Opportunities for bio-based solvents created as petrochemical and fuel products transition towards renewable resources

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 17101-17159

  Clark, James H ^a   Farmer, Thomas J ^a   Hunt, Andrew J ^a   Sherwood, James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bio based solvent; Bio refinery; Biomass; Green solvent; Platform molecules

Indexed keywords

1,3 BUTADIENE; 1,4 BUTANEDIOL; 5 HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL; ACETIC ACID; BENZENE; BIOFUEL; BIOGAS; BUTANE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; ETHANE; ETHYLBENZENE; ETHYLENE; METHANE; N,N DIMETHYLACETAMIDE; N,N DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE; NATURAL GAS; PARA CYMENE; PARA XYLENE; PETROCHEMICAL AGENT; POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE; PROPANE; PROPYLENE GLYCOL; SOLVENT; TETRAHYDROFURAN; TOLUENE; SURFACTANT;

ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION; BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION; BIOFUEL PRODUCTION; BIOMASS CONVERSION; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; COST; DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING; GAS; GASIFICATION; GREEN CHEMISTRY; HYDROFORMYLATION; HYDROGENOLYSIS; INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION; OIL INDUSTRY; OXIDATION; PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY; RENEWABLE ENERGY; REVIEW; SYNGAS; CHEMISTRY; ECONOMICS; ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION; PROCEDURES;

BIOFUELS; ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND REMEDIATION; GREEN CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY; SOLVENTS; SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS;

EID: 84938099037     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817101     Document Type: Review

References (347)

1. Nikolau, B.J.; Perera, M.A.D.N.; Brachova, L.; Shanks, B. Platform biochemicals for a biorenewable chemical industry. Plant J. 2008, 54, 536–545
2. Werpy, T.; Petersen, G. Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass Volume I: Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas; US Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA, 2004
3. Bozell, J.J.; Petersen, G.R. Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates—The US Department of Energy’s “Top 10” revisited. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 539–554
4. Sheldon, R.A. Utilisation of biomass for sustainable fuels and chemicals: Molecules, methods and metrics. Catal. Today 2011, 167, 3–13
5. Kobayashi, H.; Fukuoka, A. Synthesis and utilisation of sugar compounds derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chem. 2013, 15, 1740–1763
6. Luterbacher, J.S.; Alonso, D.M.; Dumesic, J.A. Targeted chemical upgrading of lignocellulosic biomass to platform molecules. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 4816–4838
7. Farmer, T.J.; Mascal, M. Platform molecules. In Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, 2nd ed.; Deswarte, C., Ed.; John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK, 2015; pp. 89–156
8. Corma, A.; Iborra, S.; Velty, A. Chemical routes for the transformation of biomass into chemicals. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2411–2502
9. Gallezot, P. Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 1538–1558
10. Clark, J.H.; Pfaltzgraff, L.A.; Budarin, V.L.; Hunt, A.J.; Gronnow, M.; Matharu, A.S.; Macquarrie, D.J.; Sherwood, J.R. From waste to wealth using green chemistry. Pure Appl. Chem.2013, 85, 1625–1631
11. Dodson, J.R.; Cooper, E.C.; Hunt, A.J.; Matharu, A.; Cole, J.; Minihan, A.; Clark, J.H.; Macquarrie, D.J. Alkali silicates and structured mesoporous silicas from biomass power station wastes: The emergence of bio-MCMs. Green Chem. 2013, 15, 1203–1210
12. Christensen, C.H.; Rass-Hansen, J.; Marsden, C.C.; Taarning, E.; Egeblad, K. The renewable chemicals industry. ChemSusChem 2008, 1, 283–289
13. Gu, Y.; Jérôme, F. Bio-based solvents: An emerging generation of fluids for the design of eco-efficient processes in catalysis and organic chemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 9550–9570
14. Innovating for Sustainable Growth: A Bioeconomy for Europe. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomy/pdf/201202_innovating_sustainable_growth_en.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2015).
15. M/491 Mandate address to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI for the Development of European Standards and Technical Specifications and/or Technical Reports for Bio-Surfactants and bio-Solvents in Relations to Bio-Based Product Aspects. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/toolsdatabases/mandates/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.detail&id=476# (accessed on 18 May 2015).
16. Bio-Based Economy. Available online: http://www.biobasedeconomy.eu/standardisation (accessed on 15 May 2015).
17. CEN/TC 411/WG 2 Bio-solvents. Available online: http://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f? p=204:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:40174&cs=161BAFBE2B2659903E8B55F9326BA295B (accessed on 18 May 2015).
18. New Natural Resource Base in the Chemical Industry only a Matter of Time. Available online: http://www.achema.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Bilder/Presse/ACHEMA2012/Trendberichte/Trend berichte_2012/tb19_en_Biobased_Chemicals.docx (accessed on 16 June 2015).
19. Global Solvents Opportunities for Greener Solvents. Available online: http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical-special-reports-global-solvents.html (accessed on 8 June 2015).
20. Solvent Market by Type, Application and Source Global Trends and Forecast to 2018. Available online: http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/solvent-market-1325.html (accessed on 8 June 2015).
21. Solvents Market Global Industry Analysis Size Share Growth Trends and Forecast 2012-2018. Available online: http://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140528072848-339157087-solvents-marketglobal-industry-analysis-size-share-growth-trends-and-forecast-2012-2018 (accessed on 8 June 2015).
22. Solvents Facts and Figures. Available online: http://www.esig.org/en/about-solvents/what-are-solvents/facts-and-figures-the-european-solvents-industry-in-brief (accessed on 8 June 2015).
23. ESIG Solvent Fact Sheets. Available online: http://www.esig.org/en/library/publications/fact-sheets (accessed on 8 June 2015).
24. Solvents and Ozone ESIG Fact Sheet. Available online: http://www.esig.org/uploads/ModuleXtender/Publications/90/ESIG%20Factsheets%202005%20(EN).pdf (accessed on 8 June 2015).
25. BIOCHEM Project D2.3 Report on the Assessment of the Bio-Based Products Market Potential for Innovation. Available online: http://www.biochem-project.eu/download/toolbox/innovation/06/Bio-based%20product%20market%20potential.pdf (accessed on 16 June 2015).
26. ESIG Newsletter “Solutions” Spring 1997. Available online: http://www.esig.org/uploads/ModuleXtender/Publications/122/Solutions%201%20(EN).pdf (accessed on 21 July 2015).
27. Breeden, S.W.; Clark, J.H.; Macquarrie, D.J.; Sherwood, J.R. Green solvents. In Green Techniques for Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry; Zhang, C., Ed.; John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK, 2012; pp. 241–261
28. Directive 2009/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States on Extraction Solvents Used in the Production of Foodstuffs and Food Ingredients. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0032 (accessed on 22 May 2015).
29. Kerton, F.M.; Marriott, R. Green solvents legislation and certification. In Alternative Solvents for Green Chemistry, 2nd ed.; RSC: Cambridge, UK, 2013; pp. 31–50
30. Alfonsi, K.; Colberg, J.; Dunn, P.J.; Fevig, T.; Jennings, S.; Johnson, T.A.; Kleine, H.P.; Knight, C.; Nagy, M.A.; Perry, D.A.; et al.Green chemistry tools to influence a medicinal chemistry and research chemistry based organisation. Green Chem. 2008, 10, 31–36
31. Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Establishing a European Chemicals Agency, Amending Directive 1999/45/EC and Repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:136:0003: 0280:en:PDF (accessed on 16 June 2015).
32. ECHA Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation. Available online: http://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table (accessed on 15 May 2015).
33. ECHA List of Restrictions. Available online: http://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/restrictions/list-of-restrictions(accessed on 15 May 2015).
34. Henderson, R.K.; Jiménez-González, C.; Constable, D.J.C.; Alston, S.R.; Inglis, G.G.A.; Fisher, G.; Sherwood, J.; Binks, S.P.; Curzons, A.D. Expanding GSK’s solvent selection guide—Embedding sustainability into solvent selection starting at medicinal chemistry. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 854–862
35. Prat, D.; Pardigon, O.; Flemming, H.W.; Letestu, S.; Ducandas, V.; Isnard, P.; Guntrum, E.; Senac, T.; Ruisseau, S.; Cruciani, P.; et al. Sanofi’s solvent selection guide: A step toward more sustainable processes. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2013, 17, 1517–1525
36. McKinsey Green Chemicals Survey Key Findings. Available online: http://chemroundtables.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/6-20120910-McKinsey-Green-Chemicals-Survey_publicpresentation_ final.pdf (accessed on 1 June 2015).
37. ICH Impurities Guideline for Residual Solvents. Available online: http://www.ich.org/products/guidelines/quality/quality-single/article/impurities-guideline-for-residual-solvents.html (accessed on 1 June 2015).
38. Huber, G.W.; Corma, A. Synergies between bio-and oil refineries for the production of fuels from biomass. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7184–7201
39. Vennestrøm, P.N.R.; Osmundsen, C.M.; Christensen, C.H.; Taarning, E. Beyond petrochemicals: The renewable chemicals industry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 10502–10509
40. Sherwood, J.; de bruyn, M.; Constantinou, A.; Moity, L.; McElroy, C.R.; Farmer, T.J.; Duncan, T.; Raverty, W.; Hunt, A.J.; Clark, J.H.; Dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene) as a bio-based alternative for dipolar aprotic solvents. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 9650–9652
41. Ismalaj, E.; Strappaveccia, G.; Ballerini, E.; Elisei, F.; Piermatti, O.; Gelman, D.; Vaccaro, L. γ-Valerolactone as a renewable dipolar aprotic solvent deriving from biomass degradation for the Hiyama reaction. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2014, 2, 2461–2464
42. Strappaveccia, G.; Ismalaj, E.; Petrucci, C.; Lanari, D.; Marrocchi, A.; Drees, M.; Facchetti, A.; Vaccaro, L. A biomass-derived safe medium to replace toxic dipolar solvents and access cleaner Heck coupling reactions. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 365–372
43. Strappaveccia, G.; Luciani, L.; Bartollini, E.; Marrocchi, A.; Pizzoa, F.; Vaccaro, L. γ-Valerolactone as an alternative biomass-derived medium for the Sonogashira reaction. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 1071–1076
44. Kamm, B.; Kamm, M. Principles of biorefineries. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004, 64, 137–145
45. Dawes, G.J.S.; Scott, E.L.; Le Nôtre, J.; Sanders, J.P.M.; Bitter, J.P.M. Deoxygenation of biobased molecules by decarboxylation and decarbonylation a review on the role of heterogeneous homogeneous and bio-catalysis. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 3231–3250
46. Sheldon, R.A. Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: State of the art. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 950–963
47. An Analysis of European Plastics Production Demand and Waste Data. Available online: http://issuu.com/plasticseuropeebook/docs/final_plastics_the_facts_2014_19122 (accessed on 29 May 2015).
48. IHS Report 284, Bio-Based Adipic Acid. Available online: http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical-technology-pep-bio-based-adipic-acid-2012.html (accessed on 15 May 2015).
49. Rennovia Product Pipeline. Available online: http://www.rennovia.com/product-pipeline (accessed on 15 May 2015).
50. ICIS Green Chemicals, Introducing Rennovia. Available online: http://www.icis.com/blogs/green-chemicals/2010/09/introducing-rennovia (accessed on 15 May 2015).
51. Gong, Y.; Lin, L.; Shi, J.; Liu, S. Oxidative decarboxylation of levulinic acid by cupric oxides. Molecules 2010, 15, 7946–7960
52. Biofuels and Sustainability Issues. Available online: http://biofuelstp.eu/sustainability.html (accessed on 16 June 2015).
53. Rinaldi, R.; Schüth, F. Design of solid catalysts for the conversion of biomass. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 610–626
54. Medium and Long-Term Opportunities and Risk of the Biotechnological Production of Bulk Chemicals from Renewable Resources—The Potential of White Biotechnology. Available online: http://www.bio-economy.net/applications/files/Brew_project_report.pdf (accessed on 16 June 2015).
55. FDA Compliance Policy Guide Sec. 562.100 Acetic Acid—Use in Foods—Labeling of Foods in Which Used. Available online: http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/Compliance PolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074577.htm (accessed on 1 June 2015).
56. Cheung, H.; Tanke, R.S.; Torrence, G.P. Acetic acid. In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; John Wiley and Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2000
57. Pace, V.; Hoyos, P.; Castoldi, L.; Domínguez de María, P.; Alcántara A.R. 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) a biomass-derived solvent with broad application in organic chemistry. ChemSusChem 2012, 5, 1369–1379
58. Colley, S.W.; Fawcett, C.R.; Rathmell, C.; Tuck, M.W.M. Process for the Preparation of Ethyl Acetate. US Patent 6809217 B1, 26 October 2004
59. SEKAB Ethyl Acetate. Available online: http://www.sekab.com/chemistry/ethyl-acetate (accessed on 25 May 2015).
60. Emami-Taba, L.; Irfan, M.F.; Wan Daud, M.A.W.; Chakrabarti, M.H. Fuel blending effects on the co-gasification of coal and biomass a review. Biomass Bioenergy 2013, 57, 249–263
61. Brar, J.S.; Singh, K.; Wang, J.; Kumar, S. Cogasification of coal and biomass a review. Int. J. For. Res.2012, 2012, 363058
62. Bezergianni, S.; Voutetakis, S.; Kalogianni, A. Catalytic hydrocracking of fresh and used cooking oil. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48, 8402–8406
63. Furimsky, E. Hydroprocessing challenges in biofuels production. Catal. Today 2013, 217, 13–56
64. Mutlu, H.; Meier, M.A.R. Castor oil as a renewable resource for the chemical industry. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2010, 112, 10–30
65. Morschbacker, A. Bio-Ethanol Based Ethylene. Polym. Rev. 2009, 49, 79–84
66. Fan, D.; Dai, D.J.; Wu, H.S. Ethylene formation by catalytic dehydration of ethanol with industrial considerations. Materials 2013, 6, 101–115
67. Obuchi, S.; Ogawa, S. Packaging and other commercial applications. In Poly(lactic acid) Synthesis Structures Properties Processing and Applications; Auras, L., Selke, T., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA; pp. 457–467
68. Cellulac Production Processes. Available online: http://cellulac.co.uk/en/main/process-diagram (accessed on 29 May 2015).
69. Qureshi, N.; Blaschek, H.P. ABE production from corn: A recent economic evaluation. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001, 27, 292–297
70. Green Biologics Acetone. Available online: http://www.greenbiologics.com/acetone.php (accessed on 15 May 2015).
71. García, J.I.; García-Marín, H.; Pires, E. Glycerol based solvents: Synthesis, properties and applications. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 1007–1033
72. Ciriminna, R.; Lomeli-Rodriguez, M.; Carà, P.D.; Lopez-Sanchez, J.A.; Pagliaro, M. Limonene: A versatile chemical of the bioeconomy. Chem. Commun.2014, 50, 15288–15296
73. World Health Organisation (WHO) Chemical Assessment of Limonene. Available online: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad05.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
74. Turpentine Production and Processing. Available online: http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/forestry/4F.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
75. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014. Available online: http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html(accessed on 25 May 2015).
76. US Energy Information Administration, Shale Gas Provides Largest Share of U.S. Natural Gas Production in 2013. Available online: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=18951 (accessed on 15 May 2015).
77. Liu, K.; Cui, Z.; Chen, W.; Zhang, L. Coal and syngas to liquids. In Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies; Liu, S., Subramani, V., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons: Hoboken, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 498–509
78. Van Steen, E.; Claeys, M. Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for the biomass-to-liquid (BTL) process. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2008, 31, 655–666
79. Liu, G.; Larson, E.D.; Williams, R.H.; Kreutz, T.G.; Guo, X. Making Fischer-Tropsch fuels and electricity from coal and biomass: Performance and cost analysis. Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 415–437
80. Fischer-Tropsch Fuels from Coal and Biomass. Available online: http://mitei.mit.edu/system/files/kreutz-fischer-tropsch.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
81. Fischer-Tropsch Fuels from Coal, Natural Gas, and Biomass Background and Policy. Available online: http://research.policyarchive.org/19952.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
82. Wypych, G. Overview of methods of solvent manufacture. In Handbook of Solvents; Wypych, A., Ed.; ChemTec Publishing: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2001; pp. 69–74
83. Koutinas, A.A.; Du, C.; Wang, R.H.; Webb, C. Production of chemicals from biomass. In Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, 1st ed.; Clark, D., Ed.; John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK, 2008; p. 78
84. Wolf, K.; Yazdani, A.; Yates, P. Chlorinated solvents: Will the alternatives be safer? J. Air Waste Manag. 1991, 41, 1055–1061
85. EPA Report, Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvents for Cleaning and Degreasing. Available online: http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=30004N9I.TXT (accessed on 29 May 2015).
86. EPA Report, Evaluation of Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvent for Metal Cleaning. Available online: http://www.turi.org/content/download/6209/65352/file/1996Report46EllenbeckerandThomas-EvalofAlttoChlorSolvents.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
87. Dow Choices and Solutions Newsletter Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvents. Available online: http://www.dow.com/webapps/lit/litorder.asp?filepath=gco/pdfs/noreg/100-06917.pdf&pdf=true (accessed on 29 May 2015).
88. Quitmeyer, J. Aqueous cleaners challenge chlorinated solvents. Pollut. Eng. 1991, 23, 88–91
89. Solvent Technology for Present and Future Air Quality Regulations. Available online: tttp://www.eastman.com/Literature_Center/M/M310.pdf(accessed on 5 June 2015).
90. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Available online: http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php (accessed on 5 June 2015).
91. Virent Makes Gasoline from Cellulosic Biomass. Available online: http://www.virent.com/news/virent-makes-gasoline-from-cellulosic-biomass (accessed on 29 May 2015).
92. Chheda, J.N.; Huber, G.W.; Dumesic, J.A. Liquid-phase catalytic processing of biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons to fuels and chemicals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7164–7183
93. Davda, R.R.; Shabaker, J.W.; Huber, G.W.; Cortright, R.D.; Dumesic, J.A. A review of catalytic issues and process conditions for renewable hydrogen and alkanes by aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons over supported metal catalysts. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2005, 56, 171–186
94. NEXBTL Renewable Diesel. Available online: http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp? path=1,41,11991,22708,22709,22710 (accessed on 25 May 2015).
95. Amyris Farnesene. Available online:http://farnesene.net/(accessed on 25 May 2015).
96. Sacia, E.R.; Deaner, M.H.; Louie, Y.; Bell, A.T. Synthesis of biomass-derived methylcyclopentane as a gasoline additive via aldol condensation/hydrodeoxygenation of 2,5-hexanedione. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 2393–2397
97. Kim, J.K.; Han, G.H.; Oh, B.R.; Chun, Y.N.; Eom, C.Y.; Kim, S.W. Volumetric scale-up of a three stage fermentation system for food waste treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 4394–4399
98. Weiland, P. Biogas production: Current state and perspectives. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 85, 849–860
99. Lin, C.S.K.; Pfaltzgraff, L.A.; Herrero-Davila, L.; Mubofu, E.B.; Abderrahim, S.; Clark, J.H.; Koutinas, A.A.; Kopsahelis, N.; Stamatelatou, K.; Dickson, F.; et al. Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels current situation and global perspective. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 426–464
100. Food Waste. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/food_waste/index_en.htm (accessed on 15 May 2015).
101. EU Actions Against Food Waste. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/food_waste/eu_actions/index_en.htm (accessed on 15 May 2015).
102. Zhang, B.; Zhong, Z.; Min, M.; Ding, K.; Xie, Q.; Ruan, R. Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of biomass and food waste to produce aromatics: Analytical Py–GC/MS study. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 189, 30–35
103. Kondamudi, N.; Mohapatra, S.K.; Misra, M. Spent coffee grounds as a versatile source of green energy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 11757–11760
104. López, J.A.S.; Li Q.; Thompson, I.P. Biorefinery of waste orange peel. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2010, 30, 63–69
105. Meng, Y.; Li, S.; Yuan, H.; Zou, D.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, B.; Chufo, A.; Jaffar, M.; Li, X. Evaluating biomethane production from anaerobic mono-and co-digestion of food waste and floatable oil (FO) skimmed from food waste. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 185, 7–13
106. Zhang, C.; Su, H.; Wang, Z.; Tan, T.; Qin, P. Biogas by semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of food waste. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2015, 175, 3901–3914
107. Han, W.; Liu, D.N.; Shi, Y.W.; Tang, J.H.; Li, Y.F.; Ren, N.Q. Biohydrogen production from food waste hydrolysate using continuous mixed immobilized sludge reactors. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 180, 54–58
108. Huang, H.; Qureshi, N.; Chen, M.H.; Liu, W.; Singh, V. Ethanol production from food waste at high solids content with vacuum recovery technology. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015, 63, 2760–2766
109. Dahiya, S.; Sarkar, O.; Swamy, Y.V.; Mohan, S.V. Acidogenic fermentation of food waste for volatile fatty acid production with co-generation of biohydrogen. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 182, 103–113
110. Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, S.; Chen, H.; Zheng, X.; Luo, J.; Liu, Y. Efficient production of optically pure L-lactic acid from food waste at ambient temperature by regulating key enzyme activity. Water Res. 2015, 70, 148–157
111. Parshetti, G.K.; Suryadharma, M.S.; Pham, T.P.T.; Mahmood, R.; Balasubramanian, R. Heterogeneous catalyst-assisted thermochemical conversion of food waste biomass into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 178, 19–27
112. How Is Gas Extracted from the Ground? Available online: http://www.ukoog.org.uk/knowledge-base/drilling-process-kb/how-is-gas-extracted-from-the-ground (accessed on 16 June 2015).
113. Falling oil Prices Reveal America’s Fracking Trap and Saudi Arabia’s Continued Energy Dominance. Available online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alexis-crow/america-frackingsaudi-oil_b_6091942.html (accessed on 16 June 2015).
114. UK Biogas Plant Map. Available online: http://www.biogas-info.co.uk/maps/index2.htm (accessed on 15 May 2015).
115. EurObserv’ER Biogas Barometer 2014. Available online: http://www.eurobserv-er.org/biogas-barometer-2014 (accessed on 15 May 2015).
116. Gunaseelan, V.N. Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production: A review. Biomass Bioenergy 1997, 13, 83–114
117. An Introduction to Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Wastes. Available online: http://www.biogasmax.co.uk/media/introanaerobicdigestion__073323000_1011_24042007.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2015).
118. Subramani, V.; Sharma, P.; Zhang, L.; Liu, K. Catalytic steam reforming technology for the production of hydrogen and syngas. In Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies; Liu, K., Song, C., Subramani, V., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons: Hoboken, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 14–126
119. Rostrup-Nielsen, J.; Christiansen, L.J. Concepts in Syngas Manufacture; Imperial College Press: London, UK, 2011; pp. 3–71
120. Kamm, B. Production of platform chemicals and synthesis gas from biomass. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5056–5058
121. Kang, S.; Li, X.; Fan, J.; Chang, J. Hydrothermal conversion of lignin a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 27, 546–558
122. Chen, T.; Wu, J.; Zhang, J.; Wu, J.; Sun, L. Gasification kinetic analysis of the three pseudocomponents of biomass-cellulose semicellulose and lignin. Bioresour. Technol. 2014, 153, 223–229
123. Consonni, S.; Katofsky, R.E.; Larson, E.D. A gasification-based biorefinery for the pulp and paper industry. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2009, 87, 1293–1317
124. Hunt, A.J.; Sin, E.H.K.; Marriott, R.; Clark, J.H. Generation, capture, and utilization of industrial carbon dioxide. ChemSusChem 2010, 3, 306–322
125. Reverchon, E.; de Marco, I. Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of natural matter. J. Supercrit. Fluid. 2006, 38, 146–166
126. Wang, L.; Weller, C.L.; Schlegel, V.L.; Carr, T.P.; Cuppett, S.L. Comparison of supercritical CO2 and hexane extraction of lipids from sorghum distillers grains. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2007, 109, 567–574
127. Jung, G.W.; Kang, H.M.; Chun, B.S. Characterization of wheat bran oil obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide and hexane extraction. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2012, 18, 360–363
128. Weissermel, K; Arpe, H.J. Industrial Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1993; pp. 13–30
129. Weissermel, K; Arpe, H.J. Industrial Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1993; p. 27
130. A Restriction of Methanol under REACH Has Been Proposed. Available online: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13641/annex_xv_methanol_en.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
131. Production of Bio-Methanol IEA-ETSAP and IRENA© Technology Brief. Available online: https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief% 20I08%20Production_of_Bio-methanol.pdf(accessed on 21 July).
132. Varişli, D.; Tokay, K.C.; Çiftçi, A.; Doğu, T.; Doğu, G. Methanol dehydration reaction to produce clean diesel alternative dimethylether over mesoporous aluminosilicate-based catalysts. Turk. J. Chem. 2009, 33, 355–366
133. Fukaya, M.; Park, Y.S.; Toda, K. Improvement of acetic acid fermentation by molecular breeding and process development. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1992, 73, 447–454
134. Khan, A.W.; Wall, D.; van den Berg, L. Fermentative bonversion of bellulose to acetic acid and cellulolytic enzyme production by a bacterial mixed culture obtained from sewage sludge. Appl. Environ. Microb. 1981, 41, 1214–1218
135. Huijbregts, M.A.J.; Hellweg, S.; Frischknecht, R.; Hendriks, H.W.M.; Hungerbühler, K.; Hendriks, A.J. Cumulative energy demand as predictor for the environmental burden of commodity production. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 2189–2196
136. Capello, C.; Wernet, G.; Sutter, J.; Hellweg, S.; Hungerbühler, K. A comprehensive environmental assessment of petrochemical solvent production. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2009, 14, 467–479
137. The Eco-Profiles for Current and Near-Future NatureWorks® Polylactide (PLA) Production. Available online: http://www.natureworksllc.com/~/media/The_Ingeo_Journey/EcoProfile_LCA/EcoProfile/NTR_Eco_Profile_Industrial_Biotechnology_032007_pdf.pdf?la=en (accessed on 1 June 2015).
138. Weissermel, K; Arpe, H.J. Industrial Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1993; pp. 177–179
139. Sánchez, A.B.; Homs, N.; Miachon, S.; Dalmon, J.A.; Fierrod, J.L.G.; de la Piscina, P.R. Direct transformation of ethanol into ethyl acetate through catalytic membranes containing Pd or Pd-Zn: Comparison with conventional supported catalysts. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 2569–2575
140. Santacesaria, E.; Di, S.M.; Tesser, R.; Carotenuto, G. Process for the Production of Ethyl-Acetate from Ethanol. World Patent 104738 A2, 1 September 2011
141. Parker, H.L.; Sherwood, J.; Hunt, A.J.; Clark, J.H. Cyclic carbonates as green alternative solvents for the heck reaction. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2014, 2, 1739–1742
142. Yim, H.; Haselbeck, R.; Niu, W.; Pujol-Baxley, C.; Burgard, A.; Boldt, J.; Khandurina, J.; Trawick, J.D.; Osterhout, R.E.; Stephen, R.; et al. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for direct production of 1,4-butanediol. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2011, 7, 445–452
143. Kantchev, E.A.B.; Norsten, T.B.; Tan, M.L.Y.; Ng, J.J.Y.; Sullivan, M.B. Thiophene-containing Pechmann dyes and related compounds synthesis and experimental and DFT characterisation. Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 18, 695–708
144. Norsten, T.B.; Kantchev, E.A.B.; Sullivan, M.B. Thiophene-containing Pechmann dye derivatives. Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4816–4819
145. Prior, T.J.; Rosseinsky, M.J. Chiral direction and interconnection of helical three-connected networks in metal-organic frameworks. Inorg. Chem.2003, 42, 1564–1575
146. Far Eastern New Century Showcases Apparel with High Renewable Content (Genomatica Press Release). Available online: http://www.genomatica.com/news/press-releases/far-eastern-newcentury-showcases-apparel-with-high-renewable-content (accessed on 29 May 2015).
147. Toray Succeeds in Production of Bio-Based PBT and Part Samples (Genomatica Press Release). Available online: http://www.genomatica.com/news/press-releases/toray-successfully-producesbio-based-pbt-and-part-samples (accessed on 29 May 2015).
148. BioAmber Succinic Acid. Available online: http://www.bio-amber.com/bioamber/en/products (accessed on 15 May 2015).
149. Lammens, T.M.; Franssen, M.C.R.; Scott, E.L.; Sanders, J.P.M. Synthesis of biobased N-methylpyrrolidone by one-pot cyclization and methylation of γ-aminobutyric acid. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 1430–1436
150. Lammens, T.M.; Potting, J.; Sanders, J.P.M.; de Boer, I.J.M. Environmental comparison of biobased chemicals from glutamic acid with their petrochemical equivalents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 8521–8528
151. Lammens, T.M.; Gangarapu, S.; Franssen, M.C.R.; Scott, E.L.; Sanders, J.P.M. Techno-economic assessment of the production of bio-based chemicals from glutamic acid. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefining 2012, 6, 177–187
152. De Schouwer, F.; Claes, L.; Claes, N.; Bals, S.; Degrèvec, J.; de Vos, D.E. Pd-catalyzed decarboxylation of glutamic acid and pyroglutamic acid to bio-based 2-pyrrolidone. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 2263–2270
153. Sanders, J.; Scott, E.; Weusthuis, R.; Mooibroek, H. Bio-refinery as the bio-inspired process to bulk chemicals. Macromol. Biosci.2007, 7, 105–117
154. Kim, Y.; Mosier, N.S.; Hendrickson, R.; Ezeji, T.; Blaschek, H.; Dien, B.; Cotta, M.; Dale, B.; Ladisch, M.R. Composition of corn dry-grind ethanol by-products DDGS wet cake and thin stillage. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 5165–5176
155. Metts, L.S.; Rawles, S.D.; Brady, Y.J.; Thompson, K.R.; Gannam, A.L.; Twibell, R.G.; Webster, C.D. Amino acid availability from selected animal and plant derived feedstuffs for market-size sunshine bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis). Aquac. Nutr.2011, 17, 123–131
156. Pahm, A.A.; Pedersen, C.; Hoehler, D.; Stein, H.H. Factors affecting the variability in ileal amino acid digestibility in corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2008, 86, 2180–2189
157. Scott, E.; Peter, F.; Sanders, J. Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products-the use of proteins and amino acids. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 75, 751–762
158. Ledoux, A.; Kuigwa, L.S.; Framery, E.; Andrioletti, B. A highly sustainable route to pyrrolidone derivatives—Direct access to biosourced solvents. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 3251–3254
159. TamiSolveNxG. Available online: http://tamisolvenxg.com (accessed on 15 May 2015).
160. Circa Cyrene. Available online: http://circagroup.com.au/cyrene (accessed on 15 May 2015).
161. Aycock, D.F.; Solvent applications of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran in organometallic and biphasic reactions. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2007, 11, 156–159
162. China Steel Green-Lights Commercial-Scale LanzaTech Advanced Biofuels Project. Available online: http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/04/22/china-steel-green-lights-46m-for-commercialscale-lanzatech-advanced-biofuels-project (accessed on 25 May 2015).
163. Phillips, J.R.; Atiyeh, H.K.; Tanner, R.S.; Torres, J.R.; Saxena, J.; Wilkins, M.R.; Huhnke, R.L. Butanol and hexanol production in Clostridium carboxidivorans syngas fermentation medium development and culture techniques. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 190, 114–121
164. Akhtar, M.K.; Dandapani, H.; Thiel, K.; Jones, P.R. Microbial production of 1-octanol a naturally excreted biofuel with diesel-like properties. Metab. Eng. Commun. 2015, 2, 1–5
165. Das, D.; Veziroǧlu, T.N. Hydrogen production by biological processes: A survey of literature. Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 2001, 26, 13–28
166. Melis, A.; Happe, T. Hydrogen production green algae as a source of energy. Plant Physiol. 2001, 127, 740–748
167. Friendly Mutant Algae Could Churn out Sustainable Hydrogen on Your Desktop. Available online: http://cleantechnica.com/2014/02/11/sustainable-hydrogen-from-friendly-mutant-algae (accessed on 29 May 2015).
168. Liu, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, N.; Han, Y.; Zhang, X.; Huang, H.; Lifshitz, Y.; Lee, S.T.; Zhong, J.; Kang, Z. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway. Science 2015, 347, 970–974
169. Khadzhiev, S.N.; Kolesnichenko, N.V.; Ezhova, N.N. Manufacturing of lower olefins from natural gas through methanol and its derivatives (review) Pet. Chem. 2008, 48, 325–334
170. Lefevere, J.; Mullens, S.; Meynen, V.; van Noyen, J. Structured catalysts for methanol-to-olefins conversion a review. Chem. Pap. 2014, 68, 1143–1153
171. Albo, J.; Alvarez-Guerra, M.; Castaño P.; Irabien, A. Towards the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 2304–2324
172. Olah, G.A. Beyond oil and gas: The methanol economy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2636–2639
173. Olah, G.A.; Goeppert, A.; Prakash, G.K.S. Chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to methanol and dimethyl ether from greenhouse gas to renewable environmentally carbon neutral fuels and synthetic hydrocarbons, J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 487–498
174. State of Play on Biofuel Subsidies: Are Policies Ready to Shift? Available online: http:www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/bf_stateplay_2012.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
175. Direct Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy in Fiscal Year 2013. Available online: http://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/subsidy/pdf/subsidy.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
176. Tracking Progress: International Cooperation to Reform Fossil-Fuel Subsidies. Available online: http://www.iisd.org/GSI/tracking-progress-g-20-and-apec-commitments-reform (accessed on 29 May 2015).
177. India Changes Ethanol Policy Adopts Fixed Price to Reach 5% Blending Target. Available online: http://www.platts.com/latest-news/agriculture/mumbai/india-changes-ethanol-policy-adoptsfixed-price-27923784 (accessed on 8 June 2015).
178. The Brazilian Ethanol Programme Impacts on World Ethanol and Sugar Markets. Available online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad430e/ad430e00.htm (accessed on 8 June 2015).
179. European Commission Renewable Energy National Action Plans. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans (accessed on 8 June 2015).
180. Production of Bio-Ethylene IEA-ETSAP and IRENA© Technology Brief. Available online: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief% 20I13%20Production_of_Bio-ethylene.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
181. Braskem Green Products. Available online: http://www.braskem.com/site.aspx/green-products-USA (accessed on 15 May 2015).
182. Plantbottle. Available online: http://www.coca-colacompany.com/plantbottletechnology/plantbottle (accessed on 15 May 2015).
183. Oil (Brent) Price Index. Available online: http://www.quotenet.com/commodities/oil-price (accessed on 29 May 2015).
184. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Production Data. Available online: http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/*/E (accessed on 29 May 2015).
185. Shale Gas Reshaping the US Chemicals Industry. Available online: http://www.pwc.com/en_US/us/industrial-products/publications/assets/pwc-shale-gas-chemicals-industry-potential.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
186. Haer, T. Environmental, Social and Economic Sustainability of Biobased Plastics Bio-polyethylene from Brazil and polylactic acid from the U.S. PhD Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, 2012
187. Naphtha (European) Price Index. Available online: http://www.quotenet.com/commodities/naphtha (accessed on 29 May 2015).
188. Platts Global Ethylene Price index. Available online: http://www.platts.com/news-feature/2015/petrochemicals/pgpi/ethylene (accessed on 29 May 2015).
189. Platts Global Polyethylene Price Index. Available online: http://www.platts.com/news-feature/2015/petrochemicals/pgpi/ldpe (accessed on 29 May 2015).
190. The Impact of Falling Crude Oil Prices on Chemical Building Blocks. Available online: http://www.orbichem.com/userfiles/Presentations/ICDC2015_Charles_Fryer_TOC%20SR%2013 0215.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
191. European Bioplastics Market. Available online: http://en.european-bioplastics.org/market (accessed on 29 May 2015).
192. Selley, R.C. UK shale gas: The story so far. Mar. Petrol. Geol. 2012, 31, 100–109
193. Weijermars, R. Economic appraisal of shale gas plays in Continental Europe. Appl. Energ. 2013, 106, 100–115
194. Shale Gas Measurement and Associated Issues. Available online: http://www.pipelineandgasjournal. com/shale-gas-measurement-and-associated-issues (accessed on 29 May 2015).
195. Platts Special Report, Petrochemicals: Can Shale Gas Save the Naphtha Crackers? Available online: http://www.platts.com/IM.Platts.Content/InsightAnalysis/IndustrySolutionPapers/ShaleGasRepor t13.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2015).
196. Seaborne Ethane a Report into the Commercial Need and Technical Requirements for Very Large Ethane Carriers. Available online: http://www.lr.org/en/_images/213-42424_Seaborne_ethane.pdf (accessed on 8 June 2015).
197. PlantBottle™ Packaging. Available online: http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/videos/plant-bottlepackaging-bc1944837204001 (accessed on 29 May 2015).
198. Platts Shale Gas Market Report. Available online: http://www.platts.com/IM.Platts.Content/InsightAnalysis/IndustrySolutionPapers/ShaleGasReport13.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
199. Van duuren, J.B.J.H.; Brehmer, B.; Mars, A.E.; Eggink, G.; Martins dos Santos, V.A.P.; Sanders, J.P.M. A limited LCA of bio-adipic acid manufacturing the nylon-6,6 precursor adipic acid using the benzoic acid degradation pathway from different feedstocks. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011, 108, 1298–1306
200. Cherubini, F.; Jungmeier, G. LCA of a biorefinery concept producing bioethanol, bioenergy, and chemicals from switchgrass. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2010, 15, 53–66
201. Eckert, C.; Xu, W.; Xiong, W.; Lynch, S.; Ungerer, J.; Tao, L.; Gill, R.; Maness, P.C.; Yu, J. Ethylene-forming enzyme and bioethylene production. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2014, 7, 33
202. Wu, C.T.; Yu, K.M.K.; Liao, F.; Young, N.; Nellist, P.; Dent, A.; Kroner, A.; Tsang, S.C.E. A non-syn-gas catalytic route to methanol production. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 1050
203. Wu, C.T.; Qu, J.; Elliott, J.; Yu, K.M.K.; Tsang, S.C.E. Hydrogenolysis of ethylene glycol to methanol over modified RANEY® catalysts. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 9043–9050
204. Aricò, F.; Tundo, P. Dimethyl carbonate: A modern green reagent and solvent. Russ. Chem Rev. 2010, 79, 479–489
205. BASF Diethylamine. Available online: http://product-finder.basf.com/group/corporate/product-finder/en/brand/DIETHYLAMINE_ANHYDROUS (accessed on 1 June 2015).
206. Lambiotte&CIE Ethylal. Available online: http://www.agrobiobase.com/en/database/bioproducts/detergency/ethylal (accessed on 1 June 2015).
207. Inokuma, K.; Liao, J.C.; Okamoto, M.; Hanai, T. Improvement of isopropanol production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli using gas stripping. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2010, 110, 696–701
208. Rodriguez, B.A.; Stowers, C.C.; Pham, V.; Cox, B.M. The production of propionic acid propanol and propylene via sugar fermentation an industrial perspective on the progress, technical challenges and future outlook. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 1066–1076
209. Direct Biological Production of Propylene Third Star on Global Bioenergies’ Race to Renewable Olefins (Press Release). Available online: http://www.global-bioenergies.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/141208_pr_en.pdf (accessed on 4 June 2015).
210. Global Bioenergies’ Press Release Site. Available online: http://www.global-bioenergies.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=200&lang=en (accessed on 19 May 2015).
211. Osterhout, R.E.; Burgard, A.P.; Burk, M.J. Microorganisms and Methods for producing 2,4-Pentadienoate, Butadiene, Propylene, 1,3-Butanediol and Related Alcohols. World Patent 028519 A1, 28 February 2013
212. Iwamoto, M.; Kosugi, Y. Highly selective conversion of ethene to propene and butenes on nickel ion-loaded mesoporous silica catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 13–15
213. Andrei, R.D.; Popa, M.I.; Fajula, F.; Cammarano, C.; Al Khudhair, A.; Bouchmella, K.; Mutin, P.H.; Hulea, V. Ethylene to propylene by one-pot catalytic cascade reactions. ACS Catal. 2015, 5, 2774–2777
214. Bio-Based Polypropylene; Multiple Synthetic Routes under Investigation. Available online: http://polymerinnovationblog.com/bio-based-polypropylene-multiple-synthetic-routes-underinvestigation (accessed on 15 May 2015).
215. ICIS, Bioplastics Surge towards Commercialization. Available online: http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2012/07/02/9573828/bioplastics-surge-towards-commercialization (accessed on 15 May 2015).
216. Braskem Green Polypropylene. Available online: http://www3.braskem.com.br/upload/rao/2010/en/green-polypropylene.html (accessed on 22 May 2015).
217. Braskem to Make Propylene from Ethanol. Available online: http://cenblog.org/the-chemical-notebook/2010/10/brakem-to-make-propylene-from-ethanol/(accessed on 22 May 2015).
218. Mülhaupt, R. Green polymer chemistry and bio-based plastics: Dreams and reality. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2013, 214, 159−174
219. Braskem Freezes Green Plastics Plans. Available online: http://www.bnamericas.com/news/petrochemicals/braskem-freezes-green-plastics-plans-focuses-elsewhere (accessed on 22 May 2015).
220. Iwamoto, M.; Mizuno, S.; Tanaka, M. Direct and selective production of propene from bio-ethanol on Sc-loaded In2O3 catalysts. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 7214–7220
221. Iwamoto, M. Selective catalytic conversion of bio-ethanol to propene: A review of catalysts and reaction pathways. Catal. Today 2015, 242, 243–248
222. Hayashi, F.; Iwamoto, M. Yttrium-modified ceria as a highly durable catalyst for the selective conversion of ethanol to propene and ethene. ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 14–17
223. Mizuno, S.; Kurosawa, M.; Tanak, M.; Iwamoto, M. One-path and selective conversion of ethanol to propene on scandium-modified indium oxide catalysts. Chem. Lett. 2012, 41, 892–894
224. Zhang, Q.; Hu, S.; Zhang, L.; Wu, Z.; Gong, Y.; Dou, T. Facile fabrication of mesopore-containing ZSM-5 zeolite from spent zeolite catalyst for methanol to propylene reaction. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 77–81
225. Neste Oil Biopropane Press Release. Available online: http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp? path=1,41,540,17988,7906,24702 (accessed on 29 May 2015).
226. Neste Oil’s Biopropane Will Be Sold to SHV Energy (Press Release). Available online: http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1,41,540,1259,1260,22862,24388 (accessed on 29 May 2015).
227. Schweitzer, N.M.; Hu, B.; Das, U.; Kim, H.; Greeley, J.; Curtiss, L.A.; Stair, P.C.; Miller, J.T.; Hock, A.S. Propylene hydrogenation and propane dehydrogenation by a single-site Zn2+ on silica catalyst. ACS Catal. 2014, 4, 1091–1098
228. Dijkmans, T.; Pyl, S.P.; Reyniers, M.F.; Abhari, R.; van Geem, K.M.; Marin, G.B. Production of bio-ethene and propene: Alternatives for bulk chemicals and polymers. Green Chem. 2013, 15, 3064–3076
229. Total Petrochemicals Methanol to Olefins. Available online: http://www.totalrefiningchemicals.com/EN/aboutus/understand_petrochemicals/Pages/Methanol_To_Olefins.aspx (accessed on 8 June 2015).
230. Vermeiren, W.; Adam, C.; Minoux, D. Production of Propylene via Simultaneous Dehydration and Skeletal Isomerisation of Isobutanol on Acid Catalysts Followed by Metathesis. World Patent 113836 A1, 22 September 2011
231. Solvent Substitution or Replacment Options for MIBK. Available online: http://www.eastman.com/Literature_Center/T/TT127.pdf(accessed on 8 June 2015).
232. Zhu, S.; Zhu, Y.; Hao, S.; Zheng, H.; Moa, T.; Li, Y. One-step hydrogenolysis of glycerol to biopropanols over Pt–H4SiW12O40/ZrO2 catalysts. Green Chem. 2012, 14, 2607–2616
233. Martin-Luengo, M.A.; Yates, M.; Rojo, E.S.; Arribas, D.H.; Aguilar, D.; Hitzky, E.R. Sustainable p-cymene and hydrogen from limonene. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2010, 387, 141–146
234. Weissermel, K; Arpe, H.J. Industrial Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1993; pp. 276–277
235. Birkhoff, R.; Bhoomi, R. Integrated Process for Producing Cumene and Purifying Isopropanol. World Patent 028003 A1, 20 February 2014
236. Brettschneider, F.; Jankowski, V.; Günthner, T.; Salem, S.; Nierhaus, M.; Schulz, A.; Zidek, W.; Jankowski, J. Replacement of acetonitrile by ethanol as solvent in reversed phase chromatography of biomolecules. J. Chromatogr. B 2010, 878, 763–768
237. Weissermel, K.; Arpe, H.J. Industrial Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1993; pp. 301–302
238. McConvey, I.F.; Woods, D.; Lewis, M.; Gan, Q.; Nancarrow, P. The importance of acetonitrile in the pharmaceutical industry and opportunities for its recovery from waste. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2012, 16, 612–624
239. Desai, A.M.; Andreae, M.; Mullen, D.G.; Banaszak Holl, M.M.; Baker, J.R., Jr. Acetonitrile shortage: Use of isopropanol as an alternative elution system for ultra/high performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Methods 2011, 3, 56–58
240. Corker, E.C.; Mentzel, U.V.; Mielby, J.; Riisager, A.; Fehrmann, R. An alternative pathway for production of acetonitrile: Ruthenium catalysed aerobic dehydrogenation of ethylamine. Green Chem. 2013, 15, 928–933
241. Kohlpaintner, C.W.; Fischer, R.W.; Cornils, B. Aqueous biphasic catalysis Ruhrchemie/Rhône-Poulenc oxo process. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2001, 221, 219–225
242. Cornils, B. Industrial aqueous biphasic catalysis status and directions. Org. Proc. Res. Dev. 1998, 2, 121–127
243. EBTP Biobutanol. Available online: http://biofuelstp.eu/butanol.html (accessed on 1 June 2015).
244. Uyttebroek, M.; van Hecke, W.; Vanbroekhoven, K. Sustainability metrics of 1-butanol. Catal. Today 2015, 239, 7–10
245. Butanol’s High Value Markets. Available online: http://www.cobalttech.com/biobutanol.html (accessed on 1 June 2015).
246. Ciriminna, R.; Pina, C.D.; Rossi, M.; Pagliaro, M. Understanding the glycerol market. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2014, 116, 1432–1439
247. Zacharopoulou, V.; Vasiliadoua, E.S.; Lemonidou, A.A. One-step propylene formation from bio-glycerol over molybdena-based catalysts. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 903–912
248. Pagliaro, M.; Ciriminna, R.; Kimura, H.; Rossi M.; Pina, C.D. From glycerol to value-added products. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4434–4440
249. Zhou, C.H.; Beltramini, J.N.; Fan, Y.X.; Lu, G.Q. Chemoselective catalytic conversion of glycerol as a biorenewable source to valuable commodity chemicals. Chem. Soc. Rev.2008, 37, 527–549
250. Ten Dam, J.; Hanefeld, U. Renewable Chemicals: Dehydroxylation of glycerol and polyols. ChemSusChem 2011, 4, 1017–1034
251. Marinas, A.; Bruijnincx, P.; Ftouni, J.; Urbano, F.J.; Pinel, C. Sustainability metrics for a fossil-and renewable-based route for 1,2-propanediol production: A comparison. Catal. Today 2015, 239, 31–37
252. Posada, J.A.; Rincón, L.E.; Cardona, C.A. Design and analysis of biorefineries based on raw glycerol. Addressing the glycerol problem. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 111, 282–293
253. Propanediol Fermentation Process. Available online: http://www2.dupont.com/Renewably_Sourced_Materials/en_US/proc-buildingblocks.html (accessed on 29 May 2015).
254. Comerford, J.W.; Ingram, I.D.V.; North, M.; Wu, X. Sustainable metal-based catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates containing five-membered rings. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 1966–1987
255. North, M.; Pasquale, R.; Young, C. Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 1514–1539
256. Honda, M.; Tamura, M.; Nakao, K.; Suzuki, K.; Nakagawa, Y.; Tomishige, K. Direct cyclic carbonate synthesis from CO2 and diol over carboxylation/hydration cascade catalyst of CeO2 with 2-cyanopyridine. ACS Catal. 2014, 4, 1893–1896
257. Gao, Z.W.; Wang, S.F.; Xia, C.G. Synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2-propanediol. Chin. Chem. Lett.2009, 20, 131–135
258. Chemistry World Podcast Ethylene Glycol. Available online: http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/CIIEcompounds/transcripts/ethyleneglycol.asp (accessed on 1 June 2015).
259. Davy Propylene Glycol. Available online: http://www.davyprotech.com/what-we-do/licensed-processes-and-core-technologies/licensed-processes/propylene-glycol/specification (accessed on 1 June 2015).
260. Panichelli, L.; Dauriat A.; Gnansounou, E. Life cycle assessment of soybean-based biodiesel in Argentina for export. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2009, 14, 144–159
261. Susterra® 1,3-Propanediol. Available online: http://www.duponttateandlyle.com/susterra (accessed on 29 May 2015).
262. DOW Ethylene versus Propylene Glycol. Available online: http://www.dow.com/heattrans/support/selection/ethylene-vs-propylene.htm (accessed on 4 June 2015).
263. Díaz-Álvarez, A.E.; Francos, J.; Lastra-Barreira, B.; Crocheta, P.; Cadierno, V. Glycerol and derived solvents: New sustainable reaction media for organic synthesis. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 6208–6227
264. Gu, Y.; Jérôme, F. Glycerol as a sustainable solvent for green chemistry. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 1127–1138
265. Agrobiobase Glycerol Formal. Available online: http://www.agrobiobase.com/en/database/bioproducts/chemistry-formulation-synthesis/glycerol-formal (accessed on 15 May 2015).
266. Moity, L.; Benazzouz, A.; Molinier, V.; Nardello-Rataj, V.; Elmkaddem, M.K.; de Caro, P.; Thiébaud-Roux, S.; Gerbaud, V.; Marione, P.; Aubry, J.M. Glycerol acetals and ketals as bio-based solvents: Positioning in Hansen and COSMO-RS spaces, volatility and stability towards hydrolysis and autoxidation. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 1779–1792
267. Fiume, M.Z. Final report on the safety assessment of triacetin. Int. J. Toxicol. 2003, 22, 1–10
268. Groot, W.; van Krieken, J.; Sliekersl, O.; de Vos, S. Production and purification of lactic acid and lactide. In Poly(lactic acid) Synthesis Structures Properties Processing and Applications; Auras, L., Selke, T., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA; pp. 1–18
269. Yang, J.; Tan, J.N.; Gu, Y. Lactic acid as an invaluable bio-based solvent for organic reactions. Green Chem. 2012, 14, 3304–3317
270. Galactic Ethyl Lactate. Available online: http://www.lactic.com/en-us/13_ethyl-lactate/index.html (accessed on 15 May 2015).
271. Cellulac Ethyl Lactate. Available online: http://cellulac.co.uk/en/ethyl-lactate (accessed on 15 May 2015).
272. Vertec Ethyl Lactate. Available online: http://www.vertecbiosolvents.com/EL.htm (accessed on 1 June 2015).
273. Pereira, C.S.M.; Silva, V.M.T.M.; Rodrigues, A.E. Ethyl lactate as a solvent properties applications and production processes a review. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 2658–2671
274. Simonov, M.N.; Simakova, I.L.; Parmon, V.N. Hydrogenation of lactic acid to propylene glycol over copper-containing catalysts. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 2009, 97, 157–162
275. Jang, H.; Kim, S.H.; Lee, D.; Shim, S.E.; Baeck, S.H.; Kim, B.S.; Chang, T.S. Hydrogenation of lactic acid to propylene glycol over a carbon-supported ruthenium catalyst. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2013, 380, 57–60
276. Blombach, B.; Riester, T.; Wieschalka, S.; Ziert, C.; Youn, J.W.; Wendisch, V.F.; Eikmanns, B.J. Corynebacterium glutamicum tailored for efficient isobutanol production. Appl. Environ. Microb. 2011, 77, 3300–3310
277. Peters, M.W.; Taylor, J.D.; Jenni, M.; Manzer, L.E.; Henton, D.E. Integrated Process to Selectivity Convert Renewable Isobutanol to p-Xylene. US Patent 0087000 A1, 14 April 2011
278. Van Leeuwen, B.N.M.; van der Wulp, A.M.; Duijnstee, I.; van Maris, A.J.A.; Straathof, A.J.J. Fermentative production of isobutene. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 93, 1377–1387
279. Global Bioenergies Reports First Isobutene Production from Waste Biomass (Press Release). Available online: http://www.global-bioenergies.com/communiques/20150303_pr_en.pdf (accessed on 19 May 2015).
280. Weissermel, K; Arpe, H.J. Industrial Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1993; p. 73
281. Johnson, R.; Pankow, J.; Bender, D.; Price, C.; Zogorski, J. MTBE to what extent will past releases contaminate community water supply wells? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 210A–217A.
282. Squillace, P.J.; Pankow, J.F.; Korte, N.E.; Zogorski, J.S. Review of the environmental behavior and fate of methyl tert-butyl ether. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1997, 16, 1836–1844
283. Braskem Ethyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether. Available online: http://www.braskem.com/site.aspx/Ethyl-Tertiary-Butyl-Ether (accessed on 18 May 2015).
284. Ghiaci, P.; Norbeck, J.; Larsson, C. 2-Butanol and butanone production in saccharomyces cerevisiae through combination of a B12 dependent dehydratase and a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase using a TEV-based expression system. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, 102774
285. Green Chemicals Blog, Levulinic Acid Commercialization Expands. Available online: http://greenchemicalsblog.com/2015/03/05/levulinic-acid-commercialization-expands/(accessed on 18 May 2015).
286. Zhao, R.; Cabezas, H.; Nishtala, S.R. The design of technologically effective and environmentally benign solvent substitutes. In Green Chemical Syntheses and Processes; Anastas, P.T., Heine, L.G., Williamson, T.C., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 2000; pp. 230–243
287. Angelici, C.; Weckhuysen, B.M.; Bruijnincx, P.C.A. Chemocatalytic conversion of ethanol into butadiene and other bulk chemicals. ChemSusChem 2013, 6, 1595–1614
288. Posada, J.A.; Patel, A.D.; Roes, A.; Blok, K.; Faaij, A.P.C.; Patel, M.K. Potential of bioethanol as a chemical building block for biorefineries: Preliminary sustainability assessment of 12 bioethanol-based products. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 135, 490–499
289. BioSyntha and ZuvaChem Announce a Merger and Financing to form ZuvaSyntha Ltd. Available online: http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/news/biosyntha-and-zuvachem-announce-a-merger-and-financing-to-form-zuvasyntha-ltd (accessed on 1 June 2015).
290. Marliere, P. Production of Volatile Dienes by Enzymatic Dehydration of Light Alkenols. US Patent 8703455 B2, 22 April 2014
291. Köpke, M.; Mihalcea, C.; Liew, F.M.; Tizard, J.H.; Ali, M.S.; Conolly, J.J.; Al-Sinawi, B.; Simpson, S.D. 2,3-Butanediol production by acetogenic bacteria, an alternative route to chemical synthesis, using industrial waste gas. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 5467–5475
292. Duan, H.; Yamada, Y.; Sato, S. Efficient production of 1,3-butadiene in the catalytic dehydration of 2,3-butanediol. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2015, 491, 163–169
293. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS). Available online: http://www.plasticseurope.org/what-is-plastic/types-of-plastics-11148/engineering-plastics/abs.aspx (accessed on 1 June 2015).
294. Huber, G.W.; Cortright R.D.; Dumesic, J.A. Renewable alkanes by aqueous-phase reforming of biomass-derived oxygenates. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1549–1551
295. Chheda, J.N.; Dumesic, J.A. An overview of dehydration aldol-condensation and hydrogenation processes for production of liquid alkanes from biomass-derived carbohydrates. Catal. Today 2007, 123, 59–70
296. Pyl, S.P.; Dijkmans, T.; Antonykutty, J.M.; Reyniers, M.F.; Harlin, A.; van Geem, K.M.; Marin, G.B. Wood-derived olefins by steam cracking of hydrodeoxygenated tall oils. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 126, 48–55
297. Bielansky, P.; Reichhold, A.; Schönberger, C. Catalytic cracking of rapeseed oil to high octane gasoline and olefins. Chem. Eng. Process. 2010, 49, 873–880
298. Bielansky, P.; Weinert, A.; Schönberger, C.; Reichhold, A. Catalytic conversion of vegetable oils in a continuous FCC pilot plant. Fuel Process. Technol. 2011, 92, 2305–2311
299. Note: Toluene is included on the list of restrictions in Annex XVII to REACH EC regulation 1907/2006, relevant to spray paints.
300. Eastman Solvents—Performance Sheet: Suggested Replacements for Toluene. Available online: http://www.eastman.com/Literature_Center/T/TT41.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
301. Toluene Uses and Market Data. Available online: http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2007/11/07/9076550/toluene-uses-and-market-data (accessed on 29 May 2015).
302. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 List of Hazardous Air Pollutants. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/orig189.html (accessed on 29 May 2015).
303. Subsitution Support Portal (SubsPort) Restricted and Priority Substances Database. Available online: http://www.subsport.eu/listoflists(accessed on 29 May 2015).
304. Elkington, J. Cannibals with Forks, 1st ed.; Capstone: Oxford, UK, 1999; p. 281
305. Eastman Performance Solvents—Technical Tip. Available online: http://www.eastman.com/Literature_Center/T/TT69.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
306. Yadav, G.D.; Fernandes, G.P. Selective synthesis of natural benzaldehyde by hydrolysis of cinnamaldehyde using novel hydrotalcite catalyst. Catal. Today 2013, 207, 162–169
307. Liu, S.; Fan, X.; Yan, X.; Du, X.; Chen, L. Catalytic reduction of benzaldehyde to toluene over Ni/γ-Al2O3 in the presence of aniline and H2. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2011, 400, 99–103
308. Spekreijse, J.; Le Nôtre, J.; van Haveren, J.; Scott, E.L.; Sanders, J.P.M. Simultaneous production of biobased styrene and acrylates using ethenolysis. Green Chem. 2012, 14, 2747–2751
309. Zakzeski, J.; Bruijnincx, P.C.A.; Jongerius, A.L.; Weckhuysen, B.M. The catalytic valorization of lignin for the production of renewable chemicals. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 3552–3599
310. Azadi, P.; Carrasquillo-Flores, R.; Pagán-Torres, Y.J.; Gurbüz, E.I.; Farnood, R.; Dumesic, J.A. Catalytic conversion of biomass using solvents derived from lignin. Green Chem. 2012, 14, 1573–1576
311. Clark, J.H.; Macquarrie, D.J.; Sherwood, J. A quantitative comparison between conventional and bio-derived solvents from citrus waste in esterification and amidation kinetic studies. Green Chem. 2012, 14, 90–93
312. Clark, J.H.; Macquarrie, D.J.; Sherwood, J. The combined role of catalysis and solvent effects on the biginelli reaction improving efficiency and sustainability. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 5174–5182
313. Paggiola, G.; Hunt, A.J.; McElroy, C.R.; Sherwood, J.; Clark, J.H. Biocatalysis in bio-derived solvents an improved approach for medium optimisation. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 2107–2110
314. Dávila, J.A.; Rosenberg, M.; Cardona, C.A. Techno-economic and Environmental Assessment of p-cymene and pectin production from orange peel. Waste Biomass Valorization 2015, 6, 253–261
315. Leita, B.A.; Warden, A.C.; Burke, N.; O'Shea, M.S.; Trimm, D. Production of p-cymene and hydrogen from a bio-renewable feedstock–1,8-cineole (eucalyptus oil). Green Chem. 2010, 12, 70–76
316. Berti, C.; Binassi, E.; Colonna, M.; Fiorini, M.; Kannan, G.; Karanam, S.; Mazzacurati, M.; Odeh, I. Bio-Based Terephthalate Polyesters. US Patent 0168461 A1, 1 July 2010
317. Colonna, M.; Berti, C.; Fiorini, M.; Binassi, E.; Mazzacurati, M.; Vannini, M.; Karanam, S. Synthesis and radiocarbon evidence of terephthalate polyesters completely prepared from renewable resources. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 2543–2548
318. Liu, C.; Wang, H.; Karim, A.M.; Sun, J.; Wang, Y. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7594–7623
319. Kelkar, S.; Saffron, C.M.; Andreassi, K.; Li, Z.; Murkute, A.; Miller, D.J.; Pinnavaia, T.J.; Kriegel, R.M. A survey of catalysts for aromatics from fast pyrolysis of biomass. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2015, 174–175, 85–95
320. Bauer, F.; Hulteberg, C. Is there a future in glycerol as a feedstock in the production of biofuels and biochemicals? Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefining 2013, 7, 43–51
321. Anellotech Announces Successful Start-up of Pearl River Pilot Plant with Production of kilogram-Scale BTX (Press Release). Available online: http://anellotech.com/press/anellotech-announces-successful-start-pearl-river-pilot-plant-production-kilogram-scale-btx (accessed on 29 May 2015).
322. Carlson, T.R.; Tompsett, G.A.; Conner, W.C.; Huber, G.W. Aromatic production from catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass-derived feedstocks. Top. Catal. 2009, 52, 241–252
323. Carlson, T.R.; Cheng, Y.T.; Jae, J.; Huber, GW. Production of green aromatics and olefins by catalytic fast pyrolysis of wood sawdust. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 145–161
324. Blommel, P.; Held, A.; Goodwin, R.; Cortright, R. Process for Converting Biomass to Aromatic Hydrocarbons, US Patent 0349361 A1, 27 November 2014
325. Virent Announces World’s First Demonstration of Full Range Bio-Aromatics Production. Available online: http://www.virent.com/news/virent-announces-worlds-first-demonstration-offull-range-bio-aromatics-production (accessed on 29 May 2015).
326. Virent BioFormPX Paraxylene Used for World’s First PET Plastic Bottle Made Entirely from Plant Based Material. Available online: http://www.virent.com/news/virent-bioformpx-paraxyleneused-for-worlds-first-pet-plastic-bottle-made-entirely-from-plant-based-material/(accessed on 15 June 2015).
327. Coca-Cola Produces 100% Bio-Based PET Bottle. Available online: http://greenchemicalsblog.com/2015/06/09/coca-cola-produces-100-bio-based-pet-bottle (accessed on 15 June 2015).
328. Hallett, J.P.; Welton, T. Room-temperature ionic liquids solvents for synthesis and catalysis 2. Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 3508–3576
329. Beckman, E.J. Supercritical and near-critical CO2 in green chemical synthesis and processing. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2004, 28, 121–191
330. Simon, M.O.; Li, C.J. Green chemistry oriented organic synthesis in water. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 1415–1427
331. Jessop, P.G. Searching for green solvents. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 1391–1398
332. Wolfson, A.; Dlugy, C.; Tavor, D. Glycerol-based solvents in organic synthesis. Trends Organ. Chem. 2011, 15, 41–50
333. Abbott, A.P.; Harris, R.C.; Ryder, K.S.; D'Agostino, C.; Gladden, L.F.; Mantle, M.D. Glycerol eutectics as sustainable solvent systems. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 82–90
334. Cargill Glycerine. Available online: http://www.cargill.com/products/industrial/bioindustrial-index/glycerin/index.jsp (accessed on 29 May 2015).
335. Augeo™ SL 191 (Solketal). Available online: http://www.rhodia.com.cn/en/binaries/Flyer_AugeoSL191_EN.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2015).
336. Glycerol Formal Description. Available online: http://www.lambiotte.com/Glycerol_Formalproduct_ view.htm?id=69 (accessed on 29 May 2015).
337. Florachem d-Limonene. Available online: http://industrial.florachem.com/products/citrus (accessed on 29 May 2015).
338. BioAmber Diethyl Succinate. Available online: http://www.ulprospector.com/en/na/PersonalCare/Detail/6387/349249/Bio-DES (accessed on 29 May 2015).
339. Advanced Biotech Flavor and Fragance Ingredients. Available online: http://www.adv-bio.com (accessed on 8 June 2015).
340. Pennakem 1,2-Pentanediol. Available online: http://www.pennakem.com/products/%20% 205343-92-0_1,2-Pentanediol_UPDATE.html (accessed on 29 May 2015).
341. Pennakem 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran. Available online: http://www.pennakem.com/products/methyltetrahydrofuran.html (accessed on 29 May 2015).
342. French Roquette Builds Isosorbide Plant. Available online: http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2007/09/13/9062102/french-roquette-builds-isosorbide-plant (accessed on 8 June 2015).
343. Lotioncrafter Dimethyl Isosorbide. Available online: http://www.lotioncrafter.com/dimethylisosorbide-dmi.html (accessed on 8 June 2015).
344. Chemrec Dimethyl Ether. Available online: http://www.chemrec.se (accessed on 29 May 2015).
345. Soy Solvents a Market Opportunity Study. Available online: http://soynewuses.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/final_SolventsMarketStudy.pdf (accessed on 5 June 2015).
346. Horváth, I.T.; Mehdi, H.; Fábos, V.; Boda, L.; Mika, L.T. γ-Valerolactone a sustainable liquid for energy and carbon-based chemicals. Green Chem. 2008, 10, 238–242
347. Cao, F.; Schwartz, T.J.; McClelland, D.J.; Krishna, S.H.; Dumesic, J.A.; George W. Huber, G.W. Dehydration of cellulose to levoglucosenone using polar aprotic solvents. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 1808–1815.