Ageing and reproductive effort in male moose under variable levels of intrasexual competition

Journal of Animal Ecology

Volumn 74, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 742-754

  Mysterud, Atle ^a   Solberg, Erling J ^b   Yoccoz, Nigel G ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

Author keywords

Alces alces; Cost of reproduction; Harvesting; Life history; Mating system; Rutting; Senescence

Indexed keywords

AGING; INTRASEXUAL INTERACTION; MALE; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; RUTTING; SENESCENCE; UNGULATE;

ALCES ALCES; MAMMALIA; UNGULATA;

EID: 27644479850     PISSN: 00218790     EISSN: 13652656     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00965.x     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Andersen, R., Gaillard, J.-M., Linnell, J.D.C. & Duncan, P. (2000) Factors affecting maternal care in an income breeder, the European roe deer. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 672-682.
2. Andersson, M. (1994) Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
3. Bobek, B., Perzanowski, K. & Weiner, J. (1990) Energy expenditure for reproduction in male red deer. Journal of Mammalogy, 71, 230-232.
4. Bonnet, X., Lourdais, O., Shine, R. & Naulleau, G. (2002) Reproduction in a typical capital breeder: costs, currencies, and complications in the aspic viper. Ecology, 83, 2124-2135.
5. Bubenik, G.A. (1998) Behavior. Ecology and Management of the North American Moose (eds A.W. Franzmann & C.C. Schwartz), Smithsonian Institutional Press, London.
6. Burnham, K.P. & Anderson, D.R. (1998) Model Selection and Inference: a Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Springer, New York.
7. Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1984) Reproductive effort and terminal investment in iteroparous animals. American Naturalist, 132, 212-229.
8. Clutton-Brock, T.H., Rose, K.E. & Guinness, F.E. (1997) Density-related changes in sexual selection in red deer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 264, 1509-1516.
9. Clutton-Brock, T.H., Coulson, T.N., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Thomson, D. & Armstrong, H.M. (2002) Sex differences in emigration and mortality affects optimal management of deer populations. Nature, 415, 633-637.
10. Clutton-Brock, T.H., Deutsch, J.C. & Nefdt, R.J.C. (1993) The evolution of ungulate leks. Animal Behaviour, 46, 1121-1138.
11. Clutton-Brock, T.H., Guinness, F.E. & Albon, S.D. (1982) Red deer. Behaviour and Ecology of Two Sexes. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
12. Cochran, W.G. & Rubin, D.B. (1973) Controlling bias in observational studies: a review. Sankhya, 35, 417-446.
13. Coltman, D.W., Festa-Bianchet, M., Jorgenson, J.T. & Strobeck, C. (2002) Age-dependent sexual selection in bighorn rams. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 269, 165-172.
14. Danielsen, J. (2001) Local community based moose management plans in Norway. Alces, 37, 55-60.
15. Darwin, C. (1871) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. Appleton, New York.
16. Davies, N.B. (1991) Mating systems. Behavioural Ecology, an Evolutionary Approach (eds J.R. Krebs & N.B. Davies), pp. 263-294. Blackwell, London.
17. Doughty, P. & Shine, R. (2001) Detecting life history trade-offs: measuring energy stores in 'capital' breeders reveals costs of reproduction. Oecologia, 110, 508-513.
18. Edney, E.B. & Gill, R.W. (1968) Evolution of senescence and specific longevity. Nature, 220, 281-282.
19. Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R.J. (1993) An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman & Hall, London.
20. Ericsson, G. & Wallin, K. (1999) Hunter observations as an index of moose Alces alces population parameters. Wildlife Biology, 5, 177-185.
21. Ericsson, G. & Wallin, K. (2001 ) Age-specific moose (Alces alces) mortality in a predator-free environment: evidence for senescence in females. Ecoscience, 8, 157-163.
22. Ericsson, G. Wallin, K., Ball, J.P. & Broberg, M. (2001) Age-related reproductive effort and senescence in free-ranging moose, Alces alces. Ecology, 82, 1613-1620.
23. Evans. R.M. (1990) The relationship between parental input and investment. Animal Behaviour, 39, 797-813.
24. Festa-Bianchet, M., Apollonio, M., Mari, F. & Rasola, G. (1990) Aggression among lekking male fallow deer (Dama dama): territory effects and the relationship with copulatory success. Ethology, 85, 236-246.
25. Festa-Bianchet, M., Gaillard, J.-M. & Jorgenson, J.T. (1998) Mass- and density-dependent reproductive success and reproductive costs in a capital breeder. American Naturalist, 152, 367-379.
26. Gaillard, J.-M., Festa-Bianchet, M., Delorme, D. & Jorgenson, J. (2000) Body mass and individual fitness in female ungulates: bigger is not always better. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 267, 471-477.
27. Geist, V. (1986) New evidence of high frequency of antler wounding in cervids. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 380-384.
28. Ginsberg, J.R. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (1994) Sex biased harvesting and population dynamics in ungulates: implications for conservation and sustainable use. Conservation Biology, 8, 157-166.
29. Gosling, L.M., Petrie, M. & Rainy, M.E. (1987) Lekking in topi: a high cost, specialist strategy. Animal Behaviour, 35, 616-618.
30. Gustafsson, L. & Pärt, T. (1990) Acceleration of senescence in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis by reproductive costs. Nature, 347, 279-281.
31. Hamilton, W.D. (1966) The moulding of senescence by natural selection. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 12, 12-45.
32. Hamlin, K.L., Pac, D.F., Sime, C.A., DeSimone, R.M. & Dusek, G.L. (2000) Evaluating the accuracy of ages obtained by two methods for Montana ungulates. Journal of Wildlife Management, 64, 441-449.
33. Hastie, T. & Tibshirani, R. (1990) Generalized Additive Models. Chapman & Hall, London.
34. Hogg, J.T. (1984) Mating in bighorn sheep: multiple creative male strategies. Science, 225, 526-529.
35. Holand, Ø., RØed, K.H., Mysterud, A., Kumpula, J.M., Nieminen, M. & Smith, M.E. (2003) The effect of sex ratio and male age structure on reindeer calving. Journal of Wildlife Management, 67, 25-33.
36. Hurrell, J.W. (1995) Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science, 269, 676-679.
37. Hurrell, J.W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G. & Visbeck, M. (2003) The North Atlantic Oscillation. Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC.
38. Jönsson, K.I. (1997) Capital and income breeding as alternative tactics of resource use in reproduction. Oikos, 78, 57-66.
39. Kirkwood, T.B.L. & Austad, S.N. (2000) Why do we age? Nature, 408, 233-238.
40. Kojola, I. (1991) Influence of age on the reproductive effort of male reindeer. Journal of Mammalogy, 72, 208-210.
41. Komers, P.E., Messier, F. & Gates, C.C. (1992) Search or relax: the case of bachelor wood bison. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 31, 195-203.
42. Komers, P.E., Messier, F. & Gates, C.C. (1994a) Plasticity of reproductive behaviour in wood bison bulls: on risks and opportunities. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 6, 481-495.
43. Komers, P.E., Messier, F. & Gates, C.C. (1994b) Plasticity of reproductive behaviour in wood bison bulls: when sub-adults are given a chance. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 6, 313-330.
44. Kruuk, L.E.B., Slate, J., Pemberton, J.M., Brotherstone, S., Guinness, F. & Clutton-Brock, T. (2002) Antler size in red deer: heritability and selection but no evolution. Evolution, 56, 1683-1695.
45. Laaksonen, T., Korpimäki, E. & Hakkarainen, H. (2002) Interactive effects of parental age and environmental variation on the breeding performance of Tengmalm's owls. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71, 23-31.
46. Langvatn, R. (1977) Criteria of Physical Condition, Growth and Development in Cervidae - Suitable for Routine Studies. Nordic Council for Wildlife Research, Stockholm.
47. Langvatn, R. & Loison, A. (1999) Consequences of harvesting on age structure, sex ratio and population dynamics of red deer Cervus elaphus in central Norway. Wildlife Biology, 5, 213-223.
48. Laurian, C., Ouellet, J.-P., Courtois, R., Breton, L. & St-Onge, S. (2000) Effects of intensive harvesting on moose reproduction. Journal of Applied Ecology, 37, 515-531.
49. Little, R.J.A. & Rubin, D.B. (1987) Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
50. Loison, A., Festa-Bianchet, M., Gaillard, J.-M., Jorgenson, J.T. & Jullien, J.-M. (1999a) Age-specific survival in five populations of ungulates: evidence of senescence. Ecology, 80, 2539-2554.
51. Loison, A., Gaillard. J.-M., Pélabon, C. & Yoccoz, N.G. (1999b) What factors shape sexual size dimorphism in ungulates? Evolutionary Ecology Research, 1, 611-633.
52. Lourdais, O., Bonnet, X., Shines, R., Denardo, D., Naulleau, G. & Guillon, M. (2002) Capital breeding and reproductive effort in a variable environment: a longitudinal study of a viviparous snake. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71, 470-479.
53. Maher, C.R. & Byers, J.A. (1987) Age-related changes in reproductive effort of male bison. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 21, 91-96.
54. McElligott, A.G., Altwegg, R. & Hayden, T.J. (2002) Age-specific survival and reproductive probabilities: evidence for senescence in male fallow deer (Dama dama). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 269, 1129-1137.
55. Medawar, P.B. (1946) Old age and natural death. Modern Quarterly, 1, 30-56.
56. Milner-Gulland, E.J., Bukreeva, O.M., Coulson, T., Lushchekina, A.A., Kholodova, M.V., Bekenov, A.B. & Grachev, I.A. (2003) Reproductive collapse in saiga antelope harems. Nature, 422, 135.
57. Milner-Gulland, E.J., Coulson, T.N. & Clutton-Brock, T.H. (2000) On harvesting a structured ungulate population. Oikos, 88, 592-602.
58. Miquelle, D.G. (1990) Why don't bull moose eat during the rut? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 27, 145-151.
59. Mysterud, A., Yoccoz, N.G., Stenseth, N.C. & Langvatn, R. (2001) The effects of age, sex and density on body weight of Norwegian red deer: evidence of density-dependent senescence. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 268, 911-919.
60. Mysterud, A., Coulson, T. & Stenseth, N.C. (2002) The role of males in the population dynamics of ungulates. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71, 907-915.
61. Mysterud, A., Holand, Ø., RØed, K.H., GjØstein, H., Kumpula, J.M. & Nieminen, M. (2003) Effects of age, density and sex ratio on reproductive effort in male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Journal of Zoology, 261, 341-344.
62. Mysterud, A., Langvatn, R. & Stenseth, N.C. (2004) Patterns of reproductive effort in male ungulates. Journal of Zoology, 264, 209-215.
63. Owen-Smith, N. (1993) Age, size, dominance and reproduction among male kudus: mating enhancement by attrition of rivals. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 32, 177-184.
64. Pianka, E.R. & Parker, W.S. (1975) Age-specific reproductive tactics. American Naturalist, 109, 453-464.
65. Portier, C., Festa-Bianchet, M., Gaillard, J.-M., Jorgenson, J.T. & Yoccoz, N.G. (1998) Effects of density and weather on survival of bighorn sheep lambs (Ovis canadensis). Journal of Zoology, 245, 271-278.
66. Preston, B.T., Stevenson, I.R., Pemberton, J.M., Coltman, D.W. & Wilson, K. (2003) Overt and covert competition in a promiscuous mammal: the importance of weaponry and testes size to male reproductive success. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 270, 633-640.
67. Rose, M.R. (1991) Evolutionary Biology of Ageing. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford.
68. Rosenbaum, P.R. (1995) Observational Studies. Springer Verlag, New York.
69. Sæther, B.-E., Solberg, E.J. & Heim, M. (2003) Effects of altering sex ratio structure on the demography of an isolated moose population. Journal of Wildlife Management, 67, 455-466.
70. Schwartz, C.C. (1998) Reproduction, natality and growth. Ecology and Management of the North American Moose (eds A.W. Franzmann & C.C. Schwartz), pp. 141-171. Smithsonian Institutional Press, London.
71. Schwartz, C.C., Regelin, W.L. & Franzmann, A.W. (1982) Male moose successfully breed as yearlings. Journal of Mammalogy, 63, 334-335.
72. Singer, F.J. & Zeigenfuss, L.C. (2002) Influence of trophy hunting and horn size on mating behavior and survivorship of mountain sheep. Journal of Mammalogy, 83, 682-698.
73. Solberg, E.J., Heim, M., Sæther, B.-E. & Holmstrøm, F. (1997) Oppsummeringsrapport, Overvåkningsprogram for hjortevilt [in Norwegian]. NINA Fagrapport, 30, 1-68.
74. Solberg, E.J., Loison, A., Ringsby, T.H., Sæther, B.-E. & Heim, M. (2002) Biased adult sex ratio affects fecundity in primiparous moose Alces alces. Wildlife Biology, 8, 117-128.
75. Solberg, E.J., Loison, A., Sæther, B.-E. & Strand, O. (2000) Age-specific harvest mortality in a Norwegian moose Alces alces population. Wildlife Biology, 6, 41-52.
76. Solberg, E.J. & Sæther, B.-E. (1994) Male traits as life-history variables: annual variation in body mass and antler size in moose (Alces alces). Journal of Mammalogy, 75, 1069-1079.
77. Solberg, E.J. & Sæther, B.-E. (1999) Hunters observations of moose Alces alces as a management tool. Wildlife Biology, 5, 107-118.
78. Solberg, E.J., Sæther, B.-E., Strand, O. & Loison, A. (1999) Dynamics of a harvested moose population in a variable environment. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 186-204.
79. Stearns, S.C. (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
80. Stenseth, N.C., Mysterud, A., Ottersen, G., Hurrell, J.W., Chan, K.-S. & Lima, M. (2002) Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science, 297, 1292-1296.
81. Sylvén, S. (2000) Effects of scale on hunter moose Alces alces observation rate. Wildlife Biology, 6, 157-165.
82. Venables, W.N. & Ripley, B.D. (1994) Modern Applied Statistics with S-Plus. Springer Verlag, New York.
83. Wallin, K., Cederlund, G. & Pehrson, Å. (1996) Predicting body mass from chest circumference in moose Alces alces. Wildlife Biology, 2, 53-58.
84. Weladji, R.B., Mysterud, A., Holand, Ø. & Lenvik, D. (2002) Age-related reproductive effort in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): evidence of senescence. Oecologia, 131, 79-82.
85. Williams, G.C. (1957) Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution, 11, 398-411.
86. Williams, G.C. (1966) Adaptation and Natural Selection: a Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
87. Yoccoz, N.G., Mysterud, A., Langvatn, R. & Stenseth, N.C. (2002) Age- and density-dependent reproductive effort in male red deer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 269, 1523-1529.