Renin-angiotensin system blockade: Its contribution and controversy

International Journal of Urology

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 721-730

  Miyajima, Akira ^a   Kosaka, Takeo ^a   Kikuchi, Eiji ^a   Oya, Mototsugu ^a  

^a KEIO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Angiotensin II; Carcinogenesis; Fibrosis; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; BLADDER CANCER; CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; HUMAN; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUG EFFECTS; KIDNEY; METABOLISM; NEPHRITIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR;

ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; KIDNEY; NEPHRITIS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 84937938941     PISSN: 09198172     EISSN: 14422042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/iju.12827     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Leask A. Potential therapeutic targets for cardiac fibrosis: TGFbeta, angiotensin, endothelin, CCN2, and PDGF, partners in fibroblast activation. Circ. Res. 2010; 106: 1675-80.
2. Cavalera M, Wang J, Frangogiannis NG. Obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiac fibrosis: pathophysiological pathways, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Transl. Res. 2014; 164: 323-35.
3. Border WA, Noble NA. Evidence that TGF-beta should be a therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1998; 54: 1390-1.
4. Kagami S, Border WA, Miller DE, Noble NA. Angiotensin II stimulates extracellular matrix protein synthesis through induction of transforming growth factor-beta expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1994; 93: 2431-7.
5. Del Vecchio L, Procaccio M, Vigano S, Cusi D. Mechanisms of disease: the role of aldosterone in kidney damage and clinical benefits of its blockade. Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol. 2007; 3: 42-9.
6. Lu GC, Cheng JW, Zhu KM, Ma XJ, Shen FM, Su DF. A systematic review of angiotensin receptor blockers in preventing stroke. Stroke 2009; 40: 3876-8.
7. Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A et al. The ACCESS Study: evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke 2003; 34: 1699-703.
8. Chaturvedi N, Porta M, Klein R et al. Effect of candesartan on prevention (DIRECT-Prevent 1) and progression (DIRECT-Protect 1) of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 2008; 372: 1394-402.
9. +ATPase activity and cell growth by calcium-independent pathway in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J. Endocrinol. 2002; 173: 315-23.
10. Hunyady L. Molecular mechanisms of angiotensin II receptor internalization. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1999; 10(Suppl 11): S47-56.
11. Goldfarb DA, Diz DI, Tubbs RR, Ferrario CM, Novick AC. Angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the human renal cortex and renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 1994; 151: 208-13.
12. Sitzmann JV, Wu Y, Cameron JL. Altered angiotensin-II receptors in human hepatocellular and hepatic metastatic colon cancers. Ann. Surg. 1994;219:500-6; discussion 6-7.
13. Inwang ER, Puddefoot JR, Brown CL et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in human breast tissues. Br. J. Cancer 1997; 75: 1279-83.
14. Maggi M, Finetti G, Cioni A et al. Identification and characterization of functional angiotensin II receptors in human neuroblastoma cells. Regul. Pept. 1995; 56: 175-84.
15. De Paepe B, Verstraeten VL, De Potter CR, Vakaet LA, Bullock GR. Growth stimulatory angiotensin II type-1 receptor is upregulated in breast hyperplasia and in situ carcinoma but not in invasive carcinoma. Histochem. Cell Biol. 2001; 116: 247-54.
16. Fujimoto Y, Sasaki T, Tsuchida A, Chayama K. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in human pancreatic cancer and growth inhibition by angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. FEBS Lett. 2001; 495: 197-200.
17. Greco S, Muscella A, Elia MG et al. Angiotensin II activates extracellular signal regulated kinases via protein kinase C and epidermal growth factor receptor in breast cancer cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 2003; 196: 370-7.
18. Uemura H, Ishiguro H, Nakaigawa N et al. Angiotensin II receptor blocker shows antiproliferative activity in prostate cancer cells: a possibility of tyrosine kinase inhibitor of growth factor. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2003; 2: 1139-47.
19. Miyajima A, Kosaka T, Asano T, Seta K, Kawai T, Hayakawa M. Angiotensin II type I antagonist prevents pulmonary metastasis of murine renal cancer by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 4176-9.
20. Fujita M, Hayashi I, Yamashina S, Itoman M, Majima M. Blockade of angiotensin AT1a receptor signaling reduces tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002; 294: 441-7.
21. Egami K, Murohara T, Shimada T et al. Role of host angiotensin II type 1 receptor in tumor angiogenesis and growth. J. Clin. Invest. 2003; 112: 67-75.
22. Le Noble FA, Hekking JW, Van Straaten HW, Slaaf DW; Struyker Boudier HA. Angiotensin II stimulates angiogenesis in the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick embryo. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1991; 195: 305-6.
23. Fujita M, Hayashi I, Yamashina S, Fukamizu A, Itoman M, Majima M. Angiotensin type 1a receptor signaling-dependent induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in stroma is relevant to tumor-associated angiogenesis and tumor growth. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26: 271-9.
24. Lever AF, Hole DJ, Gillis CR et al. Do inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme protect against risk of cancer? Lancet 1998; 352: 179-84.
25. Sipahi I, Debanne SM, Rowland DY, Simon DI, Fang JC. Angiotensin-receptor blockade and risk of cancer: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Oncol. 2010; 11: 627-36.
26. Collaboration ARBT. Effects of telmisartan, irbesartan, valsartan, candesartan, and losartan on cancers in 15 trials enrolling 138, 769 individuals. J. Hypertens. 2011; 29: 623-35.
27. Chin HJ, Oh SW, Goo HS et al. Effect of RAAS inhibition on the incidence of cancer and cancer mortality in patients with glomerulonephritis. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2011; 26: 59-66.
28. Chisi JE, Briscoe CV, Ezan E, Genet R, Riches AC, Wdzieczak-Bakala J. Captopril inhibits in vitro and in vivo the proliferation of primitive haematopoietic cells induced into cell cycle by cytotoxic drug administration or irradiation but has no effect on myeloid leukaemia cell proliferation. Br. J. Haematol. 2000; 109: 563-70.
29. De la Iglesia Inigo S, Lopez-Jorge CE, Gomez-Casares MT et al. Induction of apoptosis in leukemic cell lines treated with captopril, trandolapril and losartan: a new role in the treatment of leukaemia for these agents. Leuk. Res. 2009; 33: 810-6.
30. Hii SI, Nicol DL, Gotley DC, Thompson LC, Green MK, Jonsson JR. Captopril inhibits tumour growth in a xenograft model of human renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 1998; 77: 880-3.
31. Isobe A, Takeda T, Sakata M et al. Dual repressive effect of angiotensin II-type 1 receptor blocker telmisartan on angiotensin II-induced and estradiol-induced uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation. Hum. Reprod. 2008; 23: 440-6.
32. Muscella A, Greco S, Elia MG, Storelli C, Marsigliante S. PKC-zeta is required for angiotensin II-induced activation of ERK and synthesis of C-FOS in MCF-7 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 2003; 197: 61-8.
33. Uemura H, Hasumi H, Kawahara T et al. Pilot study of angiotensin II receptor blocker in advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 10: 405-10.
34. Teranishi J, Ishiguro H, Hoshino K, Noguchi K, Kubota Y, Uemura H. Evaluation of role of angiotensin III and aminopeptidases in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2008; 68: 1666-73.
35. Itabashi H, Maesawa C, Oikawa H et al. Angiotensin II and epidermal growth factor receptor cross-talk mediated by a disintegrin and metalloprotease accelerates tumor cell proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Hepatol. Res. 2008; 38: 601-13.
36. Rhodes DR, Ateeq B, Cao Q et al. AGTR1 overexpression defines a subset of breast cancer and confers sensitivity to losartan, an AGTR1 antagonist. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2009; 106: 10284-9.
37. Amaya K, Ohta T, Kitagawa H et al. Angiotensin II activates MAP kinase and NF-kappaB through angiotensin II type I receptor in human pancreatic cancer cells. Int. J. Oncol. 2004; 25: 849-56.
38. Carl-McGrath S, Ebert MP, Lendeckel U, Rocken C. Expression of the local angiotensin II system in gastric cancer may facilitate lymphatic invasion and nodal spread. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2007; 6: 1218-26.
39. Chehl N, Gong Q, Chipitsyna G, Aziz T, Yeo CJ, Arafat HA. Angiotensin II regulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in pancreatic cancer cells. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2009; 13: 2189-200.
40. Arrieta O, Guevara P, Escobar E, Garcia-Navarrete R, Pineda B, Sotelo J. Blockage of angiotensin II type I receptor decreases the synthesis of growth factors and induces apoptosis in C6 cultured cells and C6 rat glioma. Br. J. Cancer 2005; 92: 1247-52.
41. Zhao Y, Chen X, Cai L, Yang Y, Sui G, Fu S. Angiotensin II/angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) signaling promotes MCF-7 breast cancer cells survival via PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 2010; 225: 168-73.
42. Kosaka T, Miyajima A, Takayama E et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist as an angiogenic inhibitor in prostate cancer. Prostate 2007; 67: 41-9.
43. Kosugi M, Miyajima A, Kikuchi E, Horiguchi Y, Murai M. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist candesartan as an angiogenic inhibitor in a xenograft model of bladder cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006; 12: 2888-93.
44. Zhao Y, Chen X, Cai L, Yang Y, Sui G, Wu J. Angiotensin II suppresses adriamycin-induced apoptosis through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling in human breast cancer cells. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 2008; 40: 304-10.
45. Li X, Rayford H, Uhal BD. Essential roles for angiotensin receptor AT1a in bleomycin-induced apoptosis and lung fibrosis in mice. Am. J. Pathol. 2003; 163: 2523-30.
46. Papp M, Li X, Zhuang J, Wang R, Uhal BD. Angiotensin receptor subtype AT(1) mediates alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in response to ANG II. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2002; 282: L713-8.
47. Tanaka N, Miyajima A, Kosaka T et al. Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum upregulates angiotensin II type 1 receptors through reactive oxygen species generation and enhances VEGF production in bladder cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2010; 9: 2982-92.
48. Pupilli C, Lasagni L, Romagnani P et al. Angiotensin II stimulates the synthesis and secretion of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in human mesangial cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1999; 10: 245-55.
49. Huang F, Thompson JC, Wilson PG, Aung HH, Rutledge JC, Tannock LR. Angiotensin II increases vascular proteoglycan content preceding and contributing to atherosclerosis development. J. Lipid Res. 2008; 49: 521-30.
50. Yasumatsu R, Nakashima T, Masuda M et al. Effects of the angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril on tumor growth and angiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2004; 130: 567-73.
51. Wysocki PJ, Kwiatkowska EP, Kazimierczak U, Suchorska W, Kowalczyk DW, Mackiewicz A. Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, promotes growth of immunogenic tumors in mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006; 12: 4095-102.
52. Neo JH, Malcontenti-Wilson C, Muralidharan V, Christophi C. Effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists in a mouse model of colorectal cancer liver metastases. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007; 22: 577-84.
53. Suganuma T, Ino K, Shibata K et al. Functional expression of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor in human ovarian carcinoma cells and its blockade therapy resulting in suppression of tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and peritoneal dissemination. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005; 11: 2686-94.
54. Herr D, Rodewald M, Fraser HM et al. Potential role of Renin-Angiotensin-system for tumor angiogenesis in receptor negative breast cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 2008; 109: 418-25.
55. Arafat HA, Gong Q, Chipitsyna G, Rizvi A, Saa CT, Yeo CJ. Antihypertensives as novel antineoplastics: angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2007;204:996-1005; discussion 1005-6.
56. Watanabe Y, Shibata K, Kikkawa F et al. Adipocyte-derived leucine aminopeptidase suppresses angiogenesis in human endometrial carcinoma via renin-angiotensin system. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003; 9: 6497-503.
57. Kosaka T, Miyajima A, Shirotake S et al. Ets-1 and hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha inhibition by angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockade in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Prostate 2010; 70: 162-9.
58. Marrero MB, Schieffer B, Paxton WG et al. Direct stimulation of Jak/STAT pathway by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor. Nature 1995; 375: 247-50.
59. Page EL, Robitaille GA, Pouyssegur J, Richard DE. Induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha by transcriptional and translational mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 48403-9.
60. Ruiz-Ortega M, Lorenzo O, Ruperez M, Konig S, Wittig B, Egido J. Angiotensin II activates nuclear transcription factor kappaB through AT(1) and AT(2) in vascular smooth muscle cells: molecular mechanisms. Circ. Res. 2000; 86: 1266-72.
61. Chua CC, Hamdy RC, Chua BH. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by angiotensin II in rat heart endothelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1401: 187-94.
62. Anandanadesan R, Gong Q, Chipitsyna G, Witkiewicz A, Yeo CJ, Arafat HA. Angiotensin II induces vascular endothelial growth factor in pancreatic cancer cells through an angiotensin II type 1 receptor and ERK1/2 signaling. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2008; 12: 57-66.
63. Wilop S, von Hobe S, Crysandt M, Esser A, Osieka R, Jost E. Impact of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers on survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2009; 135: 1429-35.
64. Nakai Y, Isayama H, Ijichi H et al. Inhibition of renin-angiotensin system affects prognosis of advanced pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine. Br. J. Cancer 2010; 103: 1644-8.
65. Yoshiji H, Noguchi R, Toyohara M et al. Combination of vitamin K2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ameliorates cumulative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2009; 51: 315-21.
66. Ronquist G, Rodriguez LA, Ruigomez A et al. Association between captopril, other antihypertensive drugs and risk of prostate cancer. Prostate 2004; 58: 50-6.
67. Ronquist G, Frithz G, Wang YH, Lindeborg T. Captopril may reduce biochemical (prostate-specific antigen) failure following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 2009; 43: 32-6.
68. Christian JB, Lapane KL, Hume AL, Eaton CB, Weinstock MA, Trial V. Association of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers with keratinocyte cancer prevention in the randomized VATTC trial. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 2008; 100: 1223-32.
69. Fryzek JP, Poulsen AH, Lipworth L et al. A cohort study of antihypertensive medication use and breast cancer among Danish women. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2006; 97: 231-6.
70. Perron L, Bairati I, Harel F, Meyer F. Antihypertensive drug use and the risk of prostate cancer (Canada). Cancer Causes Control 2004; 15: 535-41.
71. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003; 362: 759-66.
72. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995-1003.
73. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 359: 1225-37.
74. Bangalore S, Kumar S, Kjeldsen SE et al. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of cancer: network meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of 324, 168 participants from randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12: 65-82.
75. Link WT, De Felice A. An FDA overview of rodent carcinogenicity studies of angiotensin II AT-1 receptor blockers: pulmonary adenomas and carcinomas. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2014; 70: 555-63.
76. Miyajima A, Chen J, Lawrence C et al. Antibody to transforming growth factor-beta ameliorates tubular apoptosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int. 2000; 58: 2301-13.
77. Ishidoya S, Morrissey J, McCracken R, Reyes A, Klahr S. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis caused by unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int. 1995; 47: 1285-94.
78. Peters H, Border WA, Noble NA. Targeting TGF-beta overexpression in renal disease: maximizing the antifibrotic action of angiotensin II blockade. Kidney Int. 1998; 54: 1570-80.
79. Zhang J, Gu C, Noble NA, Border WA, Huang Y. Combining angiotensin II blockade and renin receptor inhibition results in enhanced antifibrotic effect in experimental nephritis. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 2011; 301: F723-32.
80. Tylicki L, Renke M, Rutkowski P, Rutkowski B. Short-term effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade in patients with primary glomerulonephritis: pilot study. J. Ren. Nutr. 2002; 12: 122-5.
81. Catapano F, Chiodini P, De Nicola L et al. Antiproteinuric response to dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in primary glomerulonephritis: meta-analysis and metaregression. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2008; 52: 475-85.
82. Ohtake T, Oka M, Maesato K et al. Pathological regression by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade in patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Hypertens. Res. 2008; 31: 387-94.
83. Geara AS, Azzi J, Jurewicz M, Abdi R. The renin-angiotensin system: an old, newly discovered player in immunoregulation. Transplant. Rev. 2009; 23: 151-8.
84. Amer H, Griffin MD. Modulating kidney transplant interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy: is the RAAS an important target? Kidney Int. 2014; 85: 240-3.
85. Ibrahim HN, Jackson S, Connaire J et al. Angiotensin II blockade in kidney transplant recipients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013; 24: 320-7.
86. Phull H, Salkini M, Escobar C, Purves T, Comiter CV. The role of angiotensin II in stress urinary incontinence: a rat model. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2007;26:81-8; discussion 9.
87. Ramos-Filho AC, Faria JA, Calmasini FB et al. The renin-angiotensin system plays a major role in voiding dysfunction of ovariectomized rats. Life Sci. 2013;93:820-9.
88. Cho ST, Park EY, Kim JC. Effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonist telmisartan on detrusor overactivity in rats with bladder outlet obstruction. Urology 2012; 80: e1-7.
89. Comiter C, Phull HS. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT-1) receptor inhibition partially prevents the urodynamic and detrusor changes associated with bladder outlet obstruction: a mouse model. BJU Int. 2012; 109: 1841-6.
90. Ramos-Filho AC, Moscoso JA, Calmasini F et al. Blockade of renin-angiotensin system prevents micturition dysfunction in renovascular hypertensive rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2014; 738: 285-92.
91. Shimizu S, Tsounapi P, Shimizu T et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms, benign prostatic hyperplasia/benign prostatic enlargement and erectile dysfunction: are these conditions related to vascular dysfunction? Int. J. Urol. 2014; 21: 856-64.
92. Ito H, Taga M, Tsuchiyama K, Akino H, Yokoyama O. IPSS is lower in hypertensive patients treated with angiotensin-II receptor blocker: posthoc analyses of a lower urinary tract symptoms population. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2013; 32: 70-4.
93. Dolley-Hitze T, Jouan F, Martin B et al. Angiotensin-2 receptors (AT1-R and AT2-R), new prognostic factors for renal clear-cell carcinoma? Br. J. Cancer 2010; 103: 1698-705.
94. Araujo WF, Naves MA, Ravanini JN, Schor N, Teixeira VP. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade attenuates growth and metastatic potential of renal cell carcinoma in mice. Urol. Oncol. 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.11.022.
95. Matsuyama M, Funao K, Kuratsukuri K et al. Telmisartan inhibits human urological cancer cell growth through early apoptosis. Exp. Ther. Med. 2010; 1: 301-6.
96. Tatokoro M, Fujii Y, Kawakami S et al. Phase-II trial of combination treatment of interferon-alpha, cimetidine, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and renin-angiotensin-system inhibitor (I-CCA therapy) for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2011; 102: 137-43.
97. Keizman D, Huang P, Eisenberger MA et al. Angiotensin system inhibitors and outcome of sunitinib treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective examination. Eur. J. Cancer 2011; 47: 1955-61.
98. Miyajima A, Yazawa S, Kosaka T et al. Prognostic impact of renin-angiotensin system blockade on renal cell carcinoma after surgery. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2015; doi: 10.1245/s10434-015-4436-0.
99. Alhusban A, Al-Azayzih A, Goc A, Gao F, Fagan SC, Somanath PR. Clinically relevant doses of candesartan inhibit growth of prostate tumor xenografts in vivo through modulation of tumor angiogenesis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2014; 350: 635-45.
100. Chung AS, Lee J, Ferrara N. Targeting the tumour vasculature: insights from physiological angiogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2010; 10: 505-14.
101. Bettencourt MC, Bauer JJ, Sesterhenn IA, Connelly RR, Moul JW. CD34 immunohistochemical assessment of angiogenesis as a prognostic marker for prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J. Urol. 1998; 160: 459-65.
102. Borre M, Offersen BV, Nerstrom B, Overgaard J. Microvessel density predicts survival in prostate cancer patients subjected to watchful waiting. Br. J. Cancer 1998; 78: 940-4.
103. Josefsson A, Wikstrom P, Granfors T et al. Tumor size, vascular density and proliferation as prognostic markers in GS 6 and GS 7 prostate tumors in patients with long follow-up and non-curative treatment. Eur. Urol. 2005; 48: 577-83.
104. Krupski T, Petroni GR, Frierson HF Jr, Theodorescu JU. Microvessel density, p53, retinoblastoma, and chromogranin A immunohistochemistry as predictors of disease-specific survival following radical prostatectomy for carcinoma of the prostate. Urology 2000; 55: 743-9.
105. Kosaka T, Miyazaki Y, Miyajima A et al. The prognostic significance of vasohibin-1 expression in patients with prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2013; 108: 2123-9.
106. Takahashi T, Taniguchi T, Konishi H, Kikkawa U, Ishikawa Y, Yokoyama M. Activation of Akt/protein kinase B after stimulation with angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 1999; 276: H1927-34.
107. Shirotake S, Miyajima A, Kosaka T et al. Regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 through angiotensin II type 1 receptor in prostate cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 2012; 180: 1008-16.
108. Dayyani F, Gallick GE, Logothetis CJ, Corn PG. Novel therapies for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103: 1665-75.
109. de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364: 1995-2005.
110. de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1147-54.
111. Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 367: 1187-97.
112. Shirotake S, Miyajima A, Kosaka T et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression and microvessel density in human bladder cancer. Urology 1009; 2011: e19-25.
113. Yuge K, Miyajima A, Tanaka N et al. Prognostic value of renin-angiotensin system blockade in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 19: 3987-93.
114. Tanaka N, Miyajima A, Kikuchi E et al. Prognonstic impact of renin-angiotensin system blockade in localised upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 2012; 106: 290-6.
115. Kosugi M, Miyajima A, Kikuchi E et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist enhances cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum-induced cytotoxicity in mouse xenograft model of bladder cancer. Urology 2009; 73: 655-60.
116. Tanaka N, Miyajima A, Kosaka T et al. Acquired platinum resistance enhances tumour angiogenesis through angiotensin II type 1 receptor in bladder cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2011; 105: 1331-7.