Beyond the Immune Suppression: The Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Silvestri, Ida ^a   Cattarino, Susanna ^b   Aglianò, Anna Maria ^a   Collalti, Giulia ^c   Sciarra, Alessandro ^b  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR VACCINE; IPILIMUMAB; RILIMOGENE GALVACIREPVEC; SIPULEUCEL T; TASQUINIMOD; VIRUS VECTOR;

CANCER GROWTH; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CLINICAL STUDY; DENDRITIC CELL; HUMAN; MACROPHAGE; PROSTATE CANCER; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; BONE MARROW CELL; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MALE; PATHOLOGY; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MALE; MYELOID CELLS; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84934301370     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/794968     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. Dikshit et al., "Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012", International Journal of Cancer, vol. 136, no. 5, pp. E359-E386, 2015.
2. A. M. De Marzo, E. A. Platz, S. Sutcliffe et al., "Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis", Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 256-269, 2007.
3. D. Hanahan and R. A. Weinberg, "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation", Cell, vol. 144, no. 5, pp. 646-674, 2011.
4. A. Mantovani, P. Allavena, A. Sica, and F. Balkwill, "Cancerrelated inflammation", Nature, vol. 454, no. 7203, pp. 436-444, 2008.
5. K. E. De Visser, A. Eichten, and L. M. Coussens, "Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development", Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 24-37, 2006.
6. C. I. Diakos, K. A. Charles, D. C. McMillan, and S. J. Clarke, "Cancer-related inflammation and treatment effectiveness", The Lancet Oncology, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. e493-e503, 2014.
7. T. C. Bruno, J. D. French, K. R. Jordan et al., "Influence of human immune cells on cancer: studies at the University of Colorado", Immunologic Research, vol. 55, no. 1-3, pp. 22-33, 2013.
8. D. G. Bostwick, G. De La Roza, P. Dundore, F. A. Corica, and K. A. Iczkowski, "Intraepithelial and stromal lymphocytes in the normal human prostate", The Prostate, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 187-193, 2003.
9. S. Nakayamada, H. Takahashi, Y. Kanno, and J. J. O'Shea, "Helper T cell diversity and plasticity", Current Opinion in Immunology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 297-302, 2012.
10. M.-R. A. Hussein, M. Al-Assiri, and A. O. Musalam, "Phenotypic characterization of the infiltrating immune cells in normal prostate, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma", Experimental and Molecular Pathology, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 108-113, 2009.
11. K. S. Sfanos and A. M. De Marzo, "Prostate cancer and inflammation: the evidence", Histopathology, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 199-215, 2012.
12. P. A. McArdle, K. Canna, D. C. McMillan, A.-H. McNicol, R. Campbell, and M. A. Underwood, "The relationship between T-lymphocyte subset infiltration and survival in patients with prostate cancer", British Journal of Cancer, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 541-543, 2004.
13. S. Vesalainen, P. Lipponen, M. Talja, and K. Syrjanen, "Histological grade, perineural infiltration, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and apoptosis as determinants of long-term prognosis in prostatic adenocarcinoma", European Journal of Cancer Part A: General Topics, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1797-1803, 1994.
14. J. Irani, J. M. Goujon, E. Ragni et al., "High-grade inflammation in prostate cancer as a prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Pathologist multi center study group", Urology, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 467-472, 1999.
15. S. Ostrand-Rosenberg, P. Sinha, D. W. Beury, and V. K. Clements, "Cross-talk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), macrophages, and dendritic cells enhances tumor-induced immune suppression", Seminars in Cancer Biology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 275-281, 2012.
16. S. Sakaguchi, N. Sakaguchi, M. Asano, M. Itoh, and M. Toda, "Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor α-chains (CD25): breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases", Journal of Immunology, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 1151-1164, 1995.
17. + regulatory T cells: their common role in controlling autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplantation tolerance", Immunological Reviews, vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 18-32, 2001.
18. + regulatory T cells", Current Opinion in Immunology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 203-208, 2004.
19. S. Z. Josefowicz, L.-F. Lu, and A. Y. Rudensky, "Regulatory T cells: mechanisms of differentiation and function", Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 30, pp. 531-564, 2012.
20. X. Lin, M. Chen, Y. Liu et al., "Advances in distinguishing natural from induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cells", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 116-123, 2013.
21. + regulatory T cells", Nature Immunology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 330-336, 2003.
22. M. Beyer and J. L. Schultze, "Regulatory T cells in cancer", Blood, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 804-811, 2006.
23. D. O. Adeegbe and H. Nishikawa, "Natural and induced T regulatory cells in cancer", Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 4, article 190, 2013.
24. H. Nishikawa and S. Sakaguchi, "Regulatory T cells in tumor immunity", International Journal of Cancer, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 759-767, 2010.
25. C. M. Wilke, K. Wu, E. Zhao, G. Wang, and W. Zou, "Prognostic significance of regulatory T cells in tumor", International Journal of Cancer, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 748-758, 2010.
26. S. Tang, M. L. Moore, J. M. Grayson, and P. Dubey, "Increased CD8+ T-cell function following castration and immunization is countered by parallel expansion of regulatory T cells", Cancer Research, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 1975-1985, 2012.
27. high T cells are enriched in the tumor and peripheral blood of prostate cancer patients", The Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, no. 10, pp. 7398-7405, 2006.
28. A. Flammiger, L. Weisbach, H. Huland et al., "High tissue density of FOXP3+ T cells is associated with clinical outcome in prostate cancer", European Journal of Cancer, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1273-1279, 2013.
29. V. Kärjä, S. Aaltomaa, P. Lipponen, T. Isotalo, M. Talja, and R. Mokka, "Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes: a prognostic factor of psa-free survival in patients with local prostate carcinoma treated by radical prostatectomy", Anticancer Research, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 4435-4438, 2005.
30. N.-Y. Huen, A. L.-Y. Pang, J. A. Tucker et al., "Up-regulation of proliferative and migratory genes in regulatory T cells from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer", International Journal of Cancer, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 373-382, 2013.
31. A. Facciabene, G. T. Motz, and G. Coukos, "T-Regulatory cells: key players in tumor immune escape and angiogenesis", Cancer Research, vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 2162-2171, 2012.
32. D. I. Gabrilovich and S. Nagaraj, "Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system", Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 162-174, 2009.
33. D. I. Gabrilovich, S. Ostrand-Rosenberg, and V. Bronte, "Coordinated regulation of myeloid cells by tumours", Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 253-268, 2012.
34. J.-I. Youn and D. I. Gabrilovich, "The biology of myeloidderived suppressor cells: the blessing and the curse of morphological and functional heterogeneity", European Journal of Immunology, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 2969-2975, 2010.
35. K. Movahedi, M. Guilliams, J. Van Den Bossche et al., "Identification of discrete tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell subpopulations with distinct T cell suppressive activity", Blood, vol. 111, no. 8, pp. 4233-4244, 2008.
36. J. Jiang, W. Guo, and X. Liang, "Phenotypes, accumulation, and functions of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and associated treatment strategies in cancer patients", Human Immunology, vol. 75, no. 11, pp. 1128-1137, 2014.
37. P. C. Rodriguez, D. G. Quiceno, J. Zabaleta et al., "Arginase I production in the tumor microenvironment by mature myeloid cells inhibits T-cell receptor expression and antigen-specific T-cell responses", Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 16, pp. 5839-5849, 2004.
38. P. C. Rodríguez and A. C. Ochoa, "Arginine regulation by myeloid derived suppressor cells and tolerance in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives", Immunological Reviews, vol. 222, no. 1, pp. 180-191, 2008.
39. H. Sauer, M. Wartenberg, and J. Hescheler, "Reactive oxygen species as intracellular messengers during cell growth and differentiation", Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 173-186, 2001.
40. + T cells", Journal of Immunology, vol. 183, no. 2, pp. 937-944, 2009.
41. P.-Y. Pan, G. Ma, K. J. Weber et al., "Immune stimulatory receptor CD40 is required for T-cell suppression and T regulatory cell activation mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer", Cancer Research, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 99-108, 2010.
42. N. R. Monu and A. B. Frey, "Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and anti-tumor T cells: a complex relationship", Immunological Investigations, vol. 41, no. 6-7, pp. 595-613, 2012.
43. L. Yang, L. M. De Busk, K. Fukuda et al., "Expansion of myeloid immune suppressor Gr+CD11b+ cells in tumor-bearing host directly promotes tumor angiogenesis", Cancer Cell, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 409-421, 2004.
44. M. Idorn, T. Køllgaard, P. Kongsted, L. Sengeløv, and P. Thor Straten, "Correlation between frequencies of blood monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells and negative prognostic markers in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer", Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 1177-1187, 2014.
45. low/- monocytes in prostate cancer", The Prostate, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 443-455, 2010.
46. D. M. Mosser and J. P. Edwards, "Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation", Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 958-969, 2008.
47. A. Mantovani, B. Bottazzi, F. Colotta, S. Sozzani, and L. Ruco, "The origin and function of tumor-associated macrophages", Immunology Today, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 265-270, 1992.
48. M. Locati, A. Mantovani, and A. Sica, "Macrophage activation and polarization as an adaptive component of innate immunity", Advances in Immunology, vol. 120, pp. 163-184, 2013.
49. J. W. Pollard, "Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis", Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 71-78, 2004.
50. A. Sica and V. Bronte, "Altered macrophage differentiation and immune dysfunction in tumor development", Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 117, no. 5, pp. 1155-1166, 2007
51. T. Chanmee, P. Ontong, K. Konno, and N. Itano, "Tumor-associated macrophages as major players in the tumor microenvironment", Cancers, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1670-1690, 2014.
52. M. Lanciotti, L. Masieri, M. R. Raspollini et al., "The role of M1 and M2 macrophages in prostate cancer in relation to extracapsular tumor extension and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy", BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 486798, 6 pages, 2014.
53. I. F. Lissbrant, P. Stattin, P. Wikstrom, J. E. Damber, L. Egevad, and A. Bergh, "Tumor associated macrophages in human prostate cancer: relation to clinicopathological variables and survival", International Journal of Oncology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 445-451, 2000.
54. N. Nonomura, H. Takayama, M. Nakayama et al., "Infiltration of tumour-associated macrophages in prostate biopsy specimens is predictive of disease progression after hormonal therapy for prostate cancer", BJU International, vol. 107, no. 12, pp. 1918-1922, 2011.
55. S. Shimura, G. Yang, S. Ebara, T. M. Wheeler, A. Frolov, and T. C. Thompson, "Reduced infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in human prostate cancer: association with cancer progression", Cancer Research, vol. 60, no. 20, pp. 5857-5861, 2000.
56. J. Banchereau, F. Briere, C. Caux et al., "Immunobiology of dendritic cells", Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 18, pp. 767-811, 2000.
57. R. M. Steinman and J. Banchereau, "Taking dendritic cells into medicine", Nature, vol. 449, no. 7161, pp. 419-426, 2007
58. J. Tel, S. Anguille, C. E. J. Waterborg, E. L. Smits, C. G. Figdor, and I. J. M. De Vries, "Tumoricidal activity of human dendritic cells", Trends in Immunology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 38-46, 2014.
59. A. Pinzon-Charry, T. Maxwell, and J. A. Lopez, "Dendritic cell dysfunction in cancer: a mechanism for immunosuppression", Immunology and Cell Biology, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 451-461, 2005.
60. B. Almand, J. R. Resser, B. Lindman et al., "Clinical significance of defective dendritic cell differentiation in cancer", Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1755-1766, 2000.
61. A. Pinzon-Charry, C. S. K. Ho, R. Laherty et al., "A population of HLA-DR+ immature cells accumulates in the blood dendritic cell compartment of patients with different types of cancer", Neoplasia, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1112-1122, 2005.
62. Y. Liu, T. Sæter, L. Vlatkovic et al., "Dendritic and lymphocytic cell infiltration in prostate carcinoma", Histology and Histopathology, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1621-1628, 2013.
63. A. Sciarra, M. Lichtner, A. A. Gomez et al., "Characterization of circulating blood dendritic cell subsets DC123+ (lymphoid) and DC11C+ (myeloid) in prostate adenocarcinoma patients", The Prostate, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2007.
64. M. Aalamian-Matheis, G. S. Chatta, M. R. Shurin, E. Huland, H. Huland, and G. V. Shurin, "Inhibition of dendritic cell generation and function by serum from prostate cancer patients: correlation with serum-free PSA", Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 601, pp. 173-182, 2007.
65. P. Kantoff and C. S. Higano, "Integration of immunotherapy into the management of advanced prostate cancer", Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, vol. 30, supplement 5, pp. S41-S47, 2012.
66. M. D. Vesely, M. H. Kershaw, R. D. Schreiber, and M. J. Smyth, "Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer", Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 29, pp. 235-271, 2011.
67. P. W. Kantoff, C. S. Higano, N. D. Shore et al., "Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer", The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 363, no. 5, pp. 411-422, 2010.
68. J. D. Wesley, J. Whitmore, J. Trager, and N. Sheikh, "An overview of sipuleucel-T: autologous cellular immunotherapy for prostate cancer", Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 520-527, 2012.
69. E. Small, P. Fratesi, D. Reese et al., "Immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with antigen-loaded dendritic cells", Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 18, no. 23, pp. 3894-3903, 2000.
70. P. A. Burch, J. K. Breen, J. C. Buckner et al., "Priming tissuespecific cellular immunity in a phase I trial of autologous dendritic cells for prostate cancer", Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 2175-2182, 2000.
71. + regulatory T cell function", Science, vol. 322, no. 5899, pp. 271-275, 2008.
72. S. F. Slovin, C. S. Higano, O. Hamid et al., "Ipilimumab alone or in combination with radiotherapy in metastatic castrationresistant prostate cancer: results from an open-label, multicenter phase I/II study", Annals of Oncology, vol. 24, no. 7, Article ID mdt107, pp. 1813-1821, 2013.
73. E. D. Kwon, C. G. Drake, H. I. Scher et al., "Ipilimumab versus placebo after radiotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that had progressed after docetaxel chemotherapy (CA184-043): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial", The Lancet Oncology, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 700-712, 2014.
74. C. J. Paller and E. S. Antonarakis, "Sipuleucel-T for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer: promise and challenges", Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 509-519, 2012.
75. B. W.-C. Tse, L. Jovanovic, C. C. Nelson, P. De Souza, C. A. Power, and P. J. Russell, "From bench to bedside: immunotherapy for prostate cancer", BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 981434, 11 pages, 2014.
76. E. J. Small, P. F. Schellhammer, C. S. Higano et al., "Placebo-controlled phase III trial of immunologic therapy with Sipuleucel-T (APC8015) in patients with metastatic, asymptomatic hormone refractory prostate cancer", Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 24, no. 19, pp. 3089-3094, 2006.
77. C. S. Higano, P. F. Schellhammer, E. J. Small et al., "Integrated data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in advanced prostate cancer", Cancer, vol. 115, no. 16, pp. 3670-3679, 2009.
78. P. F. Schellhammer, G. Chodak, J. B. Whitmore, R. Sims, M. W. Frohlich, and P. W. Kantoff, "Lower baseline prostatespecific antigen is associated with a greater overall survival benefit from sipuleucel-T in the immunotherapy for prostate adenocarcinoma treatment (IMPACT) trial", Urology, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 1297-1302, 2013.
79. R. Pili, M. Häggman, W. M. Stadler et al., "Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tasquinimod in men with minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer", Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 29, no. 30, pp. 4022-4028, 2011.
80. A. J. Armstrong, M. Häggman, W. M. Stadler et al., "Longterm survival and biomarker correlates of tasquinimod efficacy in a multicenter randomized study of men with minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer", Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 19, no. 24, pp. 6891-6901, 2013.
81. S. L. Dalrymple, R. E. Becker, and J. T. Isaacs, "The quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent, tasquinimod, enhances the anti-prostate cancer efficacy of androgen ablation and taxotere without effecting serum PSA directly in human xenografts", The Prostate, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 790-797, 2007.
82. S. L. Dalrymple, R. E. Becker, H. Zhou, T. L. Deweese, and J. T. Isaacs, "Tasquinimod prevents the angiogenic rebound induced by fractionated radiation resulting in an enhanced therapeutic response of prostate cancer xenografts", The Prostate, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 638-648, 2012.
83. J. T. Isaacs, R. Pili, D. Z. Qian et al., "Identification of ABR-215050 as lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer", Prostate, vol. 66, no. 16, pp. 1768-1778, 2006.
84. J. T. Isaacs, L. Antony, S. L. Dalrymple et al., "Tasquinimod is an allosteric modulator of HDAC4 survival signaling within the compromised cancer microenvironment", Cancer Research, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1386-1399, 2013.
85. L. Shen, A. Sundstedt, M. Ciesielski et al., "Tasquinimod modulates suppressive myeloid cells and enhances cancer immunotherapies in murine models", Cancer Immunology Research, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 136-148, 2015.
86. C. G. Drake, "Prostate cancer as a model for tumour immunotherapy", Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 580-593, 2010.
87. P. W. Kantoff, T. J. Schuetz, B. A. Blumenstein et al., "Overall survival analysis of a phase II randomized controlled trial of a poxviral-based PSA-targeted immunotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer", Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1099-1105, 2010.
88. D. T. Le, D. M. Pardoll, and E. M. Jaffee, "Cellular vaccine approaches", Cancer Journal, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 304-310, 2010.
89. E. J. Small, N. Sacks, J. Nemunaitis et al., "Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting allogeneic cellular immunotherapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer", Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 13, no. 13, pp. 3883-3891, 2007.
90. C. S. Higano, J. M. Corman, D. C. Smith et al., "Phase 1/2 doseescalation study of a GM-CSF-secreting, allogeneic, cellular immunotherapy for metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer", Cancer, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 975-984, 2008.
91. C. G. Drake, "Immunotherapy for prostate cancer: walk, don't run", Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 27, no. 25, pp. 4035-4037, 2009.
92. A. J. M. Van Den Eertwegh, J. Versluis, H. P. Van Den Berg et al., "Combined immunotherapy with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transduced allogeneic prostate cancer cells and ipilimumab in patients with metastatic castrationresistant prostate cancer: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial", The Lancet Oncology, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 509-517, 2012.
93. R. A. Madan, M. Mohebtash, P. M. Arlen et al., "Ipilimumab and a poxviral vaccine targeting prostate-specific antigen in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial", The Lancet Oncology, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 501-508, 2012.
94. C. G. Drake, P. Sharma, and W. Gerritsen, "Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: new therapies, novel combination strategies and implications for immunotherapy", Oncogene, vol. 33, no. 43, pp. 5053-5064, 2014.