Les study of the energy imbalance problem with eddy covariance fluxes

Boundary-Layer Meteorology

Volumn 110, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 381-404

  Kanda, Manabu ^a   Inagaki, Atsushi ^a   Letzel, Marcus Oliver ^b   Raasch, Siegfried ^b   Watanabe, Tsutomu ^c  

^a TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^b LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER   (Germany)

^c Forestry and Forest Product Institute   (Japan)

Author keywords

Convective boundary layer; Eddy covariance method; Imbalance problem; LES; Spatial representativeness of flux; Surface heterogeneity

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY LAYERS; COMPUTATIONAL METHODS; METEOROLOGY; THERMAL PLUMES; TURBULENCE; WIND EFFECTS;

LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS (LES);

HEAT FLUX;

CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER; EDDY COVARIANCE; ENERGY BALANCE; HEAT FLUX; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION;

EID: 1142293079     PISSN: 00068314     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000007225.45548.7a     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Agee, E. and Gluhovsky, A.: 1999, 'LES Model Sensitivities to Domains, Grids, and Large-Eddy Timescales', J. Atmos. Sci. 56, 599-604.
2. Caramori, P., Schuepp, P., Desjardins, R., and Macpherson, I.: 1994, 'Structural Analysis of Airborne Flux Estimates over a Region', J. Climate 7, 627-640.
3. Deardorff, J. W.: 1980, 'Stratocumulus-Topped Mixed Layers Derived from a Three-Dimensional Model', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18, 495-527.
4. Desjardins, R. L. and Co-authors: 1997, 'Scaling up Flux Measurements for the Boreal Forest Using Aircraft-Tower Combinations', J. Geophys. Res. 102, 29, 125-129, 133.
5. Dörnbrack, A.: 1997, 'Broadening of Convective Cells', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 123, 829-847.
6. Finnigan, J.: 1999, 'A Comment on the Paper by Lee (1998), "On Micrometeorological Observations of Surface-Air Exchange over Tall Vegetation"', Agric. For. Meteorol. 97, 55-64.
7. Katul, G., Hsieh, C., Bowling, D., Clark, K., Shurpali, N., Turnipseed, A., Albertson, J., Tu, K., Hollinger, D., Evans, B., Offerle, B., Anderson, D., Ellsworth, D., Vogel, C., and Oren, R.: 1999, 'Spatial Variability of Turbulent Fluxes in the Roughness Sublayer of an Even-Aged Pine Forest', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 93, 1-28.
8. Lee, X.: 1998, 'On Micrometeorological Observations of Surface-Air Exchange over Tall Vegetation', Agric. For. Meteorol. 91, 39-49.
9. Lee, X.: 1999, 'Reply to Comment by Finnigan on Micrometeorological Observations of Surface-Air Exchange over Tall Vegetation', Agric. For. Meteorol. 97, 65-67.
10. Lee, X. and Black, T. A.: 1993, 'Atmospheric Turbulence within and above a Douglas-Fir Stand, Part 2: Eddy Fluxes of Sensible Heat and Water Vapor', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 64, 369-390.
11. Lenshow, D. H., Mann, J., and Kristensen, L.: 1994, 'How Long is Long Enough when Measuring Fluxes and Other Turbulent Statistics', J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 11, 661-673.
12. Letzel, M. O. and Raasch, S.: 2003, 'Large-Eddy Simulation of Thermally Induced Oscillations in the Convective Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
13. Mahrt, L.: 1998, 'Flux Sampling Errors for Aircraft and Towers', J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 15, 416-429.
14. Miura, Y.: 1986, 'Aspect Ratios of Longitudinal Rolls and Convection Cells Observed during Cold Air Outbreaks', J. Atmos. Sci. 43, 26-39.
15. Moore, K. E., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Sakai, R. K., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., and Wofsy, S. C.: 1996, 'Seasonal Variation in Radiative and Turbulent Exchange at a Deciduous Forest in Central Massachusetts', J. Appl. Meteorol. 35, 122-134.
16. Müller, G. and Chlond, A.: 1996, 'Three-Dimensional Numerical Study of Cell Broadening during Cold-Air Outbreaks', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 81, 289-323.
17. Paw U, T. K., Baldocchi, D. D., Meyers, T. P., and Wilson, K. B.: 2000, 'Correction of Eddy-Covariance Measurements Incorporating both Advective Effects and Density Fluxes', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 97, 487-511.
18. Raasch, S. and Schröter, M.: 2001, 'PALM- A Large-Eddy Simulation Model Performing on Massively Parallel Computers', Meteorol. Z. 10, 363-372.
19. Sakai, R. K., Fitzjarrald, D. R., and Moore, K. E.: 2001, 'Importance of Low-Frequency Contributions to Eddy Fluxes Observed over Rough Surfaces', J. Appl. Meteorol. 40, 2, 178-2, 192.
20. Schmidt, H. and Schumann, U.: 1989, 'Coherent Structure of the Convective Boundary Layer Derived from Large-Eddy Simulation', J. Fluid Mech. 200, 511-562.
21. Schröter, M. and Raasch, S.: 2002, 'Broadening of Convective Cells during Cold Air Outbreaks: A High Resolution Study Using a Parallelized LES Model', Extended Abstracts', in 15th Symposium Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Wageningen, The Netherlands, American Meteorological Society, pp. 45-48.
22. Schröter, M., Bange, J., and Raasch, S.: 2000, 'Simulated Airborne Flux Measurements in a LES Generated Convective Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 95, 437-456.
23. Twine, T. E., Kustas, W. P., Norman, J. M., Cook, D. R., Houser, P. R., Meyers, T. P., Prueger, J. H., Starks, P. J., and Wesley, M. L.: 2000, 'Correcting Eddy-Covariance Flux Underestimates over a Grassland', Agric. For. Meteorol. 103, 279-300.
24. Weinbrecht, S. and Raasch, S.: 2001, 'High-Resolution Simulations of the Turbulent Flow in the Vicinity of an Arctic Lead', J. Geophys. Res. 106, No. C11, 27, 035-027, 046.
25. Wyngaard, J. C.: 1973, 'On Surface-Layer Turbulence', in D. A. Haugen (ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101-149.