Electrochemical Spectroscopic Methods for the Fine Band Gap Electronic Structure Mapping in Organic Semiconductors

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 119, Issue 28, 2015, Pages 15933-15934

  Gmucová, Katarína ^a   Nádaždy, Vojtech ^a   Schauer, František ^b,c   Kaiser, Michal ^a   Majková, Eva ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS   (Slovakia)

^b TRNAVA UNIVERSITY   (Slovakia)

^c TOMAS BATA UNIVERSITY IN ZLIN   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCULATIONS; CHARGE TRANSFER; DEFECT DENSITY; ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE; ENERGY GAP; MAPPING; PHOTONIC DEVICES; SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS;

DENSITY OF STATE; ELECTRICAL METHODS; ELECTRONIC BAND STRUCTURE; FIRST-PRINCIPLES CALCULATION; LIGHT-INDUCED POLARONS; OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPIC; ORGANIC PHOTONICS; SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD;

PHOTONIC BAND GAP;

EID: 84937142985     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b04378     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Goetzberger, A.; Hebling, Ch.; Schock, H.-W. Photovoltaic Materials, History, Status and Outlook Mater. Sci. Eng., R 2003, 40, 1-46 10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00092-X
2. Facchetti, A. π-Conjugated Polymers for Organic Electronics and Photovoltaic Cell Applications Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 733-758 10.1021/cm102419z
3. Hohenberg, P.; Kohn, W. Inhomogeneous Electron Gas Phys. Rev. 1964, 136, B864-B871 10.1103/PhysRev.136.B864
4. Kohn, W. Nobel Lecture: Electronic Structure of Matter-Wave Functions and Density Functionals Rev. Mod. Phys. 1999, 71, 1253-1266 10.1103/RevModPhys.71.1253
5. Carr, J. A.; Chaudhary, S. The Identification, Characterization and Mitigation of Defect States in Organic Photovoltaic Devices: A Review and Outlook Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3414-3438 10.1039/c3ee41860j
6. Dimitrakopoulos, Ch. D.; Malenfant, P. R. L. Organic Thin Film Transistors for Large Area Electronics Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 99-117 10.1002/1521-4095(20020116)14:2<99::AID-ADMA99>3.0.CO;2-9
7. Kim, Y. H.; Spiegel, D.; Hotta, S.; Heeger, A. J. Photoexcitation and Doping Studies of Poly(3-hexylthienylene) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1988, 38, 5490-5495 10.1103/PhysRevB.38.5490
8. Deibel, C.; Mack, D.; Gorenflot, J.; Scholl, A.; Krause, S.; Reinert, F.; Rauh, D.; Dyakonov, V. Energetics of Excited States in the Conjugated Polymer Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2010, 81, 085202 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.085202
9. Bässler, H.; Köhler, A. Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors Top. Curr. Chem. 2012, 312, 1-65 10.1007/128-2011-218
10. Salaneck, W. R.; Friend, R. H.; Brédas, J. L. Electronic Structure of Conjugated Polymers: Consequences of Electron-Lattice Coupling Phys. Rep. 1999, 319, 231-251 10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00052-6
11. Nádaždy, V.; Schauer, F.; Gmucová, K. Energy Resolved Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Electronic Structure Mapping in Organic Semiconductors Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 142109 10.1063/1.4898068
12. Nešpůrek, S.; Schauer, F.; Kadashchuk, A. Visible Photoluminescence in Polysilanes Monatsh. Chem. 2001, 132, 159-168 10.1007/s007060170155
13. Nikitenko, V. R.; Kadashchuk, A.; Schmechel, R.; von Seggern, H.; Korosko, Y. Effect of Dispersive Transport and Partial Trap Filling on Thermally Stimulated Current in Conjugated Polymers J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 98, 103702 10.1063/1.2132092
14. Schauer, F.; Handlíř, R.; Nešpůreka, S. Space-Charge-Limited Post Transit Currents Spectroscopy in Poly(methylphenylsilylene) Adv. Mater. Opt. Electron. 1997, 7, 61-65 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0712(199703)7:2<61::AID-AMO284>3.0.CO;2-S
15. Handlir, R.; Schauer, F.; Nespurek, S.; Kuritka, I.; Weiter, M.; Schauer, P. Metastable States in Poly(methylsilylene) Induced by UV Radiation and Electron Beam J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1998, 227-230, 669-672 10.1016/S0022-3093(98)00339-1
16. Tal, O.; Rosenwaks, Y.; Preezant, Y.; Tessler, N.; Chan, C. K.; Kahn, A. Direct Determination of the Hole Density of States in Undoped and Doped Amorphous Organic Films with High Lateral Resolution Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 95, 256405 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.256405
17. Stallinga, P.; Gomes, H. L.; Rost, H.; Holmes, A. B.; Harrison, M. G.; Friend, R. H. Minority-Carrier Effects in Poly-phenylenevinylene as Studied by Electrical Characterization J. Appl. Phys. 2001, 89, 1713-1724 10.1063/1.1334634
18. Street, R. A.; Hawks, S. A.; Khlyabich, P. P.; Li, G.; Schwartz, B. J.; Thompson, B. C.; Yang, Y. Electronic Structure and Transition Energies in Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunctions J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 21873-21883 10.1021/jp507097h
19. Bisquert, J.; Fabregat-Santiago, F.; Mora-Seró, I.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Barea, E. M.; Palomares, E. A Review of Recent Results on Electrochemical Determination of the Density of Electronic States of Nanostructured Metal-Oxide Semiconductors and Organic Hole Conductors Inorg. Chim. Acta 2008, 361, 684-698 10.1016/j.ica.2007.05.032
20. Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Bisquert, J.; Popkirov, G. S. Determination of the Electronic Conductivity of Polybithiophene Films at Different Doping Levels Using in situ Electrochemical Impedance Measurements Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 2178-2180 10.1063/1.1609657
21. Hulea, I. N.; Brom, H. B.; Houtepen, A. J.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Kelly, J. J.; Meulenkamp, E. A. Wide Energy-Window View on the Density of States and Hole Mobility in Poly(p-Phenylene Vinylene) Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 93, 166601 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166601
22. Bisquert, J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; García-Cañadas, J. Effects of the Gaussian Energy Dispersion on the Statistics of Polarons and Bipolarons in Conducting Polymers J. Chem. Phys. 2004, 120, 6726-6733 10.1063/1.1665781
23. Pomerantz, Z.; Zaban, A.; Ghosh, S.; Lellouche, J.-P.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Bisquert, J. Capacitance, Spectroelectrochemistry and Conductivity of Polarons and Bipolarons in a Polydicarbazole Pased Conducting Polymer J. Electroanal. Chem. 2008, 614, 49-60 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.11.005
24. Cardona, C. M.; Li, W.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stockdale, D.; Bazan, G. C. Electrochemical Considerations for Determining Absolute Frontier Orbital Energy Levels of Conjugated Polymers for Solar Cell Applications Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 2367-2371 10.1002/adma.201004554
25. Österbacka, R.; An, C. P.; Jiang, X. M.; Vardeny, Z. V. Two-Dimensional Electronic Excitations in Self-Assembled Conjugated Polymer Nanocrystals Science 2000, 287, 839-842 10.1126/science.287.5454.839
26. Müller, K.; Richter, M.; Philip, S.; Kunst, M.; Schmeißer, D. Excited States in P3HT and P3HT/PCBM Blends BioNanoSci. 2012, 2, 42-51 10.1007/s12668-011-0031-4
27. Nicolai, H. T.; Kuik, M.; Wetzelaer, G. A. H.; de Boer, B.; Campbell, C.; Risko, C.; Brédas, J. L.; Blom, P. W. M. Unification of Trap-Limited Electron Transport in Semiconducting Polymers Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 882-887 10.1038/nmat3384
28. Volonakis, G.; Tsetseris, L.; Logothetidis, S. Impurity-Related Effects in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystals Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 25557-25563 10.1039/C4CP03203A
29. Khelifi, S.; Decock, K.; Lauwaert, J.; Vrielinck, H.; Spoltore, D.; Piersimoni, F.; Manca, J.; Belghachi, A.; Burgelman, M. Investigation of Defects by Admittance Spectroscopy Measurements in Poly(3-hexylthiophene):(6,6)-phenyl C -butyric Acid Methyl Ester Organic Solar Cells Degraded under Air Exposure J. Appl. Phys. 2011, 110, 094509 10.1063/1.3658023
30. Thurzo, I.; Gmucová, K.; Orlický, J.; Pavlásek, J. Introduction to a Kinetics-Sensitive Double-Step Voltcoulometry Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1999, 70, 3723-3734 10.1063/1.1149984
31. Pavlishchuk, V. V.; Addison, A. W. Conversion Constants for Redox Potentials Measured Versus Different Reference Electrodes in Acetonitrile Solutions at 25°C Inorg. Chim. Acta 2000, 298, 97-102 10.1016/S0020-1693(99)00407-7
32. Gritzner, G.; Kůta, J. Recommendations on Reporting Electrode Potentials in Nonaqueous Solvents Pure Appl. Chem. 1984, 56, 461-466 10.1351/pac198456040461
33. D'Andrade, B. W.; Datta, S.; Forrest, S. R.; Djurovich, P.; Polikarpov, E.; Thompson, M. E. Relationship between the Ionization and Oxidation Potentials of Molecular Organic Semiconductors Org. Electron. 2005, 6, 11-20 10.1016/j.orgel.2005.01.002
34. Kim, B.; Ma, B.; Donuru, V. R.; Liu, H.; Fréchet, J. M. J. Bodipy-Backboned Polymers as Electron Donor in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 4148-4150 10.1039/b927350f
35. Longo, L.; Carbonera, C.; Pellegrino, A.; Perin, N.; Schimperna, G.; Tacca, A.; Po, R. Comparison between Theoretical and Experimental Electronic Properties of Some Popular Donor Polymers for Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012, 97, 139-149 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.09.035
36. Evans, D. H. One-Electron and Two-Electron Transfers in Electrochemistry and Homogeneous Solution Reactions Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 2113-2144 10.1021/cr068066l
37. Picaud, F.; Smogunov, A.; Dal Corso, A.; Tosatti, E. Complex Band Structures and Decay Length in Polyethylene Chains J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2003, 15, 3731-3740 10.1088/0953-8984/15/22/307
38. Domagala, W.; Lapkowski, M.; Guillerez, S.; Bidan, G. Electrochemical Studies of Selected Regioregular Oligooctylthiophenes in Solution and in Thin Film Solid State Electrochim. Acta 2003, 48, 2379-2388 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00249-4
39. Berlin, A.; Zotti, G.; Zecchin, S.; Schiavon, G.; Vercelli, B.; Zanelli, A. New Low-Gap Polymers from 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene-Bis-Substituted Electron-Poor Thiophenes. The Roles of Thiophene, Donor-Acceptor Alternation, and Copolymerization in Intrinsic Conductivity Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 3667-3676 10.1021/cm049572z
40. Brédas, J. L.; Silbey, R.; Boudreaux, D. S.; Chance, R. R. Chain-Length Dependence of Electronic and Electrochemical Properties of Conjugated Systems: Polyacetylene, Polyphenylene, Polythiophene, and Polypyrrole J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 6555-6559 10.1021/ja00360a004
41. Admassie, S.; Inganäs, O.; Mammo, W.; Perzon, E.; Andersson, M. R. Electrochemical and Optical Studies of the Band Gaps of Alternating Polyfluorene Copolymers Synth. Met. 2006, 156, 614-623 10.1016/j.synthmet.2006.02.013
42. Krische, B.; Zagorska, M. Overoxidation in Conducting Polymers Synth. Met. 1989, 28, C257-C262 10.1016/0379-6779(89)90530-4
43. Barsch, U.; Beck, F. Anodic Overoxidation of Polythiophenes in Wet Acetonitrile Electrolytes Electrochim. Acta 1996, 41, 1761-1771 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00493-9
44. Gabrielli, C. Identification of Electrochemical Processes by Frequency Response Analysis, Solartron Instrumentation, Technical Report 004/83, Farnborough, 1984.
45. Chang, B. Y.; Park, S. M. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2010, 3, 207-229 10.1146/annurev.anchem.012809.102211
46. Lewis, N. S. Progress in Understanding Electron-Transfer Reactions at Semiconductor/Liquid Interfaces J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 4843-5028 10.1021/jp9803586
47. Reiss, H. The Fermi Level and the Redox Potential J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 3783-3791 10.1021/j100264a005
48. Lang, D. V. Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy: A New Method to Characterize Traps in Semiconductors J. Appl. Phys. 1974, 45, 3023-3032 10.1063/1.1663719
49. Crowell, C. R.; Alipanahi, S. Transient Distortion and Nth Order Filtering in Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DnLTS) Solid-State Electron. 1981, 24, 25-36 10.1016/0038-1101(81)90209-4
50. Kanai, K.; Miyazaki, T.; Suzuki, H.; Inaba, M.; Ouchi, Y.; Seki, K. Effect of Annealing on the Electronic Structure of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Thin Film Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 273-282 10.1039/B914100F
51. Guan, Z.-L.; Kim, J. B.; Wang, H.; Jaye, C.; Fischer, D. A.; Loo, Y.-L.; Kahn, A. Direct Determination of the Electronic Structure of the Poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-[6,6]-C61 Butyric Acid Methyl Ester Blend Org. Electron. 2010, 11, 1779-1785 10.1016/j.orgel.2010.07.023
52. Frost, J. M.; Kirkpatrick, J.; Kirchartz, T.; Nelson, J. Parameter Free Calculation of the Subgap Density of States in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Faraday Discuss. 2014, 174, 255-266 10.1039/C4FD00153B
53. Street, R. A.; Song, K. W.; Northrup, J. E.; Cowan, S. Photoconductivity Measurements of the Electronic Structure of Organic Solar Cells Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2011, 83, 165207 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.165207
54. Street, R. A. Localized State Distribution and its Effect on Recombination in Organic Solar Cells Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2011, 84, 075208 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.075208