메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 282, Issue 1811, 2015, Pages

Sex differences in senescence: The role of intra-sexual competition in early adulthood

Author keywords

Ageing; Disposable soma; Individual variation; Mammal; Senescence; Wild population

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; AGE; COMPETITION (ECOLOGY); INDIVIDUAL VARIATION; INTRASEXUAL INTERACTION; MUSTELID; PARENTAL INVESTMENT; REPRODUCTIVE COST; SENESCENCE; SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCE; WILD POPULATION;

EID: 84937598310     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1086     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (48)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 84867391720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Senescence in natural populations of animals: Widespread evidence and its implications for bio-gerontology
    • Nussey DH, Froy H, Lemaitre JFJ, Gaillard JM, Austad SN. 2013 Senescence in natural populations of animals: widespread evidence and its implications for bio-gerontology. Ageing Res. Rev. 12, 214–225. (doi:10.1016/j.arr.2012.07.004)
    • (2013) Ageing Res. Rev , vol.12 , pp. 214-225
    • Nussey, D.H.1    Froy, H.2    Lemaitre, J.3    Gaillard, J.M.4    Austad, S.N.5
  • 2
    • 84880328607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of sex differences in lifespan and aging: Causes and constraints
    • Maklakov A, Lummaa V. 2013 Evolution of sex differences in lifespan and aging: causes and constraints. BioEssays 35, 717–724. (doi:10.1002/bies.201300021)
    • (2013) Bioessays , vol.35 , pp. 717-724
    • Maklakov, A.1    Lummaa, V.2
  • 3
    • 36849075408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in ageing in natural populations of vertebrates
    • Clutton-Brock TH, Isvaran K. 2007 Sex differences in ageing in natural populations of vertebrates. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 3097–3104. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1138)
    • (2007) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.274 , pp. 3097-3104
    • Clutton-Brock, T.H.1    Isvaran, K.2
  • 4
    • 0027063741 scopus 로고
    • Costs of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals
    • Promislow D. 1992 Costs of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 247, 203–210.(doi:10.1098/rspb.1992.0030)
    • (1992) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.247 , pp. 203-210
    • Promislow, D.1
  • 5
    • 70149122776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter- and intrasexual variation in aging patterns across reproductive traits in a wild red deer population
    • Nussey DH, Kruuk LEB, Morris A, Clements MN, Pemberton JM, Clutton-Brock TH. 2009 Inter- and intrasexual variation in aging patterns across reproductive traits in a wild red deer population. Am. Nat. 174, 342–357. (doi:10.1086/603615)
    • (2009) Am. Nat , vol.174 , pp. 342-357
    • Nussey, D.H.1    Kruuk, L.2    Morris, A.3    Clements, M.N.4    Pemberton, J.M.5    Clutton-Brock, T.H.6
  • 6
    • 40049101422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive senescence in a long-lived seabird: Rates of decline in late-life performance are associated with varying costs of early reproduction
    • Reed TE, Kruuk LEB, Wanless S, Frederiksen M, Cunningham EJA, Harris MP. 2008 Reproductive senescence in a long-lived seabird: rates of decline in late-life performance are associated with varying costs of early reproduction. Am. Nat. 171, E89–E101. (doi:10.1086/524957)
    • (2008) Am. Nat , vol.171 , pp. EE89-E101
    • Reed, T.E.1    Kruuk, L.2    Wanless, S.3    Frederiksen, M.4    Cunningham, E.5    Harris, M.P.6
  • 7
    • 84878113246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-specific senescence in body mass of a monogamous and monomorphic mammal: The case of Alpine marmots
    • Tafani M, Cohas A, Bonenfant C, Gaillard JM, Lardy S, Allaine D. 2012 Sex-specific senescence in body mass of a monogamous and monomorphic mammal: the case of Alpine marmots. Oecologia 172, 427–436. (doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2499-1)
    • (2012) Oecologia , vol.172 , pp. 427-436
    • Tafani, M.1    Cohas, A.2    Bonenfant, C.3    Gaillard, J.M.4    Lardy, S.5    Allaine, D.6
  • 8
    • 81155138294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in telomeres and lifespan
    • Barrett ELB, Richardson DS. 2011 Sex differences in telomeres and lifespan. Aging Cell 44, 913–921. (doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00741.x)
    • (2011) Aging Cell , vol.44 , pp. 913-921
    • Barrett, E.1    Richardson, D.S.2
  • 10
    • 0000055057 scopus 로고
    • Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence
    • Williams G. 1957 Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution. 11, 398–411. (doi:10.2307/2406060)
    • (1957) Evolution , vol.11 , pp. 398-411
    • Williams, G.1
  • 11
    • 0017782437 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of ageing
    • Kirkwood TB. 1977 Evolution of ageing. Nature 270, 301–304. (doi:10.1038/270301a0)
    • (1977) Nature , vol.270 , pp. 301-304
    • Kirkwood, T.B.1
  • 12
    • 0004134698 scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Andersson MB. 1994 Sexual selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • (1994) Sexual Selection
    • Andersson, M.B.1
  • 13
    • 34548175459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection effects on the evolution of senescence
    • Graves BM. 2007 Sexual selection effects on the evolution of senescence. Evol. Ecol. 21, 663–668. (doi:10.1007/s10682-006-9144-6)
    • (2007) Evol. Ecol , vol.21 , pp. 663-668
    • Graves, B.M.1
  • 14
    • 43949092458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection, sexual conflict and the evolution of ageing and life span
    • Bonduriansky R, Maklakov A, Zajitschek F, Brooks R. 2008 Sexual selection, sexual conflict and the evolution of ageing and life span. Funct. Ecol. 22, 443–453. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01417.x)
    • (2008) Funct. Ecol , vol.22 , pp. 443-453
    • Bonduriansky, R.1    Maklakov, A.2    Zajitschek, F.3    Brooks, R.4
  • 15
    • 79960265144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition, breeding success and ageing rates in female meerkats
    • Sharp SP, Clutton-Brock TH. 2011 Competition, breeding success and ageing rates in female meerkats. J. Evol. Biol. 24, 1756–1762. (doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02304.x)
    • (2011) J. Evol. Biol , vol.24 , pp. 1756-1762
    • Sharp, S.P.1    Clutton-Brock, T.H.2
  • 16
    • 85006309703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early life expenditure in sexual competition is associated with increased reproductive senescence in male red deer
    • Lemaître JF, Gaillard JM, Pemberton JM, Clutton-Brock TH, Nussey DH. 2014 Early life expenditure in sexual competition is associated with increased reproductive senescence in male red deer. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20140792. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0792)
    • (2014) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.281
    • Lemaître, J.F.1    Gaillard, J.M.2    Pemberton, J.M.3    Clutton-Brock, T.H.4    Nussey, D.H.5
  • 17
    • 0034615673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass and individual fitness in female ungulates: Bigger is not always better
    • Gaillard JM, Festa-Bianchet M, Delorme D, Jorgenson J. 2000 Body mass and individual fitness in female ungulates: bigger is not always better. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 471–477. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1024)
    • (2000) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.267 , pp. 471-477
    • Gaillard, J.M.1    Festa-Bianchet, M.2    Delorme, D.3    Jorgenson, J.4
  • 18
    • 0343550463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences, longevity, and reproductive senescence in bighorn ewes
    • Bérubé C, Festa-Bianchet M, Jorgenson J. 1999 Individual differences, longevity, and reproductive senescence in bighorn ewes. Ecology 80, 2555–2565. (doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2555:IDLARS]2.0.CO;2)
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 2555-2565
    • Bérubé, C.1    Festa-Bianchet, M.2    Jorgenson, J.3
  • 19
  • 20
    • 27644479850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ageing and reproductive effort in male moose under variable levels of intrasexual competition
    • Mysterud A, Solberg EJ, Yoccoz NG. 2005 Ageing and reproductive effort in male moose under variable levels of intrasexual competition. J. Anim. Ecol. 74, 742–754. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00965.x)
    • (2005) J. Anim. Ecol , vol.74 , pp. 742-754
    • Mysterud, A.1    Solberg, E.J.2    Yoccoz, N.G.3
  • 21
    • 0028976657 scopus 로고
    • Female/female competition in European badgers Meles meles: Effects on breeding success
    • Woodroffe R, MacDonald DW. 1995 Female/female competition in European badgers Meles meles: effects on breeding success. J. Anim. Ecol. 64, 12–20. (doi:10.2307/5823)
    • (1995) J. Anim. Ecol , vol.64 , pp. 12-20
    • Woodroffe, R.1    Macdonald, D.W.2
  • 22
    • 82355191724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polygynandrous and repeated mounting behaviour in European badgers, Meles meles
    • Dugdale H, Griffiths A, Macdonald D. 2011 Polygynandrous and repeated mounting behaviour in European badgers, Meles meles. Anim. Behav. 82, 1287–1297. (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.008)
    • (2011) Anim. Behav , vol.82 , pp. 1287-1297
    • Dugdale, H.1    Griffiths, A.2    Macdonald, D.3
  • 23
    • 77957293644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are badgers ‘under the weather’? Direct and indirect impacts of climate variation on European badger (Meles meles) population dynamics
    • Macdonald DW, Newman C, Buesching CD, Nouvellet P. 2010 Are badgers ‘under the weather’? Direct and indirect impacts of climate variation on European badger (Meles meles) population dynamics. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16, 2913–2922. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02208.x)
    • (2010) Glob. Chang. Biol , vol.16 , pp. 2913-2922
    • Macdonald, D.W.1    Newman, C.2    Buesching, C.D.3    Nouvellet, P.4
  • 24
    • 79960625170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-specific breeding success in a wild mammalian population: Selection, constraint, restraint and senescence
    • Dugdale HL, Pope LC, Newman C, Macdonald DW, Burke T. 2011 Age-specific breeding success in a wild mammalian population: selection, constraint, restraint and senescence. Mol. Ecol. 20, 3261–3274. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05167.x)
    • (2011) Mol. Ecol , vol.20 , pp. 3261-3274
    • Dugdale, H.L.1    Pope, L.C.2    Newman, C.3    Macdonald, D.W.4    Burke, T.5
  • 25
    • 84904704211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality trajectory analysis reveals the drivers of sex-specific epidemiology in natural wildlife–disease interactions
    • Mcdonald JL, Smith GC, Mcdonald RA, Delahay RJ, Hodgson D. 2014 Mortality trajectory analysis reveals the drivers of sex-specific epidemiology in natural wildlife–disease interactions. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20140526. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0526)
    • (2014) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.281
    • McDonald, J.L.1    Smith, G.C.2    McDonald, R.A.3    Delahay, R.J.4    Hodgson, D.5
  • 26
    • 37249011825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polygynandry, extra-group paternity and multiplepaternity litters in European badger (Meles meles) social groups
    • Dugdale HL, Macdonald DW, Pope LC, Burke T. 2007 Polygynandry, extra-group paternity and multiplepaternity litters in European badger (Meles meles) social groups. Mol. Ecol. 16, 5294–5306. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03571.x)
    • (2007) Mol. Ecol , vol.16 , pp. 5294-5306
    • Dugdale, H.L.1    Macdonald, D.W.2    Pope, L.C.3    Burke, T.4
  • 27
    • 84911371568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighbouring-group composition and within-group relatedness drive extra-group paternity rate in the European badger (Meles meles)
    • Annavi G, Newman C, Dugdale HL, Buesching CD, Sin YW, Burke T, Macdonald DW. 2014 Neighbouring-group composition and within-group relatedness drive extra-group paternity rate in the European badger (Meles meles). J. Evol. Biol. 27, 2191–2203. (doi:10.1111/jeb.12473)
    • (2014) J. Evol. Biol , vol.27 , pp. 2191-2203
    • Annavi, G.1    Newman, C.2    Dugdale, H.L.3    Buesching, C.D.4    Sin, Y.W.5    Burke, T.6    Macdonald, D.W.7
  • 28
    • 41149089743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive skew and relatedness in social groups of European badgers, Meles meles
    • Dugdale H, Macdonald D, Pope L. 2008 Reproductive skew and relatedness in social groups of European badgers, Meles meles. Mol. Ecol. 17, 1815–1827. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03708.x)
    • (2008) Mol. Ecol , vol.17 , pp. 1815-1827
    • Dugdale, H.1    Macdonald, D.2    Pope, L.3
  • 29
  • 30
    • 84878823070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-state modelling reveals sexdependent transmission, progression and severity of tuberculosis in wild badgers
    • Graham J, Smith GC, Delahay RJ, Bailey T, McDonald RA, Hodgson D. 2013 Multi-state modelling reveals sexdependent transmission, progression and severity of tuberculosis in wild badgers. Epidemiol. Infect. 141, 1429–1436. (doi:10.1017/S0950268812003019)
    • (2013) Epidemiol. Infect , vol.141 , pp. 1429-1436
    • Graham, J.1    Smith, G.C.2    Delahay, R.J.3    Bailey, T.4    McDonald, R.A.5    Hodgson, D.6
  • 31
    • 36549001264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental conditions in early life influence ageing rates in a wild population of red deer
    • Nussey DH, Kruuk LEB, Morris A, Clutton-Brock TH. 2007 Environmental conditions in early life influence ageing rates in a wild population of red deer. Curr. Biol. 17, R1000–R1001. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.005)
    • (2007) Curr. Biol , vol.17 , pp. R1000-R1001
    • Nussey, D.H.1    Kruuk, L.2    Morris, A.3    Clutton-Brock, T.H.4
  • 32
    • 33646723279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-dependent traits: A new statistical model to separate withinand between-individual effects
    • Van De Pol M, Verhulst S. 2006 Age-dependent traits: a new statistical model to separate withinand between-individual effects. Am. Nat. 167, 766–773. (doi:10.1086/503331)
    • (2006) Am. Nat , vol.167 , pp. 766-773
    • Van De Pol, M.1    Verhulst, S.2
  • 33
    • 0033942777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of marked bait in studies of the territorial organization of the European badger (Meles meles)
    • Delahay RJ, Brown JA, Mallinson PJ, Spyvee PD, Handoll D, Rogers LM, Cheeseman CL. 2000 The use of marked bait in studies of the territorial organization of the European badger (Meles meles). Mamm. Rev. 30, 73–87. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2000.00058.x)
    • (2000) Mamm. Rev , vol.30 , pp. 73-87
    • Delahay, R.J.1    Brown, J.A.2    Mallinson, P.J.3    Spyvee, P.D.4    Handoll, D.5    Rogers, L.M.6    Cheeseman, C.L.7
  • 34
    • 84886847506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-related heterogeneity in the life-history correlates of Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badgers (Meles meles)
    • Tomlinson AJ, Chambers M, Wilson GJ, McDonald RA, Delahay RJ. 2013 Sex-related heterogeneity in the life-history correlates of Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badgers (Meles meles). Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 60, 37–45. (doi:10.1111/tbed.12097)
    • (2013) Transbound. Emerg. Dis , vol.60 , pp. 37-45
    • Tomlinson, A.J.1    Chambers, M.2    Wilson, G.J.3    McDonald, R.A.4    Delahay, R.J.5
  • 35
    • 79952789801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London, UK: Collins
    • Roper TJ. 2010 Badger. London, UK: Collins.
    • (2010) Badger
    • Roper, T.J.1
  • 36
    • 30644460082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitting linear mixed models in R
    • Bates DM. 2005 Fitting linear mixed models in R. R News. 5, 27–31.
    • (2005) R News , vol.5 , pp. 27-31
    • Bates, D.M.1
  • 38
    • 33750047533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat correlates of group size, bodyweight and reproductive performance in a high-density Eurasian badger (Meles meles) population
    • Delahay RJ, Carter SP, Forrester GJ, Mitchell A, Cheeseman CL. 2006 Habitat correlates of group size, bodyweight and reproductive performance in a high-density Eurasian badger (Meles meles) population. J. Zool. 270, 437–447. (doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00165.x)
    • (2006) J. Zool , vol.270 , pp. 437-447
    • Delahay, R.J.1    Carter, S.P.2    Forrester, G.J.3    Mitchell, A.4    Cheeseman, C.L.5
  • 39
    • 85003052621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Senescence or selective disappearance? Age trajectories of body mass in wild and captive populations of a small-bodied primate
    • Hämäläinen A et al. 2014 Senescence or selective disappearance? Age trajectories of body mass in wild and captive populations of a small-bodied primate. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20140830. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0830)
    • (2014) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.281
    • Hämäläinen, A.1
  • 40
    • 84876733643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related variation in reproductive traits in the wandering albatross: Evidence for terminal improvement following senescence
    • Froy H, Phillips RA, Wood AG, Nussey DH, Lewis S. 2013 Age-related variation in reproductive traits in the wandering albatross: evidence for terminal improvement following senescence. Ecol. Lett. 16, 642–649. (doi:10.1111/ele.12092)
    • (2013) Ecol. Lett , vol.16 , pp. 642-649
    • Froy, H.1    Phillips, R.A.2    Wood, A.G.3    Nussey, D.H.4    Lewis, S.5
  • 42
    • 85027936490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model selection and model averaging in behavioural ecology: The utility of the IT-AIC framework
    • Richards S, Whittingham M, Stephens P. 2011 Model selection and model averaging in behavioural ecology: the utility of the IT-AIC framework. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65, 77–89. (doi:10.1007/s00265-010-1035-8)
    • (2011) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol , vol.65 , pp. 77-89
    • Richards, S.1    Whittingham, M.2    Stephens, P.3
  • 43
    • 84873554456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models
    • Nakagawa S, Schielzeth H. 2013 A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 133–142. (doi:10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x)
    • (2013) Methods Ecol. Evol , vol.4 , pp. 133-142
    • Nakagawa, S.1    Schielzeth, H.2
  • 44
    • 0012836265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent regulation of body mass and condition in badgers (Meles meles) from Wytham Woods
    • Macdonald D, Newman C, Stewart P, Domingo- Roura X, Johnson PJ. 2002 Density-dependent regulation of body mass and condition in badgers (Meles meles) from Wytham Woods. Ecology 83, 2056–2061. (doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2056:DDROBM]2.0.CO;2)
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 2056-2061
    • Macdonald, D.1    Newman, C.2    Stewart, P.3    Domingo-Roura, X.4    Johnson, P.J.5
  • 45
    • 84907785331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual foraging specialisation in a social mammal: The European badger (Meles meles)
    • Robertson A, McDonald RA, Delahay RJ, Kelly SD, Bearhop S. 2014 Individual foraging specialisation in a social mammal: the European badger (Meles meles). Oecologia 176, 409–421. (doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3019-2)
    • (2014) Oecologia , vol.176 , pp. 409-421
    • Robertson, A.1    McDonald, R.A.2    Delahay, R.J.3    Kelly, S.D.4    Bearhop, S.5
  • 46
    • 0032558141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement of badgers (Meles meles) in a high-density population: Individual, population and disease effects
    • Rogers LM, Delahay R, Cheeseman CL, Langton S, Smith GC, Clifton-Hadley RS. 1998 Movement of badgers (Meles meles) in a high-density population: individual, population and disease effects. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 1269–1276. (doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0429)
    • (1998) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.265 , pp. 1269-1276
    • Rogers, L.M.1    Delahay, R.2    Cheeseman, C.L.3    Langton, S.4    Smith, G.C.5    Clifton-Hadley, R.S.6
  • 47
    • 0030792442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body weight as an indication of density-dependent population regulation in badgers (Meles meles) at Woodchester Park, Gloucestershire
    • Rogers L, Cheeseman C, Langton S. 1997 Body weight as an indication of density-dependent population regulation in badgers (Meles meles) at Woodchester Park, Gloucestershire. J. Zool. 242, 597–604. (doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb03857.x)
    • (1997) J. Zool , vol.242 , pp. 597-604
    • Rogers, L.1    Cheeseman, C.2    Langton, S.3
  • 48
    • 84886517392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female competition and aggression: Interdisciplinary perspectives
    • Stockley P, Campbell A. 2013 Female competition and aggression: interdisciplinary perspectives. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 368, 20130073. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0073)
    • (2013) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B , vol.368
    • Stockley, P.1    Campbell, A.2
  • 49
    • 84886559632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolving social conflict among females without overt aggression
    • Cant M, Young A. 2013 Resolving social conflict among females without overt aggression. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 368, 20130076. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0076)
    • (2013) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B , vol.368
    • Cant, M.1    Young, A.2
  • 50
    • 84886482371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-sexual selection in cooperative mammals and birds: Why are not females bigger and better armed
    • Young A, Bennett NC. 2013 Intra-sexual selection in cooperative mammals and birds: why are not females bigger and better armed? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 368, 20130075. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0075)
    • (2013) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B , vol.368
    • Young, A.1    Bennett, N.C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.