High resolution urban large-eddy simulation studies from street canyon to neighbourhood scale

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 42, Issue 38, 2008, Pages 8770-8784

  Letzel, Marcus Oliver ^a   Krane, Martina ^a   Raasch, Siegfried ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atmospheric dispersion; Complex topography; Street canyon; Turbulent flow visualization; Urban large eddy simulation

Indexed keywords

ANIMATION; ATMOSPHERICS; DISPERSION (WAVES); DISPERSIONS; DYNAMICS; FLOW OF FLUIDS; FLOW SIMULATION; FLOW VISUALIZATION; FLUID DYNAMICS; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION; NAVIER STOKES EQUATIONS; PLANNING; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; ROADS AND STREETS; THREE DIMENSIONAL; TURBULENCE; TURBULENT FLOW;

3D MODELS; ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION; CANYON FLOWS; CASE STUDIES; COMPLEX TOPOGRAPHY; DISPERSION CHARACTERISTICS; EULERIAN; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; FLOW DYNAMICS; FREE SHEAR LAYERS; HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITIES; HIGH RESOLUTIONS; IN LINES; INTERMITTENCY; LAGRANGIAN DISPERSIONS; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS; LES MODELS; METEOROLOGICAL MODELS; NEIGHBOURHOOD; NEW CONCEPTS; PARAMETERIZATIONS; PARAMETERIZED; PARAMETRIC STUDIES; PASSIVE TRACERS; REYNOLDS; SHEAR LAYERS; STANDARD DEVIATIONS; STREET CANYON; STREET CANYONS; TURBULENCE SIMULATIONS; UPSTREAM FLOWS; URBAN CANOPIES; URBAN DISPERSIONS; URBAN LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; URBAN STREET CANYONS; VELOCITY COMPONENTS; VERTICAL SCALING; VERTICAL TURBULENCE PROFILES;

COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING;

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; DISPERSION; EDDY; MODEL VALIDATION; STREET CANYON; TURBULENCE; URBAN ATMOSPHERE;

AIRFLOW; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; BUILDING; GEOMETRY; MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TURBULENT FLOW; URBAN AREA; WIND;

EID: 55549100908     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.001     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Ahmad K., Khare M., and Chaudhry K.K. Wind tunnel simulation studies on dispersion at urban street canyons and intersections - a review. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn 93 (2005) 697-717
2. Arakawa A., and Lamb V.R. Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. In: Chang J. (Ed). General Circulation Models of the Atmosphere. Vol. 17 of Methods in Computational Physics (1977), Academic Press 173-265
3. Arnfield A.J. Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. Int. J. Climatol 23 (2003) 1-26
4. Baik J.-J., and Kim J.-J. A numerical study of flow and pollutant dispersion characteristics in urban street canyons. J. Appl. Meteor 38 (1999) 1576-1589
5. Baik J.-J., Park R.-S., Chun H.-Y., and Kim J.-J. A laboratory model of urban street-canyon flows. J. Appl. Meteor 39 (2000) 1592-1600
6. Barlow, J.F., Pascheke, F., 2006. The effect of varying roof morphology on urban canopy ventilation. In: Sixth Intl. Conf. on Urban Climate (ICUC-6). Göteborg, Sweden.
7. Batchvarova E., and Gryning S.-E. Progress in urban dispersion studies. Theor. Appl. Climatol 84 (2006) 57-67
8. Belcher S.E. Mixing and transport in urban areas. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 363 (2005) 2947-2968
9. Bott A. A positive definite advection scheme obtained by nonlinear renormalization of the advective fluxes. Mon. Wea. Rev. 117 (1989) 1006-1015
10. Breuer M. Direkte Numerische Simulation und Large-Eddy Simulation turbulenter Strömungen auf Hochleistungsrechnern (2002), Shaker Verlag, Aachen
11. Briscolini M., and Santangelo P. Development of the mask method for incompressible unsteady flows. J. Comput. Phys. 84 (1989) 57-75
12. Britter R.E., and Hanna S.R. Flow and dispersion in urban areas. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech 35 (2003) 469-496
13. Brown, M.J., Boswell, D., Streit, G., Nelson, M., McPherson, T., Hilton, T., Pardyjak, E.R., Pol, S., Ramamurthy, P., Hansen, B., Kastner-Klein, P., Clark, J., Moore, A., Walker, D., Felton, N., Strickland, D., Brook, D., Princevac, M., Zajic, D., Wayson, R., MacDonald, J., Fleming, G., Storwold, D., 2004. Joint URBAN 2003 street canyon experiment. In: AMS Annual Meeting, Symposium on Planning, Nowcasting, and Forecasting in the Urban Zone, No. J7.3, Seattle WA.
14. Brown, M.J., Lawson, Jr., R.E., DeCroix, D.S., Lee, R.L., 2000. Mean flow and turbulence measurements around a 2-D array of buildings in a wind tunnel. In: 11th Joint AMS/AWMA Conference on the Application of Air Pollution Meteorology, Long Beach, CA, January 2000, No. 4A. 2. Also available as LA-UR-99-5395, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545.
15. Caton F., Britter R.E., and Dalziel S. Dispersion mechanisms in a street canyon. Atmos. Environment 37 (2003) 693-702
16. Cheng H., and Castro I. Near wall flow over urban-like roughness. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 104 (2002) 229-259
17. Chlond A. Locally modified version of Bott's advection scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev. 122 (1994) 111-125
18. Christen, A., 2005. Atmospheric Turbulence and Surface Energy Exchange in Urban Environments - Results from the Basel Urban Boundary Layer Experiment (BUBBLE), Vol. 11 of Stratus, ISBN 3-85977-266-X.
19. Christen A., van Gorsel E., and Vogt R. Coherent structures in urban roughness sublayer turbulence. Int. J. Climatol 27 (2007) 1955-1968
20. Christen, A., Vogt, R., Rotach, M.W., 2003. Profile measurements of selected turbulence parameters over different urban surfaces. In: Fourth International Conference on Urban Air Quality, Prague, pp. 408-411.
21. Coceal O., Thomas T.G., Castro I.P., and Belcher S.E. Mean flow and turbulence statistics over groups of urban-like cubical obstacles. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 121 (2006) 491-519
22. Collier G. The impact of urban areas on weather. Quart. J.R. Meteorol. Soc 132 (2006) 1-25
23. Cui Z., Cai X., and Baker C.J. Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow in a street canyon. Quart. J.R. Meteorol. Soc 130 (2004) 1373-1394
24. Deardorff J.W. Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 18 (1980) 495-527
25. Dobre A., Arnold S.J., Smalley R.J., Boddy J.W.D., Barlow J.F., Tomlin A.S., and Belcher S.E. Flow field measurements in the proximity of an urban intersection in London, UK. Atmos. Environment 39 (2005) 4647-4657
26. Eliasson I., Offerle B., Grimmond C.S.B., and Lindqvist S. Wind fields and turbulence statistics in an urban street canyon. Atmos. Environment 40 (2006) 1-16
27. Fernando H.J.S., Lee S.M., Anderson J., Princevac M., Pardyjak E., and Grossman-Clarke S. Urban fluid mechanics: air circulation and contaminant dispersion in cities. Env. Fluid Mech 1 (2001) 107-164
28. Finnigan J. Turbulence in plant canopies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech 32 (2000) 519-571
29. Harlow F.H., and Welch J.E. Numerical calculation of time-dependent viscous incompressible flow with free surface. Phys. Fluids 8 (1965) 2182-2189
30. Harman I.N., Barlow J.F., and Belcher S.E. Scalar transport from urban surfaces. Part II. Model. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 113 (2004) 387-409
31. Jeong S.J., and Andrews M.J. Application of the k-ε{lunate} turbulence model to the high Reynolds number skimming flow field of an urban street canyon. Atmos. Environment 36 (2002) 1137-1145
32. Jiménez J. Turbulent flow over rough walls. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech 36 (2004) 173-196
33. Kaimal J.C., and Finnigan J.J. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows. Their Structure and Measurements (1994), Oxford University Press, New York-Oxford
34. Kanda M. Progress in the scale modeling of urban climate: review. Theor. Appl. Climatol 84 (2006) 23-33
35. Kanda M., Moriwaki R., and Kasamatsu F. Large eddy simulation of turbulent organized structures within and above explicitly resolved cube arrays. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 112 (2004) 343-368
36. Kastner-Klein P., Berkowicz R., and Britter R. The influence of street architecture on flow and dispersion in street canyons. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 87 (2004) 121-131
37. Kastner-Klein P., and Rotach M.W. Mean flow and turbulence characteristics in an urban roughness sublayer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 111 (2004) 54-84
38. Khan I.M., Simons R.R., and Grass A.J. Effect on turbulence production due to sudden change in flow regimes. J. Hydr. Res. 43 (2005) 549-555
39. Khan I.M., Simons R.R., and Grass A.J. Upstream turbulence effect on pollution dispersion. Env. Fluid Mech 5 (2005) 393-413
40. Khan M.I., Simons R.R., and Grass A.J. Influence of cavity flow regimes on turbulence diffusion coefficient. J. Visualization 9 (2006) 57-68
41. Kim J.-J., and Baik J.-J. Urban street-canyon flows with bottom heating. Atmos. Environment 35 (2001) 3395-3404
42. Kim J.-J., and Baik J.-J. Effects of inflow turbulence intensity on flow and pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn 91 (2003) 309-329
43. Kono H., and Kusunoki K. 3D stream and vortexes in the urban canopy layer and transport of motor vehicles exhaust gas. Int. J. Environment and Pollution 25 (2005) 177-190
44. Kovar-Panskus A., Louka P., Sini J.-F., Savory E., Czech M., Abdelqari A., Mestayer P.G., and Toy N. Influence of geometry on the mean flow within urban street canyons - A comparison of wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. Focus 2 (2002) 365-380
45. Krajnović S., and Davidson L. Large-eddy simulation of the flow around a bluff body. AIAA Journal 40 (2002) 927-936
46. Lesieur M. Turbulence in Fluids. third ed. (1997), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
47. Letzel M.O., Gaus G., Raasch S., and Jensen N. Turbulent flow around high-rise office buildings in downtown Tokyo. Dynamic Visualization in Science (2008). Available from: http://www.dyvis.org/DyVis?Sig=13100
48. Li X.-X., Liu C.-H., and Leung D.Y.C. Development of a k-ε{lunate} model for the determination of air exchange rates for street canyons. Atmos. Environment 39 (2005) 7285-7296
49. Li X.-X., Liu C.-H., and Leung D.Y.C. Large-eddy simulation of flow field and pollutant transport inside urban street canyons with high aspect ratios. Seventh Symposium on the Urban Environment (2007), AMS, San Diego, California
50. Li X.-X., Liu C.-H., Leung D.Y.C., and Lam K.M. Recent progress in CFD modelling of wind field and pollutant transport in street canyons. Atmos. Environment 40 (2006) 5640-5658
51. Liu C.-H., and Barth M.C. Large-eddy simulation of flow and transport in a modeled street canyon. J. Appl. Meteor 41 (2002) 660-673
52. Liu C.-H., Barth M.C., and Leung D.Y.C. Large-eddy simulation of flow and pollutant transport in street canyons of different building-height-to-street-width ratios. J. Appl. Meteor 43 (2004) 1410-1424
53. Louka P., Belcher S.E., and Harrison R.G. Modified street canyon flow. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn 74-76 (1998) 485-493
54. Louka P., Belcher S.E., and Harrison R.G. Coupling between air flow in streets and the well-developed boundary layer aloft. Atmos. Environment 34 (2000) 2613-2621
55. Lugt H.J. Vortex Flow in Nature and Technology (1983), Wiley
56. Martinuzzi R., and Tropea C. The flow around a surface-mounted, prismatic obstacle placed in a fully developed channel flow. J. Fluids Eng 115 (1993) 85-92
57. Meroney R.N., Pavageau M., Rafailidis S., and Schatzmann M. Study of line source characteristics for 2-D physical modelling of pollutant dispersion in street canyons. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn 62 (1996) 37-56
58. Moriwaki R., and Kanda M. Flux-gradient profiles for momentum and heat over an urban surface. Theor. Appl. Climatol 84 (2006) 127-135
59. Oke T.R. Boundary Layer Climates. second ed. (1987), Routledge, London
60. Oke T.R. Street design and urban canopy layer climate. Energy and Buildings 11 (1988) 103-113
61. Oke T.R. Towards better scientific communication in urban climate. Theor. Appl. Climatol 84 (2006) 179-190
62. Olbrich S., Pralle H., and Raasch S. Using streaming and parallelization techniques for 3D visualization in a high-performance computing and networking environment. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 2110 (2001) 231-240
63. Panofsky H.A., and Dutton J.A. Atmospheric Turbulence. Models and Methods for Engineering Applications (1984), John Wiley & Sons, New York
64. Pavageau M., and Schatzmann M. Wind tunnel measurements of concentration fluctuations in an urban street canyon. Atmos. Environment 33 (1999) 3961-3971
65. Perry A.E., Schofield W.H., and Joubert P.N. Rough wall turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid. Mech 37 (1969) 383-413
66. Piacsek S.A., and Williams G.P. Conservation properties of convection difference schemes. J. Comput. Phys. 6 (1970) 392-405
67. Poggi D., Katul G.G., and Albertson J.D. A note on the contribution of dispersive fluxes to momentum transfer within canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 111 (2004) 615-621
68. Pope S.B. Turbulent Flows (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
69. Raasch S., and Etling D. Numerical simulation of rotating turbulent thermal convection. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph 64 (1991) 185-199
70. Raasch S., and Etling D. Modeling deep ocean convection: large eddy simulation in comparison with laboratory experiments. J. Phys. Oceanog 28 (1998) 1786-1802
71. Raasch S., and Schröter M. PALM - A large-eddy simulation model performing on massively parallel computers. Meteorol. Z. 10 (2001) 363-372
72. Rafailidis S. Influence of building areal density and roof shape on the wind characteristics above a town. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 85 (1997) 255-271
73. Rafailidis S. Nearfield geometry effects on urban street canyon measurements for model validation. Int. J. Environment and Pollution 14 (2000) 538-546
74. Ratti C., Di Sabatino S., and Britter R. Urban texture analysis with image processing techniques: winds and dispersion. Theor. Appl. Climatol 84 (2006) 77-90
75. Raupach M.R., Finnigan J.J., and Brunet Y. Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: the mixing-layer analogy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 78 (1996) 351-382
76. Rodi W. Comparison of LES and RANS calculations of the flow around bluff bodies. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn 69-71 (1997) 55-75
77. Rodi, W., Ferziger, J.H., Breuer, M., Pourquié, M. (Eds.), 1995. Workshop on Large Eddy Simulation of Flows Past Bluff Bodies, Rottach-Egern, Germany.
78. Rodi W., Ferziger J.H., Breuer M., and Pourquié M. Status of large eddy simulation: results of a workshop. J. Fluids Eng 119 (1997) 248-262
79. Rotach M.W., Vogt R., Bernhofer C., Batchvarova E., Christen A., Clappier A., Feddersen B., Gryning S.-E., Martucci G., Mayer H., Mitev V., Oke T.R., Parlow E., Richner H., Roth M., Roulet Y.-A., Ruffieux D., Salmond J.A., Schatzmann M., and Voogt J.A. BUBBLE - an urban boundary layer meteorology project. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 81 (2005) 231-261
80. Roth M. Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities. Quart. J.R. Meteorol. Soc 126 (2000) 941-990
81. Santos J.M., Griffiths R.F., Roberts I.D., and Reis Jr. N.C. A field experiment on turbulent concentration fluctuations of an atmospheric tracer gas in the vicinity of a complex-shaped building. Atmos. Environment 39 (2005) 4999-5012
82. Schatzmann M., and Leitl B. Validation and application of obstacle-resolving urban dispersion models. Atmos. Environment 36 (2002) 4811-4821
83. Schumann U. Subgrid scale model for finite difference simulations of turbulent flows in plae channels and annuli. J. Comput. Phys. 18 (1975) 376-404
84. Sini J.-F., Anquetin S., and Mestayer P.G. Pollutant dispersion and thermal effects in urban street canyons. Atmos. Environment 30 (1996) 2659-2677
85. Smits A.J., and Wood D.H. The response of turbulent boundary layers to sudden perturbations. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech 17 (1985) 321-358
86. Souch C., and Grimmond S. Applied climatology: urban climate. Progr. Phys. Geogr 30 (2006) 270-279
87. Tseng Y.-H., Meneveau C., and Parlange M.B. Modeling flow around bluff bodies and predicting urban dispersion using large eddy simulation. Environ. Sci. Technol 40 (2006) 2653-2662
88. Vardoulakis S., Fisher B.E.A., Pericleous K., and Gonzalez-Flesca N. Modelling air quality in street canyons: a review. Atmos. Environment 37 (2003) 155-182
89. Walton A., and Cheng A.Y.S. Large-eddy simulation of pollution dispersion in an urban street canyon - Part II: idealised canyon simulation. Atmos. Environment 36 (2002) 3615-3627
90. Weil J.C., Sullivan P.P., and Moeng C.-H. The use of large-eddy simulations in lagrangian particle dispersion models. J. Atmos. Sci. 61 (2004) 2877-2887
91. Wu J.-Z., Ma H.-Y., and Zhou M.-D. Vorticity and Vortex Dynamics (2006), Springer, Berlin
92. Xie X., Liu C.-H., Leung D.Y.C., and Leung M.K.H. Characteristics of air exchange in a street canyon with ground heating. Atmos. Environment 40 (2006) 6396-6409