메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 2515-2551

The Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) version 4.0 for atmospheric and oceanic flows: Model formulation, recent developments, and future perspectives

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; BOUNDARY LAYER; FLOW MODELING; FUTURE PROSPECT; GRAPHICAL METHOD; LAGRANGIAN ANALYSIS; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION; OCEANIC CURRENT; OPTIMIZATION; PARALLEL COMPUTING; TOPOGRAPHY;

EID: 84934940402     PISSN: 1991959X     EISSN: 19919603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-8-2515-2015     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (393)

References (152)
  • 1
    • 84870439298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of airflow over building arrays for assessment of urban wind environment
    • Abd Razak, A., Hagishima, A., Ikegaya, N., and Tanimoto, J.: Analysis of airflow over building arrays for assessment of urban wind environment, Build. Environ., 59, 56-65, 2013.
    • (2013) Build. Environ. , vol.59 , pp. 56-65
    • Abd Razak, A.1    Hagishima, A.2    Ikegaya, N.3    Tanimoto, J.4
  • 3
    • 60849084769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential impacts of pollution on a nondrizzling stratus deck: Does aerosol number matter more than type?
    • Andrejczuk, M., Reisner, J. M., Henson, B., Dubey, M. K., and Jeffery, C. A.: The potential impacts of pollution on a nondrizzling stratus deck: Does aerosol number matter more than type?, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19204, doi:10.1029/2007JD009445, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Andrejczuk, M.1    Reisner, J.M.2    Henson, B.3    Dubey, M.K.4    Jeffery, C.A.5
  • 4
    • 0000094119 scopus 로고
    • Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model
    • 1977: General Circulation Models of the Atmosphere edited by: Chang, J., 17, Berlin
    • Arakawa, A. and Lamb, V. R.: Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model, in: 1977: General Circulation Models of the Atmosphere, Methods in Computational Physics, edited by: Chang, J., 17, Berlin, 173-265, 1977.
    • (1977) Methods in Computational Physics , pp. 173-265
    • Arakawa, A.1    Lamb, V.R.2
  • 5
    • 54249141128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of turbulence on the geometric collision rate of sedimenting droplets. Part 2. Theory and parameterization
    • Ayala, O., Rosa, B., and Wang, L.-P.: Effects of turbulence on the geometric collision rate of sedimenting droplets. Part 2. Theory and parameterization, New J. Phys., 10, 075016, doi:10.1088/1367-2630/10/7/075016, 2008.
    • (2008) New J. Phys. , vol.10
    • Ayala, O.1    Rosa, B.2    Wang, L.-P.3
  • 6
    • 68049085458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A revised hydrology for the ECMWF model: Verification from field site to terrestrial water storage and impact in the Integrated Forecast System
    • Balsamo, G., Vitebo, P., Beljaars, A., van den Hurk, B., Hirschi, M., Betts, A. K., and Scipal, K.: A revised hydrology for the ECMWF model: Verification from field site to terrestrial water storage and impact in the Integrated Forecast System, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 623-643, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Hydrometeorol. , vol.10 , pp. 623-643
    • Balsamo, G.1    Vitebo, P.2    Beljaars, A.3    Van Den Hurk, B.4    Hirschi, M.5    Betts, A.K.6    Scipal, K.7
  • 8
    • 33750395145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaporation over a heterogeneous land surface: EVA-GRIPS and the LITFASS-2003 experiment: An overview
    • Beyrich, F. and Mengelkamp, H.-T.: Evaporation over a heterogeneous land surface: EVA-GRIPS and the LITFASS-2003 experiment: an overview, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 121, 5-32, 2006.
    • (2006) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.121 , pp. 5-32
    • Beyrich, F.1    Mengelkamp, H.-T.2
  • 10
    • 0019728603 scopus 로고
    • Modeling the trade-wind cumulus boundary layer. Part I: Testing the ensemble cloud relations against numerical data
    • Bougeault, P.: Modeling the trade-wind cumulus boundary layer. Part I: Testing the ensemble cloud relations against numerical data, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2414-2428, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 2414-2428
    • Bougeault, P.1
  • 11
    • 0001961473 scopus 로고
    • Development of the mask method for incompressible unsteady flows
    • Briscolini, M. and Santangelo, P.: Development of the mask method for incompressible unsteady flows, J. Comput. Phys., 84, 57-75, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.84 , pp. 57-75
    • Briscolini, M.1    Santangelo, P.2
  • 12
    • 0002456802 scopus 로고
    • The energy-budget evaluation of the micro-meteorological transfer process within a cornfield
    • Brown, K. W. and Covey, W.: The energy-budget evaluation of the micro-meteorological transfer process within a cornfield, Agr. Meteorol., 3, 73-96, 1966.
    • (1966) Agr. Meteorol. , vol.3 , pp. 73-96
    • Brown, K.W.1    Covey, W.2
  • 13
    • 38649092390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of canopy leaf area index on airflow across forest edges: Large-eddy simulation and analytical results
    • Cassiani, M., Katul, G. G., and Albertson, J. D.: The effects of canopy leaf area index on airflow across forest edges: large-eddy simulation and analytical results, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 126, 433-460, 2008.
    • (2008) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.126 , pp. 433-460
    • Cassiani, M.1    Katul, G.G.2    Albertson, J.D.3
  • 14
    • 0842289722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drag coefficient and turbulence intensity in conifer canopies
    • Cescatti, A. and Marcolla, B.: Drag coefficient and turbulence intensity in conifer canopies, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 121, 197-206, 2004.
    • (2004) Agr. Forest Meteorol. , vol.121 , pp. 197-206
    • Cescatti, A.1    Marcolla, B.2
  • 16
    • 34548433355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactive desktop analysis of high resolution simulations: Application to turbulent plume dynamics and current sheet formation
    • Clyne, J., Mininni, P., Norton, A., and Rast, M.: Interactive desktop analysis of high resolution simulations: application to turbulent plume dynamics and current sheet formation, New. J. Phys., 301, 1-28, 2007.
    • (2007) New. J. Phys. , vol.301 , pp. 1-28
    • Clyne, J.1    Mininni, P.2    Norton, A.3    Rast, M.4
  • 17
    • 0027790816 scopus 로고
    • Large eddy simulation of trade wind cumulus clouds
    • Cuijpers, J. W. M. and Duynkerke, P. G.: Large eddy simulation of trade wind cumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3894-3908, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.50 , pp. 3894-3908
    • Cuijpers, J.W.M.1    Duynkerke, P.G.2
  • 18
    • 84981672427 scopus 로고
    • A lateral boundary formulation for multi-level prediction models
    • Davies, H. C.: A lateral boundary formulation for multi-level prediction models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 405-418, 1976.
    • (1976) Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.102 , pp. 405-418
    • Davies, H.C.1
  • 19
    • 85013530510 scopus 로고
    • The use of subgrid transport equations in a three-dimensional model of atmospheric turbulence
    • Deardorff, J. W.: The use of subgrid transport equations in a three-dimensional model of atmospheric turbulence, J. Fluid. Eng.-T. ASME, 95, 429-438, 1973.
    • (1973) J. Fluid. Eng.-T. ASME , vol.95 , pp. 429-438
    • Deardorff, J.W.1
  • 20
    • 0002107207 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional numerical study of the height and mean structure of a heated planetary boundary layer
    • Deardorff, J. W.: Three-dimensional numerical study of the height and mean structure of a heated planetary boundary layer, Bound.- Lay. Meteorol., 7, 81-106, 1974.
    • (1974) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.7 , pp. 81-106
    • Deardorff, J.W.1
  • 21
    • 0001498669 scopus 로고
    • Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model
    • Deardorff, J. W.: Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 18, 495-527, 1980.
    • (1980) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.18 , pp. 495-527
    • Deardorff, J.W.1
  • 22
    • 0021851826 scopus 로고
    • Application of the Eε turbulence model to the atmospheric boundary layer
    • Detering, H. W. and Etling, D.: Application of the Eε turbulence model to the atmospheric boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 33, 113-133, 1985.
    • (1985) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.33 , pp. 113-133
    • Detering, H.W.1    Etling, D.2
  • 24
    • 84939178148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of stable atmospheric boundary layers on wind-turbine wakes within offshore wind farms
    • Dörenkämper, M., Witha, B., Steinfeld, G., Heinemann, D. and Kühn, M.: The impact of stable atmospheric boundary layers on wind-turbine wakes within offshore wind farms, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2014.12.011, 2015.
    • (2015) J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
    • Dörenkämper, M.1    Witha, B.2    Steinfeld, G.3    Heinemann, D.4    Kühn, M.5
  • 25
    • 67651062143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coherent structures in canopy edge flow: A large-eddy simulation study
    • Dupont, S. and Brunet, Y.: Coherent structures in canopy edge flow: a large-eddy simulation study, J. Fluid Mech., 630, 93-128, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.630 , pp. 93-128
    • Dupont, S.1    Brunet, Y.2
  • 26
    • 84904356823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of radiation on the GABLS3 large-eddy simulation through the night and during the morning transition
    • Edwards, J. M., Basu, S., Bosveld, F. C., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: The impact of radiation on the GABLS3 large-eddy simulation through the night and during the morning transition, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 152, 189-211, 2014.
    • (2014) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.152 , pp. 189-211
    • Edwards, J.M.1    Basu, S.2    Bosveld, F.C.3    Holtslag, A.A.M.4
  • 28
    • 4344581340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of Ekman Boundary Layers by Large Eddy Model with Dynamic Mixed Subfilter Closure
    • Esau, I.: Simulation of Ekman Boundary Layers by Large Eddy Model with Dynamic Mixed Subfilter Closure, Env. Fluid. Mech., 4, 273-303, 2004.
    • (2004) Env. Fluid. Mech. , vol.4 , pp. 273-303
    • Esau, I.1
  • 29
    • 84904631368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect air-sea interactions simulated with a coupled turbulence-resolving model
    • Esau, I.: Indirect air-sea interactions simulated with a coupled turbulence-resolving model, Ocean Dynam., 64, 689-705, doi:10.1007/s10236-014-0712-y, 2014.
    • (2014) Ocean Dynam. , vol.64 , pp. 689-705
    • Esau, I.1
  • 30
    • 76349122681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulence structure above a vegetation canopy
    • Finnigan, J. J., Shaw, R. H., and Patton, E. G.: Turbulence structure above a vegetation canopy, J. Fluid Mech., 637, 387-424, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.637 , pp. 387-424
    • Finnigan, J.J.1    Shaw, R.H.2    Patton, E.G.3
  • 32
    • 77953004113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parametric representation of the cloud droplet spectra for LES warm bulk microphysical schemes
    • Geoffroy, O., Brenguier, J.-L., and Burnet, F.: Parametric representation of the cloud droplet spectra for LES warm bulk microphysical schemes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4835-4848, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4835-2010, 2010.
    • (2010) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.10 , pp. 4835-4848
    • Geoffroy, O.1    Brenguier, J.-L.2    Burnet, F.3
  • 33
    • 78650799250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Droplet growth in a bin warm-rain scheme with Twomey CCN activation
    • Grabowski, W. M., Andrejczuk, M., and Wang, L.-P.: Droplet growth in a bin warm-rain scheme with Twomey CCN activation, Atmos. Res., 99, 290-301, 2011.
    • (2011) Atmos. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 290-301
    • Grabowski, W.M.1    Andrejczuk, M.2    Wang, L.-P.3
  • 35
    • 25444436748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roll convection during a cold air outbreak: A large-eddy simulation with stationary model domain
    • Gryschka, M. and Raasch, S.: Roll convection during a cold air outbreak: a large-eddy simulation with stationary model domain, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14805, doi:10.1029/2005GL022872, 2005.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Gryschka, M.1    Raasch, S.2
  • 36
    • 60149095881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the influence of sea-ice inhomogeneities onto roll convection in cold-air outbreaks
    • Gryschka, M., Drüe, C., Etling, D., and Raasch, S.: On the influence of sea-ice inhomogeneities onto roll convection in cold-air outbreaks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L23804, doi:10.1029/2008GL035845, 2008.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Gryschka, M.1    Drüe, C.2    Etling, D.3    Raasch, S.4
  • 37
    • 60849084769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the impact of forced roll convection on vertical turbulent transport in stratus deck: Does aerosol number matter more than type?
    • Gryschka, M., Fricke, J., and Raasch, S.: On the impact of forced roll convection on vertical turbulent transport in stratus deck: Does aerosol number matter more than type?, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19204, doi:10.1029/2007JD009445, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Gryschka, M.1    Fricke, J.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 39
    • 0001551495 scopus 로고
    • A detailed microphysical model within a two-dimensional dynamic framework: Model description and preliminary results
    • Hall, W. D.: A detailed microphysical model within a two-dimensional dynamic framework: model description and preliminary results, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2486-2507, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 2486-2507
    • Hall, W.D.1
  • 40
    • 33749190078 scopus 로고
    • Numerical calculation of time-dependent viscous incompressible flow of fluid with free surface
    • Harlow, F. H. and Welch, J. E.: Numerical calculation of time-dependent viscous incompressible flow of fluid with free surface, Phys. Fluids, 8, 2182-2189, 1965.
    • (1965) Phys. Fluids , vol.8 , pp. 2182-2189
    • Harlow, F.H.1    Welch, J.E.2
  • 41
    • 84874638762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of Karman vortex streets in the atmospheric boundary layer derived from large eddy simulation
    • Heinze, R., Raasch, S., and Etling, D.: The structure of Karman vortex streets in the atmospheric boundary layer derived from large eddy simulation, Meteorol. Z., 21, 221-237, 2012.
    • (2012) Meteorol. Z. , vol.21 , pp. 221-237
    • Heinze, R.1    Raasch, S.2    Etling, D.3
  • 42
    • 85027953043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second-moment budgets in cloud-topped boundary layers: A large-eddy simulation study
    • Heinze, R., Mironov, D., and Raasch, S.: Second-moment budgets in cloud-topped boundary layers: a large-eddy simulation study, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 7, doi:10.1002/2014MS000376, 2015.
    • (2015) J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. , vol.7
    • Heinze, R.1    Mironov, D.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 43
    • 84888021364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of convective structures and background turbulence in the dry convective boundary layer
    • Hellsten, A. and Zilitinkevich, S.: Role of convective structures and background turbulence in the dry convective boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 149, 323-353, 2013.
    • (2013) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.149 , pp. 323-353
    • Hellsten, A.1    Zilitinkevich, S.2
  • 45
    • 84925458208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entrainment and mixing at the interface of shallow cumulus clouds: Results from a combination of observations and simulations
    • Hoffmann, F., Siebert, H., Schumacher, J., Riechelmann, T., Katzwinkel, J., Kumar, B., Götzfried, P., and Raasch, S.: Entrainment and mixing at the interface of shallow cumulus clouds: results from a combination of observations and simulations, Meteorol. Z., 23, 349-368, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2014/0597, 2014.
    • (2014) Meteorol. Z. , vol.23 , pp. 349-368
    • Hoffmann, F.1    Siebert, H.2    Schumacher, J.3    Riechelmann, T.4    Katzwinkel, J.5    Kumar, B.6    Götzfried, P.7    Raasch, S.8
  • 46
    • 84921026626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entrainment of aerosols and their activation in a shallow cumulus cloud studied with a coupled LCM-LES approach
    • Hoffmann, F., Raasch, S., and Noh, Y.: Entrainment of aerosols and their activation in a shallow cumulus cloud studied with a coupled LCM-LES approach, Atmos. Res., 156, 43-57, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.12.008, 2015.
    • (2015) Atmos. Res. , vol.156 , pp. 43-57
    • Hoffmann, F.1    Raasch, S.2    Noh, Y.3
  • 47
    • 33646396486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of surface heterogeneity on energy imbalance: A study using LES
    • Inagaki, A., Letzel, M. O., Raasch, S., and Kanda, M.: Impact of surface heterogeneity on energy imbalance: A study using LES, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 84, 187-198, 2006.
    • (2006) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.84 , pp. 187-198
    • Inagaki, A.1    Letzel, M.O.2    Raasch, S.3    Kanda, M.4
  • 48
  • 49
    • 33846401538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Algortihms for density, potential temperature, conservative temperature, and the freezing temperature of seawater
    • Jackett, D. R., McDougall, T. J., Feistel, R., Wright, D. G., and Griffies, S. M.: Algortihms for density, potential temperature, conservative temperature, and the freezing temperature of seawater, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 1709-1728, 2006.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , vol.23 , pp. 1709-1728
    • Jackett, D.R.1    McDougall, T.J.2    Feistel, R.3    Wright, D.G.4    Griffies, S.M.5
  • 50
    • 84939193085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of a forest-edge flow - Adjustment of a turbulent flow to the changing surface conditions at a clearing-to-forest transition
    • Kanani, F., Maronga, B., Knoop, H., and Raasch, S.: Large-eddy simulation of a forest-edge flow - adjustment of a turbulent flow to the changing surface conditions at a clearing-to-forest transition, Computer animation, doi:10.5446/14311, 2014a.
    • (2014) Computer Animation
    • Kanani, F.1    Maronga, B.2    Knoop, H.3    Raasch, S.4
  • 51
    • 84939141898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of the scalar transport in a forest-edge flow - Spatial variability of the scalar distribution and the scalar transport downstream of a clearing-to-forest transition
    • Kanani, F., Maronga, B., Knoop, H., and Raasch, S.: Large-eddy simulation of the scalar transport in a forest-edge flow - spatial variability of the scalar distribution and the scalar transport downstream of a clearing-to-forest transition, Computer animation, doi:10.5446/14368, 2014b.
    • (2014) Computer Animation
    • Kanani, F.1    Maronga, B.2    Knoop, H.3    Raasch, S.4
  • 52
    • 84904629408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What determines the differences found in forest edge flow between physical models and atmospheric measurements? - An LES study
    • Kanani, F., Träumner, K., Ruck, B., and Raasch, S.: What determines the differences found in forest edge flow between physical models and atmospheric measurements? - an LES study, Meteorol. Z., 23, 33-49, 2014c.
    • (2014) Meteorol. Z. , vol.23 , pp. 33-49
    • Kanani, F.1    Träumner, K.2    Ruck, B.3    Raasch, S.4
  • 53
    • 84919904057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial variability of scalar concentrations and fluxes downstream of a clearing-to-forest transition: A large-eddy simulation study
    • Kanani-Sühring, F. and Raasch, S.: Spatial variability of scalar concentrations and fluxes downstream of a clearing-to-forest transition: a large-eddy simulation study, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 155, 1-27, doi:10.1007/s10546-014-9986-3, 2015.
    • (2015) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.155 , pp. 1-27
    • Kanani-Sühring, F.1    Raasch, S.2
  • 54
  • 56
    • 0036503242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical flow computation around aerolastic 3d square cylinder using inflow turbulence
    • Kataoka, H. and Mizuno, M.: Numerical flow computation around aerolastic 3d square cylinder using inflow turbulence, Wind Struct., 5, 379-392, 2002.
    • (2002) Wind Struct. , vol.5 , pp. 379-392
    • Kataoka, H.1    Mizuno, M.2
  • 58
    • 1842483251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between wind and temperature fields under the heterogeneous heat flux in the planetary boundary layer
    • Kim, H.-J., Noh, Y., and Raasch, S.: Interaction between wind and temperature fields under the heterogeneous heat flux in the planetary boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 111, 225-246, 2004.
    • (2004) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.111 , pp. 225-246
    • Kim, H.-J.1    Noh, Y.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 59
    • 0017824625 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of hydrostatic mountain waves
    • Klemp, J. B. and Lilly, D. K.: Numerical simulation of hydrostatic mountain waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 78-107, 1978.
    • (1978) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 78-107
    • Klemp, J.B.1    Lilly, D.K.2
  • 60
    • 84939130862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban large-eddy simulation - Influence of a densely build-up artificial island on the turbulent flow in the city of Macau
    • Knoop, H., Keck, M., and Raasch, S.: Urban large-eddy simulation - influence of a densely build-up artificial island on the turbulent flow in the city of Macau, Computer animation, doi:10.5446/14368, 2014.
    • (2014) Computer Animation
    • Knoop, H.1    Keck, M.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 61
    • 0018141808 scopus 로고
    • A numerical simulation of dispersion from an elevated point source in the convective planetary boundary layer
    • Lamb, R. G.: A numerical simulation of dispersion from an elevated point source in the convective planetary boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 12, 1297-1304, 1978.
    • (1978) Atmos. Environ. , vol.12 , pp. 1297-1304
    • Lamb, R.G.1
  • 62
    • 84893690091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of droplet dynamics in a convective cloud using a Lagrangian cloud model
    • Lee, J. H., Noh, Y., Raasch, S., Riechelmann, T., and Wang, L.- P.: Investigation of droplet dynamics in a convective cloud using a Lagrangian cloud model, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 124, 1-21, doi:10.1007/s00703-014-0311-y, 2014.
    • (2014) Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. , vol.124 , pp. 1-21
    • Lee, J.H.1    Noh, Y.2    Raasch, S.3    Riechelmann, T.4    Wang, L.-P.5
  • 63
    • 0142009662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large eddy simulation of thermally induced oscillations in the convective boundary layer
    • Letzel, M. O. and Raasch, S.: Large eddy simulation of thermally induced oscillations in the convective boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2328-2341, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 2328-2341
    • Letzel, M.O.1    Raasch, S.2
  • 64
    • 55549100908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High resolution urban large-eddy simulation studies from street canyon to neighbourhood scale
    • Letzel, M. O., Krane, M., and Raasch, S.: High resolution urban large-eddy simulation studies from street canyon to neighbourhood scale, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8770-8784, 2008.
    • (2008) Atmos. Environ. , vol.42 , pp. 8770-8784
    • Letzel, M.O.1    Krane, M.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 65
    • 84874612934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LES case study on pedestrian level ventilation in two neighbourhoods in Hong Kong
    • Letzel, M. O., Helmke, C., Ng, E., An, X., Lai, A., and Raasch, S.: LES case study on pedestrian level ventilation in two neighbourhoods in Hong Kong, Meteorol. Z., 21, 575-589, 2012.
    • (2012) Meteorol. Z. , vol.21 , pp. 575-589
    • Letzel, M.O.1    Helmke, C.2    Ng, E.3    An, X.4    Lai, A.5    Raasch, S.6
  • 66
    • 0002147901 scopus 로고
    • The presentation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments
    • Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY
    • Lilly, D. K.: The presentation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments, in: Proc. IBM scientific Computing Symp. on Environmental Sciences, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 195-210, 1967.
    • (1967) Proc. IBM Scientific Computing Symp. on Environmental Sciences , pp. 195-210
    • Lilly, D.K.1
  • 67
    • 0000484819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of turbulent inflow data for spatially-developing boundary layer simulations
    • Lund, T. S., Wu, X., and Squires, K. D.: Generation of turbulent inflow data for spatially-developing boundary layer simulations, J. Comput. Phys., 140, 233-258, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.140 , pp. 233-258
    • Lund, T.S.1    Wu, X.2    Squires, K.D.3
  • 68
    • 57049103500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling convection over arctic leads with LES and a non-eddy-resolving microscale model
    • Lüpkes, C., Gryanik, V., Witha, B., Gryschka, M., Raasch, S., and Gollnik, T.: Modeling convection over arctic leads with LES and a non-eddy-resolving microscale model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, c09028, doi:10.1029/2007JC004099, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Lüpkes, C.1    Gryanik, V.2    Witha, B.3    Gryschka, M.4    Raasch, S.5    Gollnik, T.6
  • 69
    • 75249100217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of conventional Lagrangian stochastic footprint models against LES driven footprint estimates
    • Markkanen, T., Steinfeld, G., Kljun, N., Raasch, S., and Foken, T.: Comparison of conventional Lagrangian stochastic footprint models against LES driven footprint estimates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5575-5586, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5575-2009, 2009.
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.9 , pp. 5575-5586
    • Markkanen, T.1    Steinfeld, G.2    Kljun, N.3    Raasch, S.4    Foken, T.5
  • 70
    • 79959262056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A numerical case study on footprint model performance under in-homogeneous flow conditions
    • Markkanen, T., Steinfeld, G., Kljun, N., Raasch, S., and Foken, T.: A numerical case study on footprint model performance under in-homogeneous flow conditions, Meteorol. Z., 19, 539-547, 2010.
    • (2010) Meteorol. Z. , vol.19 , pp. 539-547
    • Markkanen, T.1    Steinfeld, G.2    Kljun, N.3    Raasch, S.4    Foken, T.5
  • 71
    • 84893825506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monin-Obukhov similarity functions for the structure parameters of temperature and humidity in the unstable surface layer: Results from high-resolution large-eddy simulations
    • Maronga, B.: Monin-Obukhov similarity functions for the structure parameters of temperature and humidity in the unstable surface layer: results from high-resolution large-eddy simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 716-733, 2014.
    • (2014) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.71 , pp. 716-733
    • Maronga, B.1
  • 72
    • 84870793340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulations of surface heterogeneity effects on the convective boundary layer during the LITFASS-2003 experiment
    • Maronga, B. and Raasch, S.: Large-eddy simulations of surface heterogeneity effects on the convective boundary layer during the LITFASS-2003 experiment, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 146, 17-44, 2013.
    • (2013) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.146 , pp. 17-44
    • Maronga, B.1    Raasch, S.2
  • 73
    • 84939184295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of dust devils: Animation of dust devils in the convective boundary layer using a virtual dust
    • Maronga, B., Hoffmann, F., Riechelmann, T., and Raasch, S.: Large-eddy simulation of dust devils: Animation of dust devils in the convective boundary layer using a virtual dust, Computer animation, doi:10.5446/9352, 2013a.
    • (2013) Computer Animation
    • Maronga, B.1    Hoffmann, F.2    Riechelmann, T.3    Raasch, S.4
  • 74
    • 84873452785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation of structure parameters of temperature and humidity in the convective boundary layer from large-eddy simulations and implications for the interpretation of scintillometer observations
    • Maronga, B., Moene, A. F., van Dinther, D., Raasch, S., Bosveld, F., and Gioli, B.: Derivation of structure parameters of temperature and humidity in the convective boundary layer from large-eddy simulations and implications for the interpretation of scintillometer observations, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 148, 1-30, 2013b.
    • (2013) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.148 , pp. 1-30
    • Maronga, B.1    Moene, A.F.2    Van Dinther, D.3    Raasch, S.4    Bosveld, F.5    Gioli, B.6
  • 75
    • 85027951125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of surface heterogeneity on the structure parameters of temperature and specific humidity: A large-eddy simulation case study for the LITFASS-2003 experiment
    • Maronga, B., Hartogensis, O. K., Raasch, S., and Beyrich, F.: The effect of surface heterogeneity on the structure parameters of temperature and specific humidity: a large-eddy simulation case study for the LITFASS-2003 experiment, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 153, 441-470, 2014.
    • (2014) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.153 , pp. 441-470
    • Maronga, B.1    Hartogensis, O.K.2    Raasch, S.3    Beyrich, F.4
  • 76
    • 0027556853 scopus 로고
    • The flow around a surface-mounted, prismatic obstacle placed in a fully developed channel flow
    • Martinuzzi, R. and Tropea, C.: The flow around a surface-mounted, prismatic obstacle placed in a fully developed channel flow, J. Fluids Eng., 115, 85-92, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Fluids Eng. , vol.115 , pp. 85-92
    • Martinuzzi, R.1    Tropea, C.2
  • 77
    • 0024812927 scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of the convective atmospheric boundary layer
    • Mason, P. J.: Large-eddy simulation of the convective atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1492-1516, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 1492-1516
    • Mason, P.J.1
  • 78
    • 0028255133 scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation: A critical review of the technique
    • Mason, P. J.: Large-eddy simulation: A critical review of the technique, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1-26, 1994.
    • (1994) Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.120 , pp. 1-26
    • Mason, P.J.1
  • 79
    • 4243104879 scopus 로고
    • A simple cartesian model of boundary layer flow over topography
    • Mason, P. J., and Sykes, R. I.: A simple cartesian model of boundary layer flow over topography, J. Comput. Phys., 28, 198-210, 1978.
    • (1978) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.28 , pp. 198-210
    • Mason, P.J.1    Sykes, R.I.2
  • 81
    • 0019655459 scopus 로고
    • Radiation conditions for the lateral boundaries of limited-area numerical models
    • Miller, M. J. and Thorpe, A. J.: Radiation conditions for the lateral boundaries of limited-area numerical models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 615-628, 1981.
    • (1981) Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.107 , pp. 615-628
    • Miller, M.J.1    Thorpe, A.J.2
  • 82
    • 0021638959 scopus 로고
    • A large-eddy-simulation model for the study of planetary boundary-layer turbulence
    • Moeng, C.-H.: A large-eddy-simulation model for the study of planetary boundary-layer turbulence, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2052-2062, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 2052-2062
    • Moeng, C.-H.1
  • 83
    • 0024253345 scopus 로고
    • Spectral analysis of large-eddy simulations of the convective boundary layer
    • Moeng, C.-H. and Wyngaard, J. C.: Spectral analysis of large-eddy simulations of the convective boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3573-3587, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 3573-3587
    • Moeng, C.-H.1    Wyngaard, J.C.2
  • 84
    • 84939181925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous single-column model evaluation at a permanent meteorological supersite
    • Neggers, R. A. J., Siebesma, A. P., and Heus, T.: Continuous single-column model evaluation at a permanent meteorological supersite, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 29, 91-115, 2012.
    • (2012) B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.29 , pp. 91-115
    • Neggers, R.A.J.1    Siebesma, A.P.2    Heus, T.3
  • 85
    • 0037669748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of preconditioning in the evolution of open-ocean deep convection
    • Noh, Y., Cheon, W. G., and Raasch, S.: The role of preconditioning in the evolution of open-ocean deep convection, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1145-1166, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.33 , pp. 1145-1166
    • Noh, Y.1    Cheon, W.G.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 86
    • 2442686466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large eddy simulation of the ocean mixed layer: The effects of wave breaking and Langmuir circulation
    • Noh, Y., Min, H. S., and Raasch, S.: Large eddy simulation of the ocean mixed layer: the effects of wave breaking and Langmuir circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 720-735, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.34 , pp. 720-735
    • Noh, Y.1    Min, H.S.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 87
    • 33748271287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of particle settling in the ocean mixed layer
    • Noh, Y., Kang, I. S., Herold, M., and Raasch, S.: Large-eddy simulation of particle settling in the ocean mixed layer, Phys. Fluids, 18, 085109, doi:10.1063/1.2337098, 2006.
    • (2006) Phys. Fluids , vol.18
    • Noh, Y.1    Kang, I.S.2    Herold, M.3    Raasch, S.4
  • 88
    • 67650086688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of a diurnal thermocline in the ocean mixed layer simulated by LES
    • Noh, Y., Goh, G., Raasch, S., and Gryschka, M.: Formation of a diurnal thermocline in the ocean mixed layer simulated by LES, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1244-1257, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.39 , pp. 1244-1257
    • Noh, Y.1    Goh, G.2    Raasch, S.3    Gryschka, M.4
  • 89
    • 78049269042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examination of the mixed layer deepening process during convection using LES
    • Noh, Y., Goh, G., and Raasch, S.: Examination of the mixed layer deepening process during convection using LES, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 2189-2195, 2010.
    • (2010) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.40 , pp. 2189-2195
    • Noh, Y.1    Goh, G.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 90
    • 79954987534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of Langmuir circulation on the deepening of the wind-mixed layer
    • Noh, Y., Goh, G., and Raasch, S.: Influence of Langmuir circulation on the deepening of the wind-mixed layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 472-484, 2011.
    • (2011) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.41 , pp. 472-484
    • Noh, Y.1    Goh, G.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 91
    • 0016870918 scopus 로고
    • A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows
    • Orlanski, I.: A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows, J. Comput. Phys., 21, 251-269, 1976.
    • (1976) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.21 , pp. 251-269
    • Orlanski, I.1
  • 93
    • 84880394442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large-eddy simulation study of thermal effects on turbulence coherent structures in and above a building array
    • Park, S. B. and Baik, J.: A large-eddy simulation study of thermal effects on turbulence coherent structures in and above a building array, J. Appl. Meteorol., 52, 1348-1365, 2013.
    • (2013) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.52 , pp. 1348-1365
    • Park, S.B.1    Baik, J.2
  • 94
    • 84864849506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large-eddy simulation study of thermal effects on turbulent flow and dispersion in and above a street canyon
    • Park, S. B., Baik, J., Raasch, S., and Letzel, M. O.: A large-eddy simulation study of thermal effects on turbulent flow and dispersion in and above a street canyon, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 51, 829-841, 2012.
    • (2012) J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. , vol.51 , pp. 829-841
    • Park, S.B.1    Baik, J.2    Raasch, S.3    Letzel, M.O.4
  • 95
    • 0017425961 scopus 로고
    • A numerical study of the Chicago lake breeze
    • Patrinos, A. N. A. and Kistler, A. L.: A numerical study of the Chicago lake breeze, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 12, 93-123, 1977.
    • (1977) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.12 , pp. 93-123
    • Patrinos, A.N.A.1    Kistler, A.L.2
  • 96
    • 84878918859 scopus 로고
    • Conservation properties of convection difference schemes
    • Piacsek, S. A. and Williams, G. P.: Conservation properties of convection difference schemes, J. Comput. Phys., 198, 580-616, 1970.
    • (1970) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.198 , pp. 580-616
    • Piacsek, S.A.1    Williams, G.P.2
  • 99
    • 0001718574 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of rotating turbulent thermal convection
    • Raasch, S. and Etling, D.: Numerical simulation of rotating turbulent thermal convection, Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 64, 185-199, 1991.
    • (1991) Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , vol.64 , pp. 185-199
    • Raasch, S.1    Etling, D.2
  • 100
    • 80052339217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and formation of dustdevil- like vortices in the atmospheric boundary layer - A high resolution numerical study
    • Raasch, S. and Franke, T.: Structure and formation of dustdevil- like vortices in the atmospheric boundary layer - a high resolution numerical study, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D16120, doi:10.1029/2011JD016010, 2011.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Raasch, S.1    Franke, T.2
  • 101
    • 0035477293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of secondary circulations and their effects caused by small-scale surface inhomogeneities using large-eddy simulation
    • Raasch, S. and Harbusch, G.: An analysis of secondary circulations and their effects caused by small-scale surface inhomogeneities using large-eddy simulation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 101, 31-59, 2001.
    • (2001) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.101 , pp. 31-59
    • Raasch, S.1    Harbusch, G.2
  • 102
    • 0034773749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PALM - A large-eddy simulation model performing on massively parallel computers
    • Raasch, S. and Schröter, M.: PALM - a large-eddy simulation model performing on massively parallel computers, Meteorol. Z., 10, 363-372, 2001.
    • (2001) Meteorol. Z. , vol.10 , pp. 363-372
    • Raasch, S.1    Schröter, M.2
  • 103
    • 0030439139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: The mixing-layer analogy
    • Raupach, M. R., Finnigan, J. J., and Brunet, Y.: Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: the mixing-layer analogy, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 78, 351-382, 1996.
    • (1996) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.78 , pp. 351-382
    • Raupach, M.R.1    Finnigan, J.J.2    Brunet, Y.3
  • 104
    • 84863688486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new method for large-eddy simulations of clouds with Lagrangian droplets including the effects of turbulent collision
    • Riechelmann, T., Noh, Y., and Raasch, S.: A new method for large-eddy simulations of clouds with Lagrangian droplets including the effects of turbulent collision, New J. Phys., 14, 065008, doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/6/065008, 2012.
    • (2012) New J. Phys. , vol.14
    • Riechelmann, T.1    Noh, Y.2    Raasch, S.3
  • 105
    • 84937200810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of turbulence on the drip growth in warm clouds, part II: Sensitivity studies with a spectral bin microphysics and a lagrangian cloud model
    • submitted
    • Riechelmann, T., Wacker, U., Beheng, K. D., Etling, D., and Raasch, S.: Influence of turbulence on the drip growth in warm clouds, part II: Sensitivity studies with a spectral bin microphysics and a lagrangian cloud model, Meteorol. Z., submitted, 2015.
    • (2015) Meteorol. Z.
    • Riechelmann, T.1    Wacker, U.2    Beheng, K.D.3    Etling, D.4    Raasch, S.5
  • 106
    • 0003327405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic Lagrangian models of turbulent diffusion
    • Rodean, H. C.: Stochastic Lagrangian models of turbulent diffusion, Meteor. Mon., 26, 1-84, doi:10.1175/0065-9401-26.48.1, 1996.
    • (1996) Meteor. Mon. , vol.26 , pp. 1-84
    • Rodean, H.C.1
  • 108
    • 0027868837 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of raindrop size distributions measured by radar wind profiler and by airplane
    • Rogers, R. R., Baumgardner, D., Ethier, S. A., Carter, D. A., and Ecklund, W. L.: Comparison of raindrop size distributions measured by radar wind profiler and by airplane, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 694-699, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.32 , pp. 694-699
    • Rogers, R.R.1    Baumgardner, D.2    Ethier, S.A.3    Carter, D.A.4    Ecklund, W.L.5
  • 109
    • 0034085629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of the stably stratified planetary boundary layer
    • Saiki, E. M., Moeng, C.-H., and Sullivan, P. P.: Large-eddy simulation of the stably stratified planetary boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 95, 1-30, 2000.
    • (2000) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.95 , pp. 1-30
    • Saiki, E.M.1    Moeng, C.-H.2    Sullivan, P.P.3
  • 110
    • 40949164957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure and mesoscale organization of precipitating stratocumulus
    • Savic-Jovcic, V. and Stevens, B.: The structure and mesoscale organization of precipitating stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1587-1605, doi:10.1175/2007JAS2456.1, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 1587-1605
    • Savic-Jovcic, V.1    Stevens, B.2
  • 112
    • 38249027051 scopus 로고
    • Fast Fourier Transforms for Direct Solution of Poisson's Equation with Staggered Boundary Conditions
    • Schumann, U. and Sweet, R. A.: Fast Fourier Transforms for Direct Solution of Poisson's Equation with Staggered Boundary Conditions, J. Comput. Phys., 75, 123-137, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.75 , pp. 123-137
    • Schumann, U.1    Sweet, R.A.2
  • 113
    • 27844471964 scopus 로고
    • Subgrid scale model for finite difference simulations of turbulent flows in plane channels and annuli
    • Schumann, U.: Subgrid scale model for finite difference simulations of turbulent flows in plane channels and annuli, J. Comput. Phys., 18, 376-404, 1975.
    • (1975) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.18 , pp. 376-404
    • Schumann, U.1
  • 114
    • 58049132801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the parameterization of evaporation of raindrops as simulated by a one-dimensional rainshaft model
    • Seifert, A.: On the parameterization of evaporation of raindrops as simulated by a one-dimensional rainshaft model., J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3608-3619, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2586.1, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 3608-3619
    • Seifert, A.1
  • 115
    • 18144444705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-moment parameterization for simulating autoconversion, accretion and selfcollection
    • Seifert, A. and Beheng, K. D.: A double-moment parameterization for simulating autoconversion, accretion and selfcollection, Atmos. Res., 59, 265-281, 2001.
    • (2001) Atmos. Res. , vol.59 , pp. 265-281
    • Seifert, A.1    Beheng, K.D.2
  • 116
    • 33244472609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Model description
    • Seifert, A. and Beheng, K. D.: A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Model description, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 92, 45-66, 2006.
    • (2006) Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. , vol.92 , pp. 45-66
    • Seifert, A.1    Beheng, K.D.2
  • 117
    • 77958604982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulence effects on warm-rain autoconversion in precipitating shallow convection
    • Seifert, A., Nuijens, L., and Stevens, B.: Turbulence effects on warm-rain autoconversion in precipitating shallow convection, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1753-1762, 2010.
    • (2010) Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.136 , pp. 1753-1762
    • Seifert, A.1    Nuijens, L.2    Stevens, B.3
  • 118
    • 0037470302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canopy element influences on resolved- and subgrid-scale energy within a large-eddy simulation
    • Shaw, R. H. and Patton, E. G.: Canopy element influences on resolved- and subgrid-scale energy within a large-eddy simulation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 115, 5-17, 2003.
    • (2003) Agr. Forest Meteorol. , vol.115 , pp. 5-17
    • Shaw, R.H.1    Patton, E.G.2
  • 119
    • 0027009007 scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow above and within a forest
    • Shaw, R. H. and Schumann, U.: Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow above and within a forest, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 61, 47-64, 1992.
    • (1992) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.61 , pp. 47-64
    • Shaw, R.H.1    Schumann, U.2
  • 120
    • 68249101705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The super-droplet method for the numerical simulation of clouds and precipitation: A particle-based and probabilistic microphysics model coupled with a non-hydrostatic model
    • Shima, S.-I., Kusano, K., Kawano, A., Sugiyama, T., and Kawahara, S.: The super-droplet method for the numerical simulation of clouds and precipitation: a particle-based and probabilistic microphysics model coupled with a non-hydrostatic model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1307-1320, 2009.
    • (2009) Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.135 , pp. 1307-1320
    • Shima, S.-I.1    Kusano, K.2    Kawano, A.3    Sugiyama, T.4    Kawahara, S.5
  • 122
    • 0014520310 scopus 로고
    • An algorithm for computing the mixed radix fast Fourier transform
    • Singleton, R. C.: An algorithm for computing the mixed radix fast Fourier transform, IEEE T. Acoust. Speech, 17, 93-103, 1969.
    • (1969) IEEE T. Acoust. Speech , vol.17 , pp. 93-103
    • Singleton, R.C.1
  • 123
    • 0001530069 scopus 로고
    • Subgrid-scale condensation in models of nonprecipitating clouds
    • Sommeria, G. and Deardorff, J. W.: Subgrid-scale condensation in models of nonprecipitating clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 344-355, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.34 , pp. 344-355
    • Sommeria, G.1    Deardorff, J.W.2
  • 124
    • 77958583114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large-eddy model for cirrus clouds with explicit aerosol and ice microphysics and Lagrangian ice particle tracking
    • Sölch, I. and Kärcher, B.: A large-eddy model for cirrus clouds with explicit aerosol and ice microphysics and Lagrangian ice particle tracking, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 2074-2093, 2010.
    • (2010) Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.136 , pp. 2074-2093
    • Sölch, I.1    Kärcher, B.2
  • 125
    • 34249879244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A numerical study of daily transitions in the convective boundary layer
    • Sorbjan, Z.: A numerical study of daily transitions in the convective boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 123, 365-383, 2007.
    • (2007) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.123 , pp. 365-383
    • Sorbjan, Z.1
  • 126
    • 54049085281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Footprints in homogeneously and heterogeneously driven boundary layers derived from a Lagrangian stochastic particle model embedded into large-eddy simulation
    • Steinfeld, G., Raasch, S., and Markkanen, T.: Footprints in homogeneously and heterogeneously driven boundary layers derived from a Lagrangian stochastic particle model embedded into large-eddy simulation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 129, 225-248, 2008.
    • (2008) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.129 , pp. 225-248
    • Steinfeld, G.1    Raasch, S.2    Markkanen, T.3
  • 127
    • 43849106758 scopus 로고
    • Salt flux and evaporation
    • Steinhorn, I.: Salt flux and evaporation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1681-1683, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.21 , pp. 1681-1683
    • Steinhorn, I.1
  • 128
    • 84971393519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding macrophysical outcomes of microphysical choices in simulations of shallow cumulus convection
    • Stevens, B. and Seifert, A.: Understanding macrophysical outcomes of microphysical choices in simulations of shallow cumulus convection, J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn., 86, 143-162, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn. , vol.86 , pp. 143-162
    • Stevens, B.1    Seifert, A.2
  • 130
    • 65549113457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface heterogeneity effects on regional-scale fluxes in stable boundary layers: Surface temperature transitions
    • Stoll, R. and Porté-Agel, F.: Surface heterogeneity effects on regional-scale fluxes in stable boundary layers: surface temperature transitions, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 412-431, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 412-431
    • Stoll, R.1    Porté-Agel, F.2
  • 132
    • 84880507296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity-induced heat flux patterns in the convective boundary layer: Can they be detected from observations and is there a blending height? - A large-eddy simulation study for the LITFASS-2003 experiment
    • Sühring, M. and Raasch, S.: Heterogeneity-induced heat flux patterns in the convective boundary layer: can they be detected from observations and is there a blending height? - a large-eddy simulation study for the LITFASS-2003 experiment, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 148, 309-331, 2013.
    • (2013) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.148 , pp. 309-331
    • Sühring, M.1    Raasch, S.2
  • 133
    • 84898540283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the effect of surface heat-flux heterogeneities on the mixed-layer top entrainment
    • Sühring, M., Maronga, B., Herbort, F., and Raasch, S.: On the effect of surface heat-flux heterogeneities on the mixed-layer top entrainment, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 151, 531-556, 2014.
    • (2014) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.151 , pp. 531-556
    • Sühring, M.1    Maronga, B.2    Herbort, F.3    Raasch, S.4
  • 134
    • 84939195793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Footprint estimation for elevated turbulence measurements - A comparison between large-eddy simulation and a Lagrangian stochastic backward model
    • in review
    • Sühring, M., Kanani, F., Charuchittipan, D., Foken, T., and Raasch, S.: Footprint estimation for elevated turbulence measurements - a comparison between large-eddy simulation and a Lagrangian stochastic backward model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., in review, 2015.
    • (2015) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol.
    • Sühring, M.1    Kanani, F.2    Charuchittipan, D.3    Foken, T.4    Raasch, S.5
  • 135
    • 0028668913 scopus 로고
    • A subgrid-scale model for large-eddy simulation of planetary boundary-layer flows
    • Sullivan, P. E., McWilliams, J. C., and Moeng, C.-H.: A subgrid-scale model for large-eddy simulation of planetary boundary-layer flows, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 71, 247-286, 1986.
    • (1986) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.71 , pp. 247-286
    • Sullivan, P.E.1    McWilliams, J.C.2    Moeng, C.-H.3
  • 136
    • 81555213065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of mesh resolution on convective boundary layer statistics and structures generated by large-eddy simulation
    • Sullivan, P. P. and Patton, E. G.: The effect of mesh resolution on convective boundary layer statistics and structures generated by large-eddy simulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2395-2415, 2011.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 2395-2415
    • Sullivan, P.P.1    Patton, E.G.2
  • 137
    • 0032470092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of the entrainment zone capping the convective atmospheric boundary layer
    • Sullivan, P. P., Moeng, C.-H., Stevens, B., Lenschow, D. H., and Mayor, S. D.: Structure of the entrainment zone capping the convective atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3042-3064, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 3042-3064
    • Sullivan, P.P.1    Moeng, C.-H.2    Stevens, B.3    Lenschow, D.H.4    Mayor, S.D.5
  • 138
    • 0000355916 scopus 로고
    • A Generalized Prime Factor FFT Algorithm for Any N D(2∗∗P)(3∗∗Q)(5∗∗R)
    • Temperton, C.: A Generalized Prime Factor FFT Algorithm for Any N D(2∗∗P)(3∗∗Q)(5∗∗R), SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comp., 13, 676-686, 1992.
    • (1992) SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comp. , vol.13 , pp. 676-686
    • Temperton, C.1
  • 139
    • 0023093311 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows
    • Thomson, D. J.: Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows, J. Fluid Mech., 180, 529-556, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.180 , pp. 529-556
    • Thomson, D.J.1
  • 141
    • 80053322709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of seafloor boundary layer thickness on the overlying flow direction: A large eddy simulation study
    • Wakata, Y.: Dependence of seafloor boundary layer thickness on the overlying flow direction: a large eddy simulation study, J. Oceanogr., 67, 667-673, 2011.
    • (2011) J. Oceanogr. , vol.67 , pp. 667-673
    • Wakata, Y.1
  • 142
    • 3042739534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of coherent turbulence structures associated with scalar ramps over plant canopies
    • Watanabe, T.: Large-eddy simulation of coherent turbulence structures associated with scalar ramps over plant canopies, Bound.- Lay. Meteorol., 112, 207-341, 2004.
    • (2004) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.112 , pp. 207-341
    • Watanabe, T.1
  • 143
    • 11844250507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of large-eddy simulations in Lagrangian particle dispersion models
    • Weil, J. C., Sullivan, P. P., and Moeng, C.-H.: The use of large-eddy simulations in Lagrangian particle dispersion models, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2877-2887, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.61 , pp. 2877-2887
    • Weil, J.C.1    Sullivan, P.P.2    Moeng, C.-H.3
  • 144
    • 1842684875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of large-eddy simulation data with spatially averaged measurements obtained by acoustic tomography - Presuppositions and first results
    • Weinbrecht, S., Raasch, S., Ziemann, A., Arnold, K., and Raabe, A.: Comparison of large-eddy simulation data with spatially averaged measurements obtained by acoustic tomography - presuppositions and first results, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 111, 441-465, 2004.
    • (2004) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.111 , pp. 441-465
    • Weinbrecht, S.1    Raasch, S.2    Ziemann, A.3    Arnold, K.4    Raabe, A.5
  • 145
    • 0036676833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes
    • Wicker, L. J. and Skamarock, W. C.: Time-splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2088-2097, 2002.
    • (2002) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 2088-2097
    • Wicker, L.J.1    Skamarock, W.C.2
  • 146
    • 0002255298 scopus 로고
    • Low-storage Runge-Kutta schemes
    • Williamson, J. H.: Low-storage Runge-Kutta schemes, J. Comput. Phys., 35, 48-56, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.35 , pp. 48-56
    • Williamson, J.H.1
  • 147
    • 84981565021 scopus 로고
    • A laboratory model of diffusion into the convective boundary layer
    • Willis, G. E. and Deardorff, J. W.: A laboratory model of diffusion into the convective boundary layer, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 102, 427-445, 1976.
    • (1976) Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.102 , pp. 427-445
    • Willis, G.E.1    Deardorff, J.W.2
  • 148
    • 84919498900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of multiple wakes in offshore wind farms
    • Witha, B., Steinfeld, G., Dörenkämper, M. and Heinemann, D.: Large-eddy simulation of multiple wakes in offshore wind farms, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 555, 012108, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/555/1/012108, 2014
    • (2014) J. Phys. Conf. Ser. , vol.555
    • Witha, B.1    Steinfeld, G.2    Dörenkämper, M.3    Heinemann, D.4
  • 149
    • 0031688636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LES in the surface layer: Surface fluxes, scaling, and SGS modeling
    • Wyngaard, J. C., Peltier, L. J., and Khanna, S.: LES in the surface layer: surface fluxes, scaling, and SGS modeling, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1733-1754, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 1733-1754
    • Wyngaard, J.C.1    Peltier, L.J.2    Khanna, S.3
  • 150
    • 84919392510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved three-dimensional simulation of the diurnally varying street-canyon flow
    • Yaghoobian, N., Kleissl, J., and Paw U, K. T.: An improved three-dimensional simulation of the diurnally varying street-canyon flow, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 153, 251-276, doi:10.1007/s10546-014-9940-4, 2014.
    • (2014) Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.153 , pp. 251-276
    • Yaghoobian, N.1    Kleissl, J.2    Paw, U.K.T.3
  • 151
    • 40449092364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Momentum transfer within canopies
    • Yi, C.: Momentum transfer within canopies, J. Appl. Meteorol., 47, 262-275, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.47 , pp. 262-275
    • Yi, C.1
  • 152
    • 84896767607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nested large-eddy simulations of the intermittently turbulent stable atmospheric boundary layer over real terrain
    • Zhou, B. and Chow, T. K.: Nested large-eddy simulations of the intermittently turbulent stable atmospheric boundary layer over real terrain, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 1021-1039, 2014.
    • (2014) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.71 , pp. 1021-1039
    • Zhou, B.1    Chow, T.K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.