Explosive and chemical threat detection by surface-enhanced Raman scattering: A review

Analytica Chimica Acta

Volumn 893, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-13

  Hakonen, Aron ^a   Andersson, Per Ola ^b   Stenbæk Schmidt, Michael ^c   Rindzevicius, Tomas ^c   Käll, Mikael ^a  

^a CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^b SWEDISH DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY   (Sweden)

^c TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Chemical warfare agents; Explosives; Nerve gas; Portable Raman spectroscopy; Surface enhanced Raman scattering; Trinitrotoluene

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL WARFARE; DISASTER PREVENTION; EXPLOSIVES; EXPLOSIVES DETECTION; HAZARDOUS MATERIALS; PETROLEUM PROSPECTING; RAMAN SCATTERING; RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; SUBSTRATES;

CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; NERVE GAS; PORTABLE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING (SERS); TRINITROTOLUENE;

SURFACE SCATTERING;

1,1 DIAMINO 2,2 DINITROETHENE; 2,4 DINITROANISOLE; 2,4 DINITROTOLUENE; 2,4,6,8,10,12 HEXANITRO 2,4,6,8,10,12 HEXAAZAISOWURTZITANE; 3 NITRO 1,2,4 TRIAZOL 3 ONE; 5 AMINO 3 NITRO 1,2,4 NITROZOLE; AMMONIUM NITRATE; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT; CYCLOTRIMETHYLENE TRINITRAMINE; EXPLOSIVE; GOLD NANOPARTICLE; HEXAMETHYLENE TRIPEROXIDE DIAMINE; MUSTARD GAS; N METHYL 4 NITROANILINE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUND; PENTAERYTHRITYL TETRANITRATE; SARIN; TABUN; TRIACETONE TRIPEROXIDE; TRINITROTOLUENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; GOLD; NANOMATERIAL; POLYMER; SILVER;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; COMPLEX FORMATION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; HYDROPHILICITY; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MICROFLUIDIC ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; CHEMISTRY;

CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; EXPLOSIVE AGENTS; GOLD; NANOSTRUCTURES; POLYMERS; SILVER; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, RAMAN;

EID: 84937236549     PISSN: 00032670     EISSN: 18734324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.010     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Jian C., Seitz W.R. Membrane for in situ optical-detection of organic nitro-compounds based on fluorescence quenching. Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 237(2):265-271.
2. Bauer C.F., Koza S.M., Jenkins T.F. Liquid-chromatographic method for determination of explosives residues in soil - collaborative study. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1990, 73(4):541-552.
3. Gunderson C.A., et al. Multispecies toxicity assessment of compost produced in bioremediation of an explosives-contaminated sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1997, 16(12):2529-2537.
4. Hilmi A., Luong J.H.T., Nguyen A.L. Determination of explosives in soil and ground water by liquid chromatography-amperometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1999, 844(1-2):97-110.
5. Uzer A.E., Ercag E., Apak R. Selective spectrophotometric determination of TNT in soil and water with dicyclohexylamine extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 534(2):307-317.
6. Ehrentreich-Forster E., et al. Biosensor-based on-site explosives detection using aptamers as recognition elements. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2008, 391(5):1793-1800.
7. Guo C.X., Lei Y., Li C.M. Porphyrin functionalized graphene for sensitive electrochemical detection of ultratrace explosives. Electroanalysis 2011, 23(4):885-893.
8. Douglas T.A., et al. Desorption and transformation of nitroaromatic (TNT) and nitramine (RDX and HMX) explosive residues on detonated pure mineral phases. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2012, 223(5):2189-2200.
9. Xin Y.H., et al. A portable and autonomous multichannel fluorescence detector for on-line and in situ explosive detection in aqueous phase. Lab Chip 2012, 12(22):4821-4828.
10. Pesavento M., et al. Voltammetric platform for detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene based on a molecularly imprinted polymer. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2013, 405(11):3559-3570.
11. Leppert J., et al. Near real time detection of hazardous airborne substances. Talanta 2012, 101:440-446.
12. Stromberg N., Hakonen A. Plasmophore sensitized imaging of ammonia release from biological tissues using optodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 704(1-2):139-145.
13. Kartha K.K., et al. A carbazole-fluorene molecular hybrid for quantitative detection of TNT using a combined fluorescence and quartz crystal microbalance method. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16(35):18896-18901.
14. Raghavender Goud D., et al. A highly selective and sensitive turn-on fluorescence chemodosimeter for the detection of mustard gas. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50(82):12363-12366.
15. Jang Y.J., et al. Novel and selective detection of Tabun mimics. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50(56):7531-7534.
16. de Grenu B.D., et al. Fluorescent discrimination between traces of chemical warfare agents and their mimics. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136(11):4125-4128.
17. Li J.F., et al. Shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nature 2010, 464(7287):392-395.
18. Dasary S.S.R., et al. Gold nanoparticle based label-free SERS probe for ultrasensitive and selective detection of trinitrotoluene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131(38):13806-13812.
19. Chou A., et al. SERS substrate for detection of explosives. Nanoscale 2012, 4(23):7419-7424.
20. Demeritte T., et al. Highly efficient SERS substrate for direct detection of explosive TNT using popcorn-shaped gold nanoparticle-functionalized SWCNT hybrid. Analyst 2012, 137(21):5041-5045.
21. Sajanlal P.R., Pradeep T. Functional hybrid nickel nanostructures as recyclable SERS substrates: detection of explosives and biowarfare agents. Nanoscale 2012, 4(11):3427-3437.
22. Zhou H.B., et al. Trinitrotoluene explosive lights up ultrahigh Raman scattering of nonresonant molecule on a top-closed silver nanotube array. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83(18):6913-6917.
23. Holthoff E.L., Stratis-Cullum D.N., Hankus M.E. A nanosensor for TNT detection based on molecularly imprinted polymers and surface enhanced Raman scattering. Sensors 2011, 11(3):2700-2714.
24. Liu X.J., et al. Ordered gold nanoparticle arrays as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates for label-free detection of nitroexplosives. Talanta 2011, 83(3):1023-1029.
25. Stuart D.A., Biggs K.B., Van Duyne R.P. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of half-mustard agent. Analyst 2006, 131(4):568-572.
26. Yan F., Vo-Dinh T. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of chemical and biological agents using a portable Raman integrated tunable sensor. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2007, 121(1):61-66.
27. Lee S., et al. Fast and sensitive trace analysis of malachite green using a surface-enhanced Raman microfluidic sensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 590(2):139-144.
28. Halvorson R.A., Vikesland P.J. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for environmental analyses. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44(20):7749-7755.
29. Capitan-Vallvey L.F., Palma A.J. Recent developments in handheld and portable optosensing-a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 696(1-2):27-46.
30. Sharma B. High-performance SERS substrates: advances and challenges. MRS Bull. 2013, 38(08):615-624.
31. Alvarez-Puebla R.A., Liz-Marzan L.M. Environmental applications of plasmon assisted Raman scattering. Energy Environ. Sci. 2010, 3(8):1011-1017.
32. Li D.-W., et al. Recent progress in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the detection of environmental pollutants. Microchim. Acta 2014, 181(1-2):23-43.
33. Jarvis R.M., Goodacre R. Characterisation and identification of bacteria using SERS. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37(5):931-936.
34. Finot E., et al. Raman and photothermal spectroscopies for explosive detection. Micro Nanotechnol. Sens. Syst. Appl. V 2013, 8725:12.
35. Lopez-Lopez M., Garcia-Ruiz C. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques applied to identification of explosives. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2014, 54:36-44.
36. Raman C.V., Krishnan K.S. A new type of secondary radiation. Nature 1928, 121:501-502.
37. Dunkers J., Ishida H. Vibrational assignments of N,N-bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)methylamine in the fingerprint region. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 1995, 51(5):855-867.
38. Zhang C.L., et al. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of trinitrotoluene in silver colloids prepared by microwave heating method. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2014, 122:387-391.
39. Abramczyk H., et al. The cellular environment of cancerous human tissue: interfacial and dangling water as a hydration fingerprint. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2014, 129:609-623.
40. Wong C.L., et al. Non-labeling multiplex surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Anal. Chim. Acta 2014, 844:54-60.
41. Gaufres E., et al. Giant Raman scattering from J-aggregated dyes inside carbon nanotubes for multispectral imaging. Nat. Photon. 2014, 8(1):73-79.
42. Zhang R., et al. Chemical mapping of a single molecule by plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering. Nature 2013, 498(7452):82-86.
43. Li J.F., et al. Surface analysis using shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat. Protoc. 2013, 8(1):52-65.
44. Aouani H., et al. Ultrasensitive broadband probing of molecular vibrational modes with multifrequency optical antennas. ACS Nano 2013, 7(1):669-675.
45. Dudovich N., Oron D., Silberberg Y. Single-pulse coherently controlled nonlinear Raman spectroscopy and microscopy. Nature 2002, 418(6897):512-514.
46. Vandenabeele P., Edwards H.G.M., Moens L. A decade of Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107(3):675-686.
47. McMillan P.F., Hofmeister A.M. Infrared and Raman-spectroscopy. Rev. Mineral. 1988, 18:99-159.
48. Lyon L.A., et al. Raman spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70(12):341R-361R.
49. Colthup N. Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 2012, Elsevier.
50. Long D.A. Raman Spectroscopy 1977, 1-12. New York.
51. Fan M.K., Andrade G.F.S., Brolo A.G. A review on the fabrication of substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and their applications in analytical chemistry. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 693(1-2):7-25.
52. Fleischmann M., Hendra P.J., McQuillan A.J. Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1974, 26(2):163-166.
53. Jeanmaire D.L., Van duyne R.P. Surface Raman spectroelectrochemistry. 1. Heterocyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic-amines adsorbed on anodized silver electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1977, 84(1):1-20.
54. Albrecht M.G., Creighton J.A. Anomalously intense Raman-spectra of pyridine at a silver electrode. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99(15):5215-5217.
55. Nie S., Emory S.R. Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Science 1997, 275(5303):1102-1106.
56. Kneipp K., et al. Single molecule detection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78(9):1667-1670.
57. Qian X.M., et al. In vivo tumor targeting and spectroscopic detection with surface-enhanced Raman nanoparticle tags. Nat. Biotechnol. 2008, 26(1):83-90.
58. Hering K., et al. SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2008, 390(1):113-124.
59. Alvarez-Puebla R.A., Liz-Marzan L.M. SERS-based diagnosis and biodetection. Small 2010, 6(5):604-610.
60. Xu H.X., et al. Unified treatment of fluorescence and Raman scattering processes near metal surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 93(24):4.
61. LeRu E.C., Etchegoin P.G. Principles of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: And Related Plasmonic Effects 2009, 1-663. Elsevier Science Bv., Amsterdam.
62. Lombardi J.R., Birke R.L. A unified approach to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112(14):5605-5617.
63. Tian Z.Q., Ren B., Wu D.Y. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: from noble to transition metals and from rough surfaces to ordered nanostructures. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106(37):9463-9483.
64. Lu Y., Liu G.L., Lee L.P. High-density silver nanoparticle film with temperature-controllable interparticle spacing for a tunable surface enhanced Raman scattering substrate. Nano Lett. 2005, 5(1):5-9.
65. Wang H., Levin C.S., Halas N.J. Nanosphere arrays with controlled sub-10-nm gaps as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127(43):14992-14993.
66. Lee S.J., Morrill A.R., Moskovits M. Hot spots in silver nanowire bundles for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128(7):2200-2201.
67. Liu H.L., et al. Capillarity-constructed reversible hot spots for molecular trapping inside silver nanorod arrays light up ultrahigh SERS enhancement. Chem. Sci. 2013, 4(9):3490-3496.
68. Fang P.P., et al. Tailoring Au-core Pd-shell Pt-cluster nanoparticles for enhanced electrocatalytic activity. Chem. Sci. 2011, 2(3):531-539.
69. Zhao Y., et al. Strong light-matter interactions in sub-nanometer gaps defined by monolayer graphene: toward highly sensitive SERS substrates. Nanoscale 2014, 6(19):11112-11120.
70. Wei H., Xu H.X. Hot spots in different metal nanostructures for plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nanoscale 2013, 5(22):10794-10805.
71. Yang J., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy based quantitative bioassay on aptamer-functionalized nanopillars using large-area raman mapping. ACS Nano 2013, 7(6):5350-5359.
72. Schmidt M.S., Hubner J., Boisen A. Large area fabrication of leaning silicon nanopillars for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24(10):OP11-OP18.
73. Ji W., et al. Semiconductor-driven "turn-off" surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy: application in selective determination of chromium(VI) in water. Chem. Sci. 2015, 6(1):342-348.
74. Haynes C.L., Van Duyne R.P. Nanosphere lithography: a versatile nanofabrication tool for studies of size-dependent nanoparticle optics. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105(24):5599-5611.
75. Gunnarsson L., et al. Interparticle coupling effects in nanofabricated substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78(6):802-804.
76. Moskovits M. Surface-enhanced spectroscopy. Rev. Modern Phys. 1985, 57(3):783-826.
77. Otto A., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman-scattering. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1992, 4(5):1143-1212.
78. Campion A., Kambhampati P. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1998, 27(4):241-250.
79. Camden J.P., et al. Controlled plasmonic nanostructures for surface-enhanced spectroscopy and sensing. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41(12):1653-1661.
80. Lal S., et al. Noble metal nanowires: from plasmon waveguides to passive and active devices. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 45(11):1887-1895.
81. Pieczonka N.P.W., Aroca R.F. Single molecule analysis by surfaced-enhanced Raman scattering. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37(5):946-954.
82. Stiles P.L., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. (Palo Alto Calif) 2008, 1:601-626.
83. Sharma B., et al. SERS: materials, applications, and the future. Mater. Today 2012, 15(1-2):16-25.
84. Cialla D., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): progress and trends. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 403(1):27-54.
85. Moskovits M. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: a brief retrospective. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2005, 36(6-7):485-496.
86. Guerrini L., Graham D. Molecularly-mediated assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41(21):7085-7107.
87. Shegai T., et al. Raman spectroelectrochemistry of molecules within individual electromagnetic hot spots. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131(40):14390-14398.
88. Xu H.X., et al. Electromagnetic contributions to single-molecule sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 62(3):4318-4324.
89. Tong L.M., Xu H.X., Käll M. Nanogaps for SERS applications. Mrs Bull. 2014, 39(2):163-168.
90. Jehlicka J., et al. Raman spectra of pure biomolecules obtained using a handheld instrument under cold high-altitude conditions. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 397(7):2753-2760.
91. Zheng J., et al. Semi-quantification of surface-enhanced Raman scattering using a handheld Raman spectrometer: a feasibility study. Analyst 2013, 138(23):7075-7078.
92. Zheng J., et al. Evaluation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection using a handheld and a bench-top Raman spectrometer: a comparative study. Talanta 2014, 129(0):79-85.
93. Sowoidnich K., et al. A portable 671nm Raman sensor system for rapid meat spoilage identification. Vib. Spectrosc. 2012, 62:70-76.
94. Song C.Y., et al. The use of a handheld Raman system for virus detection. Chem. Biol. Radiol. Nucl. Explos. (CBRNE) Sens. XIII 2012, 8358:7.
95. Hakonen A., et al. A potential tool for high-resolution monitoring of ocean acidification. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 786:1-7.
96. Hakonen A., Beves J.E., Stromberg N. Digital colour tone for fluorescence sensing: a direct comparison of intensity, ratiometric and hue based quantification. Analyst 2014, 139(14):3524-3527.
97. Meier R.J., et al. Background-free referenced luminescence sensing and imaging of pH using upconverting phosphors and color camera read-out. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86(11):5535-5540.
98. Ayas S., et al. Counting molecules with a mobile phone camera using plasmonic enhancement. ACS Photonics 2014, 1(1):17-26.
99. Kleinman S.L., et al. Creating: characterizing, and controlling chemistry with SERS hot spots. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15(1):21-36.
100. Hatab N.A., et al. An integrated portable Raman sensor with nanofabricated gold bowtie array substrates for energetics detection. Analyst 2011, 136(8):1697-1702.
101. Stokes R.J., Faulds K., Smith W.E. Raman spectroscopy of illicit substances - art. no. 67410Q. Optics and Photonics for Counterterrorism and Crime Fighting III 2007, Q7410. SPIE-Int Soc Optical Engineering, Bellingham. C. Lewis (Ed.).
102. Larmour I.A., Graham D. Surface enhanced optical spectroscopies for bioanalysis. Analyst 2011, 136(19):3831-3853.
103. Massarini E., et al. Methodologies for assessment of limit of detection and limit of identification using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2015, 207(Part A(0)):437-446.
104. Sferopoulos R. A review of chemical warfare agent (CWA) detector technologies and commercial-off-the-shelf items. DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation 2009, A.D.O. Defence (Ed.).
105. Kim K., et al. Destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents. Chem. Rev. 2011, 111(9):5345-5403.
106. Taranenko N., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman detection of nerve agent simulant (DMMP and DIMP) vapor on electrochemically prepared silver oxide substrates. J. Raman Spectrosc. 1996, 27(5):379-384.
107. Alak A.M., Vo-Dinh T. Surface-enhanced Raman-spectrometry of organophosphorus chemical-agents. Anal. Chem. 1987, 59(17):2149-2153.
108. Farquharson S., et al. Chemical agent identification by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Vibrational Spectroscopy-Based Sensor Systems 2002, 166-173. SPIE-Int Soc Optical Engineering, Bellingham. S.D. Christesen, A.J. Sedlacek (Eds.).
109. Inscore F., et al. Characterization of chemical warfare G-agent hydrolysis products by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chemical and Biological Point Sensors for Homeland Defense II 2004, 46-52.
110. Farquharson S., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectra of VX and its hydrolysis products. Appl. Spectrosc. 2005, 59(5):654-660.
111. Inscore F., et al. Water security: continuous monitoring of water distribution systems for chemical agents by SERS - art. no. 654009. Optics and Photonics in Global Homeland Security III 2007, 54009.
112. Farquharson S., Inscore F.E., Christesen S. Detecting chemical agents and their hydrolysis products in water. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Physics and Applications 2006, 103:447-460. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
113. Aoki P.H.B., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applied to cancer diagnosis and detection of pesticides: explosives, and drugs. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2013, 32(1):55-76.
114. Craig A.P., Franca A.S., Irudayaraj J. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy applied to food safety. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2013, 4:369-380.
115. Spencer K.M., et al. Detection of toxic industrial chemicals in water supplies using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives 2010, SPIE-Int Soc Optical Engineering, Bellingham. A.W. Fountain III, P.J. Gardner (Eds.).
116. Liu B.H., et al. Shell thickness-dependent Raman enhancement for rapid identification and detection of pesticide residues at fruit peels. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84(1):255-261.
117. Hoffmann J.A., et al. Nanowire-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for chemical warfare simulants. Micro Nanotechnol. Sens. Syst. Appl. IV 2012, 8373:p9.
118. Yu W.W., White I.M. Inkjet-printed paper-based SERS dipsticks and swabs for trace chemical detection. Analyst 2013, 138(4):1020-1025.
119. Sylvia J.M., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman detection of 1,4-dinitrotoluene impurity vapor as a marker to locate landmines. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72(23):5834-5840.
120. McHugh C.J., et al. Selective functionalisation of TNT for sensitive detection by SERRS. Chem. Commun. 2002, 6:580-581.
121. Nuntawong N., et al. Trace detection of perchlorate in industrial-grade emulsion explosive with portable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Forensic Sci. Int. 2013, 233(1-3):174-178.
122. Piorek B.D., et al. Free-surface microfluidics/surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for real-time trace vapor detection of explosives. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84(22):9700-9705.
123. Lee J., et al. Tailoring surface plasmons of high-density gold nanostar assemblies on metal films for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nanoscale 2014, 6(1):616-623.
124. Ko H., Chang S., Tsukruk V.V. Porous substrates for label-free molecular level detection of nonresonant organic molecules. ACS Nano 2009, 3(1):181-188.
125. Hamad S., et al. Cost effective nanostructured copper substrates prepared with ultrafast laser pulses for explosives detection using surface enhanced Raman scattering. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104(26):5.
126. Talian I., Huebner J. Separation followed by direct SERS detection of explosives on a novel black silicon multifunctional nanostructured surface prepared in a microfluidic channel. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2013, 44(4):536-539.
127. Fang X., Ahmad S.R. Detection of explosive vapour using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 2009, 97(3):723-726.
128. Chang S.H., et al. Nanoporous membranes with mixed nanoclusters for Raman-based label-free monitoring of peroxide compounds. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81(14):5740-5748.
129. 4/Au nanoparticles/lignin modified microspheres as effectual surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for highly selective and sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Analyst 2013, 138(9):2712-2719.
130. Zachhuber B., et al. Quantification of DNT isomers by capillary liquid chromatography using at-line SERS detection or multivariate analysis of SERS spectra of DNT isomer mixtures. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2012, 43(8):998-1002.
131. Dijkstra R.J., et al. Substrates for the at-line coupling of capillary electrophoresis and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 508(2):127-134.
132. Nirode W.F., Devault G.L., Sepaniak M.J. On-column surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection in capillary electrophoresis using running buffers containing silver colloidal solutions. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72(8):1866-1871.
133. He L., Natan M.J., Keating C.D. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: a structure specific detection method for capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72(21):5348-5355.
134. Negri P., et al. Ultrasensitive online SERS detection of structural isomers separated by capillary zone electrophoresis. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50(21):2707-2710.
135. Lin E.C., et al. Effective localized collection and identification of airborne species through electrodynamic precipitation and SERS-based detection. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4:p8.
136. Lin E.C., et al. Effective collection and detection of airborne species using SERS-based detection and localized electrodynamic precipitation. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25(26):3554-3559.
137. Brosseau C.L., et al. Ad-hoc surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy methodologies for the detection of artist dyestuffs: thin layer chromatography-surface enhanced raman spectroscopy and in situ on the fiber analysis. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81(8):3056-3062.
138. Freye C.E., et al. Surface enhanced Raman scattering imaging of developed thin-layer chromatography plates. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85(8):3991-3998.
139. McHugh C.J., et al. TNT stilbene derivatives as SERRS active species. Analyst 2007, 132(10):986-988.
140. McHugh C.J., et al. The first controlled reduction of the high explosive RDX. Chem. Commun. 2002, 21:2514-2515.
141. Guo Z., et al. Ultrasensitive trace analysis for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene using nano-dumbbell surface-enhanced Raman scattering hot spots. Analyst 2014, 139(4):807-812.
142. Zhou X., et al. SERS and OWGS detection of dynamic trapping molecular TNT based on a functional self-assembly Au monolayer film. Analyst 2013, 138(6):1858-1864.
143. Liu M., Chen W. Graphene nanosheets-supported Ag nanoparticles for ultrasensitive detection of TNT by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2013, 46(0):68-73.
144. Xu Z.H., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy of explosive 2,4-dinitroanisole using modified silver nanoparticles. Langmuir 2011, 27(22):13773-13779.
145. Qian K., et al. Functionalized shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for selective detection of trinitrotoluene. Analyst 2012, 137(20):4644-4646.
146. Guerrini L., et al. Chemical speciation of heavy metals by surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy: identification and quantification of inorganic- and methyl-mercury in water. Nanoscale 2014, 6(14):8368-8375.
147. Zhang X., et al. Hierarchical porous plasmonic metamaterials for reproducible ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27(6):1090-1096.
148. Wu K., et al. wafer-scale leaning silver nanopillars for molecular detection at ultra-low concentrations. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119(4):2053-2062.
149. Heleg-Shabtai V., Zifman A., Kendler S. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of organic molecules adsorbed on metallic nanoparticles. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2012, 733:53-61.
150. Huang H., et al. Evaluation of SERS substrates for chemical agent detection. Micro- and Nanotechnology Sensors, Systems, and Applications IV 2012, SPIE-Int Soc Optical Engineering, Bellingham. T. George, M.S. Islam, A. Dutta (Eds.).
151. Farrell M.E., Holthoff E.L., Pellegrino P.M. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of ammonium nitrate samples fabricated using drop-on-demand inkjet technology. Appl. Spectrosc. 2014, 68(3):287-296.
152. Podagatlapalli G.K., et al. Effect of oblique incidence on silver nanomaterials fabricated in water via ultrafast laser ablation for photonics and explosives detection. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 303:217-232.
153. Kodiyath R., et al. Assemblies of silver nanocubes for highly sensitive SERS chemical vapor detection. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1(8):2777-2788.
154. Xu Z.H., Meng X.G. Detection of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO) by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Vib. Spectrosc. 2012, 63:390-395.
155. Botti S., et al. Assessment of SERS activity and enhancement factors for highly sensitive gold coated substrates probed with explosive molecules. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2014, 592:277-281.
156. Kanchanapally R., et al. Graphene oxide-gold nanocage hybrid platform for trace level identification of nitro explosives using a Raman fingerprint. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118(13):7070-7075.
157. Almaviva S., et al. Ultrasensitive RDX detection with commercial SERS substrates. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2014, 45(1):41-46.
158. Bao Z.Y., et al. Quantitative SERS detection of low-concentration aromatic polychlorinated biphenyl-77 and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 280:706-712.
159. He X., et al. ZnO-Ag hybrids for ultrasensitive detection of trinitrotoluene by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16(28):14706-14712.
160. Sil S., et al. Density functional theoretical modeling, electrostatic surface potential and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic studies on biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: observation of 400pM sensitivity to explosives. J. Phys. Chem. A 2014, 118(16):2904-2914.
161. Raza A., Saha B. In situ silver nanoparticles synthesis in agarose film supported on filter paper and its application as highly efficient SERS test stripes. Forensic Sci. Int. 2014, 237:E42-E46.
162. Liu H.L., et al. Cetylpyridinium chloride activated trinitrotoluene explosive lights up robust and ultrahigh surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering in a silver sol. Chem. A Eur. J. 2013, 19(27):8789-8796.
163. Mbah J., et al. A rapid technique for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2013, 44(5):723-726.
164. Botti S., et al. Trace level detection and identification of nitro-based explosives by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2013, 44(3):463-468.
165. Cecchini M.P., et al. Self-assembled nanoparticle arrays for multiphase trace analyte detection. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12(2):165-171.
166. Nergiz S.Z., et al. Biomimetic SERS substrate: peptide recognition elements for highly selective chemical detection in chemically complex media. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1(22):6543-6549.
167. Fierro-Mercado P.M., et al. Highly sensitive filter paper substrate for SERS trace explosives detection. Int. J. Spectrosc. 2012, 2012:p7.
168. Zhang C.L., et al. Study of surface enhanced Raman scattering of trace trinitrotoluene based on silver colloid nanoparticles. Spectrosc. Spectral Anal. 2012, 32(3):686-690.
169. Xu J.Y., et al. SERS detection of explosive agent by macrocyclic compound functionalized triangular gold nanoprisms. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2011, 42(9):1728-1735.
170. Khaing Oo M.K., et al. Rapid: sensitive DNT vapor detection with UV-assisted photo-chemically synthesized gold nanoparticle SERS substrates. Analyst 2011, 136(13):2811-2817.
171. Wang J., et al. Spectroscopic ultra-trace detection of nitroaromatic gas vapor on rationally designed two-dimensional nanoparticle cluster arrays. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83(6):2243-2249.
172. Hatab N.A., et al. Detection and analysis of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) in environmental samples by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2010, 41(10):1131-1136.
173. Schmidt M.S., Boisen A. Metal-coated silicon nanopillars with large Raman enhancement for explosives detection. Adv. Environ. Chem. Biol. Sens. Technol. VII 2010, 7673:6.
174. Sun Y.H., et al. Highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate made from superaligned carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2010, 10(5):1747-1753.
175. Primera-Pedrozo O.M., et al. Nanotechnology-based detection of explosives and biological agents simulants. IEEE Sens. J. 2008, 8(5-6):963-973.
176. Gong Z.J., et al. Fabrication of SERS swab for direct detection of trace explosives in fingerprints. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6(24):21931-21937.
177. Petryayeva E., Krull U.J. Localized surface plasmon resonance: nanostructures, bioassays and biosensing-a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 706(1):8-24.
178. Farquharson S., et al. Chemical agent detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chemical and Biological Point Sensors for Homeland Defense 2004, 16-22. Spie-Int Soc Optical Engineering, Bellingham. A.J. Sedlacek (Ed.).
179. Podagatlapalli G.K., et al. Fabrication of nanoparticles and nanostructures using ultrafast laser ablation of silver with Bessel beams. Laser Phys. Lett. 2015, 12(3):10.
180. Hamad S., et al. Surface enhanced fluorescence from corroles and SERS studies of explosives using copper nanostructures. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2015, 621:171-176.
181. Jamil A.K.M., et al. Rapid detection of TNT in aqueous media by selective label free surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 2015, 134:732-738.