Testing the efficacy of brief multicultural education interventions in white college students

Journal of Diversity in Higher Education

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 158-169

  Garriott, Patton O ^a   Reiter, Stephanie ^a,c   Brownfield, Jenna ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^c Southern California Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

Diversity training; Multicultural education; White guilt; White privilege

Indexed keywords

EID: 84936970605     PISSN: 19388926     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0039547     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Blincoe, S., & Harris, M. J. (2009). Prejudice reduction in White students: Comparing three conceptual approaches. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 2, 232-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017851
2. Bowman, N. A. (2010). Disequilibrium and resolution: The nonlinear effects of diversity courses on well-being and orientation toward diversity. Review of Higher Education: Journal of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, 33, 543-568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rhe.0.0172
3. Buckley, M. J. (1998). The Catholic University as promise and project: Reflections in a Jesuit idiom. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
4. Case, K. A. (2007). Raising White privilege awareness and reducing racial prejudice: Assessing diversity course effectiveness. Teaching of Psychology, 34, 231-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986280701700250
5. Chang, M. J. (2002). The impact of an undergraduate diversity course requirement on students' racial views and attitudes. The Journal of General Education, 25, 125-140.
6. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
7. Daniels, J. (2009, January 23). Briefly noted: Updated documentary list [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.racismreview.com/blog/2009/01/23/updated-documentary-list/
8. Dunlap, M., Scoggin, J., Green, P., & Davi, A. (2007). White students' experiences of privilege and socioeconomic disparities: Toward a theoretical model. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 13, 19-30.
9. Engberg, M. E. (2004). Improving intergroup relations in higher education: A critical examination of the influence of educational interventions on racial bias. Review of Educational Research, 74, 473-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543074004473
10. Garriott, P. O., Love, K. M., & Tyler, K. M. (2008). Anti-Black racism, self-esteem, and the adjustment of White students in higher education. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 1, 45-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1938-8926.1.1.45
11. Harvey, R. D., & Oswald, D. L. (2000). Collective guilt and shame as motivation for White support of Black programs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1790-1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02468.x
12. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to moderation, mediation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guil-ford Press.
13. Heppner, M. J., & O'Brien, K. M. (1994). Multicultural counselor training: Students' perceptions of helpful and hindering events. Counselor Education and Supervision, 34, 4-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1994.tb00306.x
14. Iyer, A., Leach, C. W., & Crosby, F. J. (2003). White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 117-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167202238377
15. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999). Making cooperative learning work. Theory into Practice, 38, 67-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405849909543834
16. Kena, G., Aud, S., Johnson, F., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Rathbun, A.,.. Kristapovich, P. (2014). The condition of education 2014 (NCES 2014-083). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch
17. Kivel, P. (2002). Uprooting racism: How White people can work for racial justice. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers.
18. Littleford, L. N., Ong, K. S., Tseng, A., Milliken, J. C., & Humy, S. L. (2010). Perceptions of European American and African American instructors teaching race-focused courses. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 3, 230-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020950
19. Mallinckrodt, B., Abraham, W. T., Wei, M., & Russell, D. W. (2006). Advances in testing the statistical significance of mediation effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 372-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.372
20. Malott, K. M. (2010). Multicultural counselor training in a single course: Review of research. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 38, 51-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2010.tb00113.x
21. Martens, M. P., Smith, A. E., & Murphy, J. G. (2013). The efficacy of single-component brief motivational interventions among at-risk college drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 691-701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032235
22. McIntosh, P. (1998). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women's studies. In M. L. Andersen & P. H. Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender: An anthology (pp. 94-105). Cincinnati, OH: Wadsworth.
23. Neville, H. A., Heppner, M. J., Louie, C. E., Thompson, C. E., Brooks, L., & Baker, C. E. (1996). The impact of multicultural training on White racial identity attitudes and therapy competencies. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 83-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.27.1.83
24. Neville, H. A., Poteat, V. P., Lewis, J. A., & Spani-erman, L. B. (2014). Changes in White college students' color-blind racial ideology over 4 years: Do diversity experiences make a difference? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 179-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035168
25. Neville, H. A., Lilly, R. L., Duran, G., Lee, R. M., & Browne, L. V. (2000). Construction and initial validation of the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 59-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.59
26. Neville, H. A., Worthington, R. L., & Spanierman, L. B. (2001). Race, power, and multicultural counseling psychology: Understanding White privilege and color-blind racial attitudes. In J. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 257-288). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
27. Paluck, E. L. (2006). Diversity training and inter-group contact: A call to action research. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 577-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00474.x
28. Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice reduction: What works? A review and assessment of research and practice. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 339-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607
29. Parent, M. C. (2013). Handling item-level missing data: Simpler is just as good. The Counseling Psychologist, 41, 568-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000012445176
30. Paulhus, D. L. (1994). Balanced inventory of desirable responding: Reference manual for BIDR version 6. Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
31. Pearce, K., & Ross, S. (Producers). (1991, September 26). Primetime live [Television broadcast]. New York, NY: ABC News.
32. Pinterits, E. J., Poteat, V. P., & Spanierman, L. B. (2009). The White Privilege Attitudes Scale: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 417-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016274
33. Powell, A. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Schmitt, M. T. (2005). Inequality as ingroup privilege or outgroup disadvantage: The impact of group focus on collective guilt and interracial attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 508-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271713
34. Sammons, C. C., & Speight, S. L. (2008). A qualitative investigation of graduate-student changes associated with multicultural counseling courses. The Counseling Psychologist, 36, 814-838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316036
35. Smith, T. B., Constantine, M. G., Dunn, T. W., Dinehart, J. M., & Montoya, J. A. (2006). Multicultural education in the mental health professions: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 132-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.132
36. Soble, J. R., Spanierman, L. B., & Liao, H.-Y. (2011). Effects of a brief video intervention on White university students' racial attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 151-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021158
37. Spanierman, L. B., & Heppner, M. J. (2004). Psy-chosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW): Construction and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 249-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.249
38. Spanierman, L. B., Poteat, V. P., Beer, A. M., & Armstrong, P. I. (2006). Psychosocial costs of racism to Whites: Exploring patterns through cluster analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 434-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.434
39. Spanierman, L. B., Poteat, V. P., Wang, Y.-F., & Oh, E. (2008). Psychosocial costs of racism to White counselors: Predicting various dimensions of multicultural counseling competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 75-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.75
40. Sue, D. W. (2003). Overcoming our racism: The journey to liberation. New York, NY: Wiley. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780787979690
41. Swim, J. K., & Miller, D. L. (1999). White guilt: Its antecedents and consequences for attitudes toward affirmative action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 500-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025004008
42. Todd, N. R., & Abrams, E. M. (2011). White dialectics: A new framework for theory, research, and practice with White students. The Counseling Psychologist, 39, 353-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000010377665
43. Todd, N. R., Spanierman, L. B., & Aber, M. S. (2010). White students reflecting on whiteness: Understanding emotional responses. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 3, 97-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019299