Growing entrepreneurial economies: Entrepreneurship and regional development

The Routledge Companion to Entrepreneurship

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 325-340

  Stam, Erik ^a   Bosma, Niels ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937254074     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (149)

1. Acs, Z.J., Bosma, N.S. and Sternberg, R. (2011) 'Entrepreneurship in World Cities', in: M. Minniti (ed.), The Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Activity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 125-51.
2. Acs, Z.J., Bosma, N.S. and Sternberg, R., Braunerhjelm, P., Audretsch, D.B. and Carlsson, B. (2009) 'The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship', Small Business Economics 32 (1): 15-30.
3. Agarwal, R., Echambadi, R., Franco, A.M. and Sarkar, M.B. (2004) 'Knowledge transfer through inheritance: spin-out generation, development and survival', Academy of Management Journal 47 (4): 501-22.
4. Aldrich, H. and Kim, P. (2007) 'A Life Course Perspective on Occupational Inheritance: Self-employed Parents and Their Children', Research in the Sociology of Organizations 25: 33-82.
5. Ansari, S., Munir, K. and Gregg, T. (2012) 'Impact at the "bottom of the pyramid": the role of social capital in capability development and community empowerment', Journal of Management Studies 49 (4): 813-42.
6. Arenius, P. and Minniti, M. (2005) 'Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship', Small Business Economics 24: 233-47.
7. Armington, C. and Acs, Z.J. (2002) 'The Determinants of Regional Variation in New Firm Formation', Regional Studies 36 (1): 33-45.
8. Audia, P. and Rider, C. (2005) 'Entrepreneurs as organisation products revisited', in: Baum, J.R., Frese, M. and Baron, R. (eds.) The Psychology of Entrepreneurship, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 259-76.
9. Audretsch, D.B. and Feldman M.P. (1996) 'R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production', American Economic Review 86: 630-40.
10. Audretsch, D.B. and Feldman M.P., Keilbach, M.C. and Lehmann, E.E. (2006) Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11. Baldwin, J.R., Beckstead, D., Brown, W.M. and Rigby, D.L. (2008) 'Agglomeration and the Geography of Localization Economies in Canada', Regional Studies 42 (1): 117-32.
12. Baltzopoulos, A. and Brostrom, A. (2013) 'Attractors of Entrepreneurial Activity: Universities, Regions and Alumni Entrepreneurs', Regional Studies 47 (6): 934-49.
13. Baptista, R., Lima, F., and Mendonca, J. (2011) 'Establishment of higher education institutions and new firm entry', Research Policy 40 (5): 751-60.
14. Baumol, W.J., Panzar, J.C. and Willig, R.D. (1982) Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
15. Beesley, M.E. and Hamilton, T.T. (1994) 'Entry propensity, the supply of entrants and the spatial distribution of business units', Regional Studies 28 (3): 233-39.
16. Benz, M. and Frey, B. (2008) 'Being independent is a great thing: Subjective evaluations of selfemployment and hierarchy', Economica 75 (298): 362-83.
17. Beugelsdijk, S. (2007) 'Entrepreneurial culture, regional innovativeness and economic Growth', Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17 (2): 187-210.
18. Bird, M. and Wennberg, K. (2013) 'Regional Influences on the Prevalence of Family Versus Non-Family Start-Ups', Journal of Business Venturing doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j-jbusvent.2013.06.004.
19. Black, J., De Meza, D. and Jeffreys, D. (1996) 'House Prices, The Supply of Collateral and the Enterprise Economy', Economic Journal 106 (434): 60-75.
20. Bosma, N.S., Schutjens, V.AJ.M. and Stam, E. (2009) 'Entrepreneurship in European regions: implications for public policy', in: Leitao, J. and Baptista, R. (eds.), Public Policies for Fostering Entrepreneurship, New York: Springer, 129-46.
21. Bosma, N.S., Schutjens, V. and Stam, E. (2011a) 'Regional Entrepreneurship', in: Asheim, B.T., Boschma, R., Cooke, P., Martin, R.L., Schwartz, D. and Todtling, F. (eds.) Handbook of Regional Innovation and Growth, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 482-94.
22. Bosma, N.S., Stam, E. and Schutjens, V.A.J.M. (2011b) 'Creative destruction and regional productivity growth: Evidence from the Dutch manufacturing and services industries', Small Business Economics 36 (4): 401-18.
23. Bosma, N.S., Stam, E. and Wennekers, S. (2010) Intrapreneurship: an international study, Zoetermeer: EIM Research Report.
24. Bosma, N.S., Hessels, S.J.A, Schutjens, V.A.J.M., Van Praag, C.M. and Verheul, I. (2012) 'Entrepreneurship and role models', Journal of Economic Psychology 33 (2): 410-24.
25. Bosma, N.S., Wennekers, S. and Stam, F. (2013) 'Institutions and the allocation of entrepreneurship across new and established organizations', Scales Research Reports H201213, Zoetermeer: EIM Business and Policy Research.
26. Boschma, R.A. and Frenken, K. (2006) 'Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? Towards an evolutionary economic geography', Journal of Economic Geography 6 (3): 273-302.
27. Boschma, R.A. and Frenken, K. and Iammarino, S. (2009) 'Related variety, trade linkages, and regional growth in Italy', Economic Geography 85 (3): 289-311.
28. Boschma, R. and Wenting, R. (2007) 'Spatial evolution of the British automobile industry: Does location matter?', Industrial and Corporate Change 16 (2): 213-38.
29. Bottazzi, L. and Peri, G. (2003) 'Innovation and spillovers in regions: evidence from European patent data', European Economic Review 47: 687-710.
30. Buenstorf, G. and Fornahl, D. (2009) 'B2C-bubble to cluster: the dot-com boom, spin-off entrepreneurship, and regional agglomeration', Journal of Evolutionary Economics 19 (3): 349-78.
31. Cattani, G., Pennings, J.M. and Wezel, F.C. (2003) 'Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in Founding Patterns', Organization Science 14 (6): 670-85.
32. Chinitz, B. (1961) 'Contrasts in agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh', American Economic Review 51: 279-89.
33. Cooper, A. and T. Folta (2000) 'Entrepreneurship and high-technology clusters', in: Sexton, D. and Landstrom, H. (eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 348-67.
34. Dahl, S. and Sorenson, O. (2009) 'The embedded entrepreneur', European Management Review 6: 172-81.
35. Davidsson, P. (2004) Researching Entrepreneurship, New York: Springer.
36. Davidsson, P. and Wiklund, J. (1997) 'Values, beliefs and regional variations in new firm formation rates', Journal of Economic Psychology 18: 179-99.
37. DeClercq, D., Wade, W.M. and Dakhli, M. (2010) 'The moderating effect of institutional context on the relationship between associational activity and new business activity in emerging economies', International Business Review 19 (1): 85-101.
38. Djankov, S., Qian, Y., Roland, G. and Zhuravskaya, E. (2006a) 'Entrepreneurship in China and Russia Compared', Journal of the European Economic Association 4: 352-65.
39. Djankov, S., Qian, Y., Roland, G. and Zhuravskaya, E. (2006b) 'Who Are China's Entrepreneurs?', American Economic Review 96: 348-52.
40. Djankov, S., Qian, Y., Roland, G. and Zhuravskaya, E. (2007) 'What Makes a Successful Entrepreneur? Evidence from Brazil', Working Paper w0104, Center for Economic and Financial Research, Moscow: CEFIR.
41. Dumais, G., Ellison, G. and Glaeser, E.L. (1997) 'Geographic concentration as a dynamic process', NBER Working Paper 6270, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
42. Eisingerich, A., Falck, O., Heblich, S. and Kretschmer, T. (2012) 'Firm Innovativeness across Cluster Types', Industry & Innovation 19 (3): 233-48.
43. Evans, D.S. and Jovanovic, B. (1989) 'An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints', Journal of Political Economy 97: 808-27.
44. Fallick, B., Fleischman, C.A. and Rebitzer, J.B. (2006) 'Job-hopping in Silicon Valley: Some Evidence Concerning the Microfoundations of a High-technology Cluster', Review of Economics and Statistics 88: 472-81.
45. Feld, B. (2012) Startup Communities: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Your City, New York: Wiley.
46. Feldman, M.P. (2001) 'The entrepreneurial event revisited: firm formation in the regional context', Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 861-91.
47. Feldman, M.P. and Francis, J.L. (2003) 'Fortune favours the prepared region: the case of entrepreneurship and the Capitol Region biotechnology cluster', European Planning Studies 11 (7): 765-88.
48. Feldman, M.P., Francis, J.L. and Bercovitz, J. (2005) 'Creating a cluster while building a firm: entrepreneurs and the formation of industrial clusters', Regional Studies 39: 129-41.
49. Figueiredo, O., Guimaraes, P. and Woodward, D. (2002) 'Home-field advantage: location decisions of Portuguese entrepreneurs', Journal of Urban Economics 52: 341-61.
50. Folta, T., Delmar, F. and Wennberg, K. (2010) 'Hybrid Entrepreneurship', Management Science 56 (2): 253-68.
51. Forbes, D.P. (1999) 'Cognitive approaches to new venture creation', International Journal of Management Reviews 1 (4): 415-39.
52. Fornahl, D. (2003) 'Entrepreneurial activities in a regional context', in: Fornahl, D. and Brenner, T. (eds.) Cooperation, networks and institutions in regional innovation systems, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 38-57.
53. Fotopoulos, G. and Spence, N. (2001) 'Spatial variations in net entry rates of establishments in Greek manufacturing industries: an application of the shift-share ANOVA model', Environment and Planning31 (11): 1731-55.
54. Frenken, K., Cefis, E. and Stam, E. (2014) 'Industrial dynamics and clusters: a survey', Regional Studies(forthcoming).
55. Frenken, K., Cefis, E. and Stam, E., Van Oort, F.G. and Verburg, T. (2007) 'Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth', Regional Studies 41: 685-97.
56. Fritsch, M. (2013) 'New business formation and regional development - A Survey and Assessment of the Evidence', Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship 9: 249-364.
57. Fritsch, M. and Schilder, D. (2008) 'Does venture capital investment really require spatial proximity? An empirical investigation', Environment and Planning A 40 (9): 2114-31.
58. Fuller, T. and Moran, P. (2001) 'Small enterprises as complex adaptive systems: a methodological question?', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 13 (1): 47-63.
59. Garmaise, M.J. (2011) 'Ties that truly bind: Noncompetition agreements, executive compensation and firm investment', Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 27 (2): 376-425.
60. Garnsey, E. and Heffernan P. (2005) 'High Tech Clustering through Spin Out and Attraction; the Cambridge Case', Regional Studies 39 (8): 1127-44.
61. Garnsey, E. and Heffernan P. and Lawton-Smith, H. (1998) 'Proximity and Complexity in the Emergence of high Technology Industry: The Oxbridge Comparison', Geoforum 29 (4): 433-50.
62. Gilson, R.J. (1999) 'The Legal Infrastructure of High Technology Industrial Districts: Silicon Valley, Route 128, and Covenants Not to Compete', New York University Law Review 74: 575-629.
63. Glaeser, E.L. (1999) 'Learning in Cities', Journal of Urban Economics 46: 254-77.
64. Glaeser, E.L. (2007) 'Entrepreneurship and the city', NBER Working Paper 13551.
65. Gompers, P., Lerner, J. and Scharfstein, D. (2005) 'Entrepreneurial spawning: public corporations and the formation of new ventures, 1986-1999', Journal of Finance 60: 577-614.
66. Hall, J., Matos, S., Sheehan, L. and Silvestre, B. (2012) 'Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the Base of the Pyramid: A Recipe for Inclusive Growth or Social Exclusion?', Journal of Management Studies 49 (4): 785-812.
67. Hall, P. and Markusen, A. (1985) Silicon Landscapes, Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin.
68. Hannan, M.T., Carroll, G.R., Dundon, E.A. and Torres, J.C. (1995) 'Organizational Evolution in Multinational Context: Entries of Automobile Manufacturers in Belgium, Britain, France, Germany and Italy', American Sociological Review 60 (4): 509-28.
69. Hanson, S. (2003) 'Geographical and feminist perspectives on entrepreneurship', Geographische Zeitschrift91: 1-23.
70. Heblich, S. and Slavtchev, V. (2013) 'Parent universities and the location of academic startups', Small Business Economics, doi: 10.1007/s11187-013-9470-3.
71. Helfat, C.E. and Lieberman, M.B. (2002) 'The birth of capabilities: Market entry and the importance of prehistory', Industrial and Corporate Change 11 (4): 725-60.
72. Henning, M., Stam, E. and Wenting, R. (2013) 'Path dependence research in regional economic development: Cacophony or knowledge accumulation?', Regional Studies doi:10.1080/00343404. 2012.750422.
73. Holtz-Eakin, D., Joulfaian, D. and Rosen, H.S. (1994) 'Sticking it out: entrepreneurial survival and liquidity constraints', Journal of Political Economy 102 (1): 53-75.
74. Hoover, E.M. (1948) The Location of Economic Activity, New York: McGraw-Hill.
75. Hoover, E.M. and Vernon, R. (1959) Anatomy of a Metropolis, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
76. Hurst, E. and Lusardi, A. (2004) 'Liquidity constraints, household wealth, and entrepreneurship', Journal of Political Economy 112 (2): 319-47.
77. Isenberg, D. (2010) 'The Big Idea: How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution', Harvard Business ReviewJune: 41-50.
78. Jacobs, J. (1969) The Economy of Cities, New York: Vintage Books.
79. Keeble, D., Lawson, C., Moore, B. and Wilkinson, F. (1999) 'Collective Learning Processes, Networking and "Institutional Thickness" in the Cambridge Region', Regional Studies 33 (4): 319-32.
80. Klepper, S. (2001) 'Employee startups in high-tech industries', Industrial and Corporate Change 10 (3): 639-74.
81. Klepper, S. (2007) 'Disagreements, spinoffs, and the evolution of Detroit as the capital of the US automobile industry', Management Science 53: 616-31.
82. Klepper, S. (2010) 'The Origin and Growth of Industry Clusters: The Making of Silicon Valley and Detroit', Journal of Urban Economics 67 (1): 15-32.
83. Klepper, S. and Simons, K. (2000) 'The making of an oligopoly: firm survival and technological change in the evolution of the US tire industry', Journal of Political Economy 108 (4): 728-60.
84. Klepper, S. and Sleeper, S. (2005) 'Entry by spinoffs', Management Science 51 (8): 1291-306.
85. Kristensen, P.H. (1994) 'Spectator communities and entrepreneurial districts', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 6: 177-98.
86. Lafuente, A. and Salas, V. (1989) 'Types of entrepreneurs and firms: the case of new Spanish firms', Strategic Management Journal 10 (1): 17-30.
87. Lange, T. (2012) 'Job Satisfaction and Self-employment: Autonomy or Personality?', Small Business Economics 38 (2): 165-77.
88. Leff, N.H. (1978) 'Industrial Organization and Entrepreneurship in the Developing Countries: The Economic Groups', Economic Development and Cultural Change 26 (4): 661-75.
89. Leff, N.H. (1979) 'Entrepreneurship and economic development: The problem revisited', Journal of Economic Literature 17 (1): 46-64.
90. Lindquist, M.J., Sol, J. and Van Praag, M. (2012) 'Why Do Entrepreneurial Parents Have Entrepreneurial Children?', IZA discussion paper 6740, Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.
91. Levie, J. (2007) 'Immigration, In-Migration, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom', Small Business Economics 28 (2-3): 143-69.
92. Malmberg, A. and Masked, P. (2002) 'The elusive concept of localization economies: towards a knowledge based theory of spatial clustering', Environment and Planning A 34: 429-49.
93. Marshall, A. (1890) Principles of Economics, London: Macmillan.
94. Martin, R. and Sunley, P. (2003) 'Deconstructing clusters: chaotic concept or policy panacea?', Journal of Economic Geography 3 (1): 5-35.
95. Martin, R. and Sunley, P.J. (2007) Complexity thinking and evolutionary economic geography, Journal of Economic Geography 7: 573-603.
96. Marx, M., Strumsky, D. and Fleming, L. (2009) 'Mobility, Skills, and the Michigan Noncompete Experiment', Management Science 55 (6): 875-89.
97. Mason, C. and Harrison, R. (2002) 'Barriers to investment in the informal venture capital sector', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 14 (3): 271-87.
98. Michelacci, C. and Silva, O. (2007) 'Why so many local entrepreneurs?', Review of Economics and Statistics89 (4): 615-33.
99. Millan, J.M., Hessels, J., Thurik, A.R. and Aguado, R. (2011) 'Determinants of Job Satisfaction across the EU-15: a Comparison of Self-Employed and Paid Employees', Small Business Economics, doi: 10.1007/s11187-011-9380-1.
100. Mueller, P. (2006) 'Exploring the knowledge filter: how entrepreneurship and university-industry relations drive economic growth', Research Policy 35 (10): 1499-508.
101. Nanda, R. and Sorenson, J.B. (2010) 'Workplace Peers and Entrepreneurship', Management Science 56 (7): 1116-26.
102. Naudé, W. (2011) 'Entrepreneurship is Not a Binding Constraint on Growth and Development in the Poorest Countries', World Development 39 (1): 33-44.
103. Naudé, W., Amorós, E. and Cristi, O. (2013) 'Surfeiting the Appetite may Sicken: Entrepreneurship and the Happiness of Nations', Small Business Economics, doi: 10.1007/s11187-013-9492-x.
104. Niittykangas, H. and Tervo, H. (2005) 'Spatial variations in intergenerational transmission of selfemployment', Regional Studies 39 (3): 319-32.
105. Obschonka, M., Schmitt-Rodermund, E., Silbereisen, R.K., Gosling, S.D. and Potter, J. (2013) 'The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom: A socioecological perspective', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105 (1): 104-22.
106. O'Farrell, P. and Crouchley, R. (1984) 'An industrial and spatial analysis of new firm formation in Ireland', Regional Studies 18 (3): 221-36.
107. Orsenigo, L. (2006) 'Clusters and clustering: Stylized facts, issues, and theories', in: Braunerhjelm, P. and Feldman, M. (eds.) Cluster Genesis. Technology-Based Industrial Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 195-218.
108. Parker, S. (2009) 'Why do small firms produce the entrepreneurs?', Journal of Socio- Economics 38 (3): 484-94.
109. Parwada, J.T. (2008) 'The genesis of home bias? The location and portfolio choices of investment company start-ups', Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 43: 245-66.
110. Porter, M. (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York: Free Press.
111. Reuschke, D. (2011) 'Self-Employment and Geographical Mobility in Germany', German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) papers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 417, Berlin: DIW.
112. Reynolds, P.D., Storey, D.J. and Westhead, P. (1994) 'Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates', Regional Studies 28 (4): 443-56.
113. Rocha, H.O. (2004) 'Entrepreneurship and development: the role of clusters. A literature review', Small Business Economics 23: 363-400.
114. Samila, S. and Sorenson, O. (2011) 'Noncompete Covenants: Incentives to Innovate or Impediments to Growth', Management Science 57 (3): 425-38.
115. Saxenian, A. (1994) Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
116. Schumpeter, J. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
117. Shane, S.A. (2000) 'Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities', Organization Science11 (4): 448-72.
118. Shane, S.A. and Venkataraman, S. (2000) 'The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research', Academy of Management Review 25: 217-26.
119. Smith, B.R. and Stevens, C.E. (2010) 'Different types of social entrepreneurship: The role of geography and embeddedness on the measurement and scaling of social value', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 22 (6): 575-98.
120. Sorensen, J. (2007) 'Bureaucracy and Entrepreneurship: Workplace Effects on Entrepreneurial Entry', Administrative Science Quarterly 52: 387-412.
121. Sorensen, O. (2005) 'Social networks and the persistence of regional innovation system: evidence from the computer workstation industry', in: Breschi, S. and Malerba, F. (eds.), Clusters, Networks, and Innovation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 297-318.
122. Sorensen, O. and Audia, P.G. (2000) 'The social structure of entrepreneurial activity: geographic concentration of footwear production in the United States, 1940-1989', American Journal of Sociology 106: 424-62.
123. Sorensen, O. and Audia, P.G. Stam, E. (2007) 'Why Butterflies Don't Leave. Locational behavior of entrepreneurial firms', Economic Geography 83 (1): 27-50.
124. Sorensen, O. and Audia, P.G. (2009) 'Entrepreneurship', in: Kitchin, R. and Thrift, N. (eds.) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Volume 3, Oxford: Elsevier, 492-98.
125. Sorensen, O. and Audia, P.G. (2010) 'Entrepreneurship, Evolution and Geography', in: Boschma, R. and Martin, R.L. (eds.) The Handbook of Evolutionary Economic Geography, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 307-48.
126. Sorensen, O. and Audia, P.G. and Martin, R. (2012) 'When High Tech ceases to be High Growth: The Loss of Dynamism of the Cambridgeshire Region', Working Papers 12-10, Utrecht School of Economics.
127. Sternberg, R. and Wennekers, S. (2005) 'Determinants and effects of new business creation using global entrepreneurship data', Small Business Economics 24 (3): 193-203.
128. Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A. and Fitoussi, J.-P. (2009) Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. Available: www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/documents/rapport_anglais.pdf (accessed 28 April 2014).
129. Storey, D.J. (1982) Entrepreneurship and The New Firm, London: Croom Helm.
130. Stuart, T. and Sorenson, O. (2003) 'The geography of opportunity: spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms', Research Policy 32: 229-53.
131. Thurik, A.R., Stam, E. and Audretsch, D.B. (2013) 'The rise of the entrepreneurial economy and the future of dynamic capitalism', Technovation, 33 (8-9): 302-310.
132. Trettin, L. and Welter, F. (2011) 'Challenges for spatially oriented entrepreneurship research', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23 (7-8): 575-602.
133. Uhlaner, L.M. and Thurik, A.R. (2007) 'Postmaterialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations', Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17 (2): 161-85.
134. Vaillant, Y. and Lafuente, E. (2007) 'Do different institutional frameworks condition the influence of local fear of failure and entrepreneurial examples over entrepreneurial activity?' Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 19: 313-37.
135. Van Gelderen, M.W. and Masurel, E. (eds.) (2011) Entrepreneurship in context, New York: Routledge.
136. Van Looy, B., Landoni, P., Callaert, J., Van Pottelsberghe, B., Sapsalis, E. and Debackere, K. (2011) 'Entrepreneurial effectiveness of European universities: An empirical assessment of antecedents and tradeoffs', Research Policy 40 (4): 553-64.
137. Van Wissen, L. (2004) 'A spatial interpretation of the density dependence model in industrial demography', Small Business Economics 22 (3-4): 253-64.
138. Vivarelli, M. (1991) 'The birth of new enterprises', Small Business Economics 3: 215-23.
139. Wagner, J. and Sternberg, R. (2004) 'Start-up activities, individual characteristics, and the regional milieu: lessons for entrepreneurship support policies from German micro data', Annals of Regional Science 38 (2): 219-40.
140. Welter, F. (2011) 'Contextualizing Entrepreneurship - Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35 (1): 165-84.
141. Wennekers, A.R.M. and Thurik, A.R. (1999) 'Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth', Small Business Economics 13: 27-55.
142. Wezel, F.C. (2005) 'Location-dependence and industry evolution: founding rates in the United Kingdom motorcycle industry, 1895-1993', Organization Studies 26 (5): 729-54.
143. Williams, C.C. and Nadin, S. (2010) 'Entrepreneurship and the informal economy; an overview', Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 15 (4): 361-78.
144. Woodward, D., Figueiredo, O. and Guimaraes, P. (2006) 'Beyond the Silicon Valley: university R&D and high technology location',Journal of Urban Economics 60: 15-32.
145. Wyrwich, M. (2012) 'Regional Entrepreneurial Heritage in a Socialist and a Postsocialist Economy', Economic Geography 88 (4): 423-45.
146. Yamada, G. (1996) 'Urban Informal Employment and Self-Employment in Developing Countries: Theory and Evidence', Economic Development and Cultural Change 44 (2): 289-314.
147. Zahra, S.A. and Wright, M. (2011) 'Entrepreneurship's Next Act', Academy of Management Perspectives 25: 67-83.
148. Zander, I. (2004) 'The microfoundations of cluster stickiness: walking in the shoes of the entrepreneur', Journal of International Management 10: 51-75.
149. Zucker, L., Darby, M. and Brewer, M. (1998) 'Intellectual human capital and the birth of US biotechnology enterprises', American Economic Review 88 (1): 290-306.