Localized state distribution and its effect on recombination in organic solar cells

Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics

Volumn 84, Issue 7, 2011, Pages

  Street, R A ^a  

^a PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052457734     PISSN: 10980121     EISSN: 1550235X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.075208     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. S. Gunes, H. Neugebauer, and N. S. Sariciftci, Chem. Rev. CHREAY 0009-2665 10.1021/cr050149z 107, 1324 (2007). (Pubitemid 46736541)
2. A. J. Campbell, D. D. C. Bradley, and D. G. Lidzey, J. Appl. Phys. JAPIAU 0021-8979 10.1063/1.366523 82, 6326 (1997).
3. Z. Chiguvare and V. Dyakonov, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.235207 70, 235207 (2004). (Pubitemid 40270748)
4. M. C. J. M. Vissenberg and M. Matters, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.57.12964 57, 12964 (1998).
5. J. Nelson, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.155209 67, 155209 (2003).
6. H. Sirringhaus, Adv. Mater. ADVMEW 0935-9648 10.1002/adma.200501152 17, 2411 (2005); (Pubitemid 41504967)
7. A. Salleo, T. W. Chen, A. R. Volkel, Y. Wu, P. Liu, B. S. Ong, and R. A. Street, Adv. Mater. PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.115311 70, 115311 (2004).
8. W. L. Kalb, S. Haas, C. Krellner, T. Mathis, and B. Batlogg, Phys. Rev. B 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.155315 81, 155315 (2010).
9. R. A. Street, K. W. Song, J. E. Northrup, and S. Cowan, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.165207 83, 165207 (2011).
10. F. W. Schmidlin, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.16.2362 16, 2362 (1977).
11. B. Hartenstein, H. Bassler, A. Jakobs, and K. W. Kehr, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.8574 54, 8574 (1996).
12. C. G. Shuttle, B. O. Regan, A. M. Ballantyne, J. Nelson, D. D. C. Bradley, J. de Mello, and J. R. Durrant, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2891871 92, 093311 (2008). (Pubitemid 351357448)
13. A. Foertig, A. Baumann, D. Rath, V. Dyakonov, and C. Deibel, Appl. Phys. Lett., 0003-6951 10.1063/1.3202389 95, 052104 (2009).
14. N. Karl, K.-H. Kraft, J. Marktanner, M. Munch, F. Schatz, R. Stehle, and H.-M. Uhde, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A JVTAD6 0734-2101 10.1116/1.581767 17, 2318 (1999).
15. C. R. McNeill and N. C. Greenham, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.3033372 93, 203310 (2008).
16. N. F. Mott and E. A. Davis, Electronic Processes in Non-crystalline Materials (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979).
17. See for example, H. Bassler, Phys. Stat. Sol. 0370-1972 10.1002/pssb.2221750102 175, 15 (1993);
18. G. Horowitz, Adv. Mater. ADVMEW 0935-9648 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199803) 10:5%3C365::AID-ADMA365%3E3.0.CO;2-U 10, 365 (1998).
19. H. Scher and E. W. Montroll, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.12.2455 12, 2455 (1975).
20. T. Tiedje and A. Rose, Solid State Commun. 0038-1098 10.1016/0038- 1098(81)90886-3 37, 49 (1980);
21. see also J. Orenstein and M. A. Kastner, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.1421 46, 1421 (1981).
22. E. A. Schiff, M. A. Parker, and K. A. Conrad, MRS Symposia Proceedings, Vol. 118 (Materials Research Society, Pittsburg, PA, 1988), p. 477.
23. D. Monroe and M. A. Kastner, Philos. Mag. PHMAA4 1364-2812 10.1080/01418638308228266 47, 605 (1983).
24. PCDTBT is poly(N-9′-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′, 7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole); PC(70)BM is [6-6]-phenyl C61(70)-butyric acid methyl ester; and P3HT is poly(3- hexylthiophene). The PCDTBT cell is fabricated with PC70BM, and the P3HT cell is fabricated with PC60BM.
25. S. H. Park, A. Roy, S. Beaupre, S. Cho, N. Coates, J. S. Moon, D. Moses, M. Leclerc, K. Lee, and A. J. Heeger, Nat. Photonics 1749-4885 10.1038/nphoton.2009.69 3, 297 (2009).
26. R. A. Street, M. Schoendorf, A. Roy, and J. H. Lee, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.205307 81, 205307 (2010).
27. M. Punke, S. Valouch, S. W. Kettlitz, N. Christ, C. Gartner, M. Gerken, and U. Lemmer, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2772198 91, 071118 (2007) (Pubitemid 47283524)
28. S. R. Cowan, R. A. Street, S. Cho, and A. J. Heeger, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.035205 83, 035205 (2011).
29. B. Watts, W. J. Belcher, L. Thomsen, H. Ade, and P. C. Dastoor, Macromolecules 0024-9297 10.1021/ma901444u 42, 8392 (2009).
30. R. A. Street, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.207302 82, 207302 (2010).
31. R. A. Street and M. Schoendorf, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (IEEE, Honolulu, HI, 2010).
32. V. I. Arkhipov, P. Heremans, and H. Bassler, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.1586456 82, 4605 (2003);
33. P. Peumans and S. R. Forrest, Chem. Phys. Lett. CHPLBC 0009-2614 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.09.030 398, 27 (2004).
34. T. M. Clarke, A. M. Ballantyne, J. Nelson, D. D. C. Bradley, and J. R. Durrant, Adv. Funct. Mater. AFMDC6 1616-301X 10.1002/adfm.200800727 18, 4029 (2008).
35. J. Lee, K. Vandewal, S. R. Yost, M. E. Bahlke, L. Goris, M. A. Baldo, J. V. Manca, and T. Van Voorhis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. JACSAT 0002-7863 10.1021/ja1045742 132, 11878 (2010).
36. C. L. Braun, J. Chem. Phys. JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.447243 80, 4157 (1984).
37. R. A. Street, S. Cowan, and A. J. Heeger, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.121301 82, 121301 (2010).
38. R. A. Street, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2996029 93, 133308 (2008).
39. P. Hertz, Math. Ann. MAANA3 0025-5831 10.1007/BF01450410 67, 387 (1909).
40. V. D. Mihailetchi, L. J. A. Koster, J. C. Hummelen, and P. W. M. Blom, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.216601 93, 216601 (2004); (Pubitemid 40011406)
41. J. Szmytowski, Semicond. Sci. Technol. SSTEET 0268-1242 10.1088/0268-1242/25/1/015009 25, 015009 (2010);
42. R. A. Marsh, C. R. McNeill, A. Abrusci, A. R. Campbell, and R. H. Friend, Nano Lett. NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl080200p 8, 1393 (2008).
43. H. H. P. Gommans, M. Kemerink, J. M. Kramer, and R. A. J. Janssen, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2056609 87, 122104 (2005); (Pubitemid 41717371)
44. L. J. A. Koster, V. D. Mihailetchi, and P. W. M. Blom, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2170424 88, 052104 (2006); (Pubitemid 43190874)
45. K. Maturova, S. S. van Bavel, M. M. Wienk, R. A. J. Janssen, and M. Kemerink, Nano Lett. NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl901511a 9, 3032 (2009).
46. M. M. Mandoc, L. J. A. Koster, and P. W. M. Blom, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2711534 90, 133504 (2007); (Pubitemid 46516926)
47. T. Kirchatz, B. E. Pieters, K. Taretto, and U. Rau, J. Appl. Phys. JAPIAU 0021-8979 10.1063/1.3013904 104, 094513 (2008);
48. M. Hilczer and M. Tachiya, J. Phys. Chem. C 1932-7447 10.1021/jp912262h 114, 6808 (2010).
49. M. M. Mandoc, F. B. Kooistra, J. C. Hummelen, B. de Boer, and P. W. M. Blom, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2821368 91, 263505 (2007);
50. L. Tsabari and N. Tessler, J. Appl. Phys. JAPIAU 0021-8979 10.1063/1.3549820 109, 064501 (2011).
51. P. W. M. Blom, V. D. Mihailetchi, L. J. A. Koster, and D. E. Markov, Adv. Mater. ADVMEW 0935-9648 10.1002/adma.200601093 19, 1551 (2007); (Pubitemid 47153131)
52. M. Limpinsel, A. Wagenpfahl, M. Mingebach, C. Deibel, and V. Dyakonov, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.085203 81, 085203 (2010).
53. C. Deibel and A. Wagenpfahl, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.207301 82, 207301 (2010).
54. N. C. Giebink, G. P. Wiederrecht, M. R. Wasielewski, and S. R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.155305 82, 155305 (2010).