with frozen micellar naphthalocyanines. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9(8): 631-8.
80. Melancon MP, Zhou M, Li C. Cancer theranostics with nearinfrared light-activatable multimodal nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44(10): 947-56.
81. Liu Z, Tabakman S, Welsher K, Dai H. Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: in vitro and in vivo detection, imaging drug delivery. Nano Res 2009; 2(2): 85-120.
82. Kumar A, Zhang X, Liang XJ. Gold nanoparticles: emerging paradigm for targeted drug delivery system. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31(5): 593-606.
83. Huynh E, Zheng G. Porphysome nanotechnology: A paradigm shift in lipid-based supramolecular structures. Nano Today 2014; 9(2): 212-22.
84. Hannah A, Luke G, Wilson K, Homan K, Emelianov S. Indocyanine green-loaded photoacoustic nanodroplets: dual contrast nanoconstructs for enhanced photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. ACS Nano 2013; 8(1): 250-9.
85. Zanganeh S, Li H, Kumavor PD, et al. Photoacoustic imaging enhanced by indocyanine green-conjugated single-wall carbon nanotubes. J Biomed Opt 2013; 18(9): 096006.
86. Morscher S, Driessen WHP, Claussen J, Burton NC. Semiquantitative multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) for volumetric PK imaging of gastric emptying. Photoacoustics 2014; 2(3): 103-10.
87. Rhim H, Dodd GD. Radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver tumors. J Clin Ultrasound 1999; 27(5): 221-9.
88. Welch AJ, Motamedi M, Rastegar S, LeCarpentier GL, and Jansen D. Laser thermal ablation. Photochem Photobiol 1991; 53(6): 815-23.
89. Lal S, Clare SE, Halas NJ. Nanoshell-enabled photothermal cancer therapy: impending clinical impact. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41(12): 1842-51.
90. Kim C, Favazza C, Wang LV. In vivo photoacoustic tomography of chemicals: high-resolution functional and molecular optical imaging at new depths. Chem Rev 2010; 110(5): 2756-82.
91. Ntziachristos V, Razansky D. Molecular imaging by means of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). Chem Rev 2010; 110(5): 2783-94.
92. Nie L, Chen X. Structural and functional photoacoustic molecular tomography aided by emerging contrast agents. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43(20): 7132-70.
93. Luke GP, Yeager D, Emelianov SY. Biomedical applications of photoacoustic imaging with exogenous contrast agents. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40(2): 422-37.
94. Pan D, Kim B, Wang LV, Lanza GM. A brief account of nanoparticle contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013; 5(6): 517-43.
95. Khlebtsov N, Bogatyrev V, Dykman L, et al. Analytical and theranostic applications of gold nanoparticles and multifunctional nanocomposites. Theranostics 2013; 3(3): 167-80.
96. Hirsch LR, Stafford RJ, Bankson JA, et al. Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(23): 13549-54.
97. Wang YW, Xie XY, Wang XD, et al. Photoacoustic tomography of a nanoshell contrast agent in the in vivo rat brain. Nano Lett 2004; 4(9): 1689-92.
98. Dreaden EC, Alkilany AM, Huang X, Murphy CJ, El-Sayed MA. The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41(7): 2740-79.
99. Lu W, Melancon MP, Xiong C, et al. Effects of photoacoustic imaging and photothermal ablation therapy mediated by targeted hollow gold nanospheres in an orthotopic mouse xenograft model of glioma. Cancer Res 2011; 71(19): 6116-21.
100. Song KH, Kim C, Maslov K, Wang LV. Noninvasive in vivo spectroscopic nanorod-contrast photoacoustic mapping of sentinel lymph nodes. Eur J Radiol 2009; 70(2): 227-31.
101. Li P-C, Wang C-RC, Shieh D-B, et al. In vivo photoacoustic molecular imaging withsimultaneous multiple selective targeting usingantibody- conjugated gold nanorods. Opt Express 2008; 16(23): 18605-15.
102. von Maltzahn G, Park JH, Agrawal A, et al. Computationally guided photothermal tumor therapy using long-circulating gold nanorod antennas. Cancer Res 2009; 69(9): 3892-900.
103. Chen YS, Frey W, Kim S, Kruizinga P, Homan K, and Emelianov S. Silica-coated gold nanorods as photoacoustic signal nanoamplifiers. Nano Lett 2011; 11(2): 348-54.
104. Xia Y, Li W, Cobley CM, et al. Gold nanocages: from synthesis to theranostic applications. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44(10): 914-24.
105. Wang Y, Black KC, Luehmann H, et al. Comparison study of gold nanohexapods, nanorods, and nanocages for photothermal cancer treatment. ACS Nano 2013; 7(3): 2068-77.
106. De la Zerda A, Zavaleta C, Keren S, et al. Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. Nat Nanotechnol 2008; 3(9): 557-62.
107. Moon HK, Lee SH, Choi HC. In vivo near-infrared mediated tumor destruction by photothermal effect of carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 2009; 3(11): 3707-13.
108. Bianco A, Kostarelos K, Prato M. Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9(6): 674-9.
109. Yang K, Feng L, Shi X, Liu Z. Nano-graphene in biomedicine: theranostic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42(2): 530-47.
110. Chou SS, Kaehr B, Kim J, et al. Chemically exfoliated MoS2 as near-infrared photothermal agents. Angew Chem Int Ed 2013; 52(15): 4160-4.
111. Ku G, Zhou M, Song S, Huang Q, Hazle J, Li C. Copper sulfide nanoparticles as a new class of photoacoustic contrast agent for deep tissue imaging at 1064 nm. ACS Nano 2012; 6(8): 7489-96.
112. Zhang Y and Lovell JF. Porphyrins as theranostic agents from prehistoric to modern times. Theranostics 2012; 2(9): 905-15.
113. Lovell JF, Jin CS, Huynh E, MacDonald TD, Cao W, Zheng G. Enzymatic regioselection for the synthesis and biodegradation of porphysome nanovesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed 2012; 51(10): 2429-33.
114. Carter KA, Shao S, Hoopes MI, et al. Porphyrin-phospholipid liposomes permeabilized by near-infrared light. Nat Commun 2014; 5: 3546.
115. Jin CS, Lovell JF, Chen J, Zheng G. Ablation of hypoxic tumors with dose-equivalent photothermal, but not photodynamic, therapy using a nanostructured porphyrin assembly. ACS Nano 2013; 7(3): 2541-50.
116. Yang K, Xu H, Cheng L, Sun C, Wang J, Liu Z. In vitro and in vivo near-infrared photothermal therapy of cancer using polypyrrole organic nanoparticles. Adv Mater 2012; 24(41): 5586-92.
117. Cheng L, Yang K, Chen Q, Liu Z. Organic stealth nanoparticles for highly effective in vivo near-infrared photothermal therapy of cancer. ACS Nano 2012; 6(6): 5605-13.
118. Lovell JF, Liu TW, Chen J, Zheng G. Activatable photosensitizers for imaging and therapy. Chem Rev 2010; 110(5): 2839-57.
119. Agostinis P, Berg K, Cengel KA, et al. Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61(4): 250-81.
120. Ho CJ, Balasundaram G, Driessen W, et al. Multifunctional photosensitizer- based contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. Sci Rep 2014; 4: 5342.
121. Wang S, Huang P, Nie L, et al. Single continuous wave laser induced photodynamic/plasmonic photothermal therapy using photosensitizer- functionalized gold nanostars. Adv Mater 2013; 25(22): 3055-61.
122. Terentyuk G, Panfilova E, Khanadeev V, et al. Gold nanorods with a hematoporphyrin-loaded silica shell for dual-modality photodynamic and photothermal treatment of tumors in vivo. Nano Res 2014; 7(3): 325-37.
123. Srivatsan A, Jenkins SV, Jeon M, et al. Gold nanocagephotosensitizer conjugates for dual-modal image-guided enhanced photodynamic therapy. Theranostics 2014; 4(2): 163-74.