Agonist medications for the treatment of cocaine use disorder

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 40, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 1815-1825

  Negus, S Stevens ^a   Henningfield, Jack ^b,c  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PINNEY ASSOCIATES   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ADDICTION; NICOTINE; OPIATE; OXYBATE SODIUM;

AGONIST; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COCAINE DEPENDENCE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG DEPENDENCE TREATMENT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG USE; FIBROMYALGIA; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OPIATE ADDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; AGONISTS; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; METABOLISM;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COCAINE; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS;

EID: 84930821120     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: 1740634X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.322     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Ahmed SH, Lenoir M, Guillem K (2013). Neurobiology of addiction versus drug use driven by lack of choice. Curr Opin Neurobiol 23: 581-587.
2. Amato L, Minozzi S, Pani PP, Davoli M (2007). Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) CD006306.
3. Amato L, Minozzi S, Pani PP, Solimini R, Vecchi S, Zuccaro P et al (2011). Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) CD003352.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th Edn American Psychiatric Publishing: Arlington, VA.
5. Banks ML, Blough BE, Fennell TR, Snyder RW, Negus SS (2013a). Effects of phendimetrazine treatment on cocaine vs food choice and extended-access cocaine consumption in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 38: 2698-2707.
6. Banks ML, Blough BE, Negus SS (2011). Effects of monoamine releasers with varying selectivity for releasing dopamine/norepinephrine versus serotonin on choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol 22: 824-836.
7. Banks ML, Blough BE, Negus SS (2013b). Effects of 14-day treatment with the schedule III anorectic phendimetrazine on choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 131: 204-213.
8. Banks ML, Negus SS (2012). Preclinical determinants of drug choice under concurrent schedules of drug self-administration. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2012: 281768.
9. Bauer CT, Banks ML, Negus SS (2014). The effect of chronic amphetamine treatment on cocaine-induced facilitation of intracranial selfstimulation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 231: 2461-2470.
10. Baumann MH, Ayestas MA Jr, Partilla JS, Sink JR, Shulgin AT, Daley PF et al (2012a). The designer methcathinone analogs, mephedrone and methylone, are substrates for monoamine transporters in brain tissue. Neuropsychopharmacology 37: 1192-1203.
11. Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Lehner KR, Thorndike EB, Hoffman AF, Holy M et al (2012b). Powerful cocaine-like actions of 3, 4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a principal constituent of psychoactive 'bath salts' products. Neuropsychopharmacology 38: 552-562.
12. Bonano JS, Runyon SP, Hassler C, Glennon RA, Negus S (2014). Effects of the neuropeptide S receptor antagonist RTI-118 on abuse-related facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation produced by cocaine and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 743: 98-105.
13. Calderon SN, Klein M (2014). A regulatory perspective on the abuse potential evaluation of novel stimulant drugs in the United States. Neuropharmacology 87C: 97-103.
14. Cameron K, Kolanos R, Verkariya R, De Felice L, Glennon RA (2013). Mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), major constituents of 'bath salts, ' produce opposite effects at the human dopamine transporter. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 227: 493-499.
15. Campbell ND, Lovell AM (2012). The history of the development of buprenorphine as an addiction therapeutic. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1248: 124-139.
16. Carpenter MJ, Jardin BF, Burris JL, Mathew AR, Schnoll RA, Rigotti NA et al (2013). Clinical strategies to enhance the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: a review of the literature. Drugs 73: 407-426.
17. Carter LP, Pardi D, Gorsline J, Griffiths RR (2009). Illicit gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem): differences in characteristics and misuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 104: 1-10.
18. Castells X, Casas M, Perez-Mana C, Roncero C, Vidal X, Capella D (2010). Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) CD007380.
19. Chiodo KA, Lack CM, Roberts DC (2008). Cocaine self-administration reinforced on a progressive ratio schedule decreases with continuous D-amphetamine treatment in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 200: 465-473.
20. Comer SD, Mogali S, Saccone PA, Askalsky P, Martinez D, Walker EA et al (2013). Effects of acute oral naltrexone on the subjective and physiological effects of oral D-amphetamine and smoked cocaine in cocaine abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology 38: 2427-2438.
21. Comer SD, Sullivan MA, Hulse GK (2007). Sustained-release naltrexone: novel treatment for opioid dependence. Exp Opinion Invest Drugs 16: 1285-1294.
22. Cone EJ, Giordano J, Weingarten B (2013). An iterative model for in vitro laboratory assessment of tamper deterrent formulations. Drug Alcohol Depend 131: 100-105.
23. Czoty PW, Gould RW, Martelle JL, Nader MA (2011). Prolonged attenuation of the reinforcing strength of cocaine by chronic d-amphetamine in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 36: 539-547.
24. Czoty PW, Martelle JL, Nader MA (2010). Effects of chronic d-amphetamine administration on reinforcing strength of cocaine in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 209: 375-382.
25. Czoty PW, Martelle SE, Gould RW, Nader MA (2013). Effects of chronic methylphenidate on cocaine self-administration under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 345: 374-382.
26. Dart RC (2009). Monitoring risk: post marketing surveillance and signal detection. Drug Alcohol Depend 105 Suppl 1: S26-S32.
27. Dasgupta N, Schnoll SH (2009). Signal detection in post-marketing surveillance for controlled substances. Drug Alcohol Depend 105 Suppl 1: S33-S41.
28. Esposito RU, Perry W, Kornetsky C (1980). Effects of d-amphetamine and naloxone on brain stimulation reward. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 69: 187-191.
29. FDA (1995, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Medical Review for Application Number 18-612/S022, 20-066/S004, Nicorette DS for Smoking Cessation. Accessed: 1 December 2014 at http://www. accessdata. fda. gov/drugsatfda-docs/nda/96/018612s022-Nicorette-medr. PDF.
30. FDA (2002, Subutex and Suboxone approved to treat opiate dependence. Accessed: 21 October 2014 at http://www. fda. gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatients andProviders/ucm191521. htm.
31. FDA (2006, Requirements on content and format of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products and draft guidances and two guidances for industry on the content and format of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products; Final rule and notices. Federal Register, 21 CFR Parts 201, 314, and 601. pp. 3922-3997.
32. FDA (2009). Guidance for Industry. Format and Content of Proposed Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS), REMS Assessments, and Proposed REMS Modifications. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER): Silver Spring, MD, September 2009.
33. FDA (2010a). Guidance for Industry. Assessment of Abuse Potential of Drugs. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER): Silver Spring, MD, January 2010.
34. FDA (2010b): Sodium oxybate oral solution, NDA 22-531. Joint meeting of the Arthritis Drugs Advisory Committee and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee, August 20, 2010. Accessed: 21 October 2014 at http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/Arthritis AdvisoryCommittee/UCM222888.pdf.
35. FDA (2013a). Guidance for Industry. Abuse-deterrent Opioids-Evaluation and Labeling. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER): Silver Spring, MD, January 2013.
36. FDA (2013b, How Drugs are Developed and Approved. Accessed: 21 October 2014 at http://www. fda. gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApproval Process/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/default. htm.
37. FDA (2013c, New Drug Application (NDA), Introduction. Accessed: 21 October at http://www. fda. gov/drugs/development approvalprocess/howdrugsaredevelopedandapproved/approval applications/newdrugapplicationnda/default. htm.
38. FDA (2013d, Structured Approach to Benefit-Risk Assessment in Drug Regulatory Decision-Making, PDUFA V Plan (FY 2013-2017), Draft of February 2013. Accessed: 1 December 2014 at http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/PrescriptionDrugUserFee/UCM329758.pdf.
39. Fiore MC, Jaén CR, Baker TB, Bailey WC, Benowitz NL, Curry SJ et al (2008). Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Quick reference guide for clinicians. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service: Rockville, MD.
40. Fleckenstein AE, Haughey HM, Metzger RR, Kokoshka JM, Riddle EL, Hanson JE et al (1999). Differential effects of psychostimulants and related agents on dopaminergic and serotonergic transporter function. Eur J Pharmacol 382: 45-49.
41. Fucito LM, Bars MP, Forray A, Rojewski AM, Shiffman S, Selby P et al (2014). Addressing the evidence for FDA nicotine replacement therapy label changes: a policy statement of the Association for the Treatment of Tobacco use and Dependence and the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res 16: 909-914.
42. Galloway GP, Buscemi R, Coyle JR, Flower K, Siegrist JD, Fiske LA et al (2011). A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sustainedrelease dextroamphetamine for treatment of methamphetamine addiction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 89: 276-282.
43. Gerlach KK, Dasgupta N, Schnoll SH, Henningfield JE (2014). Epidemiology of stimulant misuse and abuse: implications for future epidemiologic and neuropharmacologic research. Neuropharmacology 87C: 91-96.
44. Gorelick DA (2012). Pharmacokinetic strategies for treatment of drug overdose and addiction. Future Med Chem 4: 227-243.
45. Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Schmitz J, Stotts A, Daruzska LA, Creson D et al (2001). Dextroamphetamine for cocaine-dependence treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21: 522-526.
46. Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Silverman P, Schmitz JM, Stotts A, Creson D et al (2000). Risperidone for the treatment of cocaine dependence: randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20: 305-310.
47. Grabowski J, Shearer J, Merrill J, Negus SS (2004). Agonist-like, replacement pharmacotherapy for stimulant abuse and dependence. Addict Behav 29: 1439-1464.
48. Greenwald MK, Lundahl LH, Steinmiller CL (2010). Sustained release d-amphetamine reduces cocaine but not 'speedball'-seeking in buprenorphine-maintained volunteers: a test of dualagonist pharmacotherapy for cocaine/heroin polydrug abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology 35: 2624-2637.
49. Haile CN, De La Garza R 2nd, Newton TF (2010). Methamphetamine cured my cocaine addiction. J Addict Res Therapy 1: 1000103.
50. Haney M, Ward AS, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (2001). Effects of ecopipam, a selective dopamine D1 antagonist, on smoked cocaine self-administration by humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 155: 330-337.
51. Herin DV, Rush CR, Grabowski J (2010). Agonist-like pharmacotherapy for stimulant dependence: preclinical, human laboratory, and clinical studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1187: 76-100.
52. Heyman GM (2009). Addiction: A Disorder of Choice. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
53. Hilts PJ (2003). Protecting America's Health: the FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of Regulation. Alfred A Knopf: New York.
54. Hitzemann R, Curell J, Hom D, Loh H (1982). Effects of naloxone on d-amphetamine-and apomorphine-induced behavior. Neuropharmacology 21: 1005-1011.
55. Holtzman SG (1976). Comparison of the effects of morphine, pentazocine, cyclazocine and amphetamine on intracranial selfstimulation in the rat. Psychopharmacologia 46: 223-227.
56. Hooks MS, Jones DN, Justice JB Jr. , Holtzman SG (1992). Naloxone reduces amphetamine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity and in vivo dopamine release in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 42: 765-770.
57. Howell LL, Negus SS (2014). Monoamine transporter inhibitors and substrates as treatments for stimulant abuse. Adv Pharmacol 69: 129-176
58. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics (2014): U. S. pharmaceutical sales-2013. Accessed: 21 October 2014 at http://www.drugs.com/stats/top100/2013/units.
59. Jayaram-Lindstrom N, Hammarberg A, Beck O, Franck J (2008a). Naltrexone for the treatment of amphetamine dependence: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 165: 1442-1448.
60. Jayaram-Lindstrom N, Konstenius M, Eksborg S, Beck O, Hammarberg A, Franck J (2008b). Naltrexone attenuates the subjective effects of amphetamine in patients with amphetamine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 33: 1856-1863.
61. Jayaram-Lindstrom N, Wennberg P, Hurd YL, Franck J (2004). Effects of naltrexone on the subjective response to amphetamine in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24: 665-669.
62. Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2014): Full Prescribing Information: XYREMs (sodium oxybate) oral solution, CIII. Accessed: 21 October 2014 at http://www. xyrem. com/images/XYREM PI. pdf.
63. Jimenez-Gomez C, Winger G, Dean RL, Deaver DR, Woods JH (2011). Naltrexone decreases D-amphetamine and ethanol selfadministration in rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol 22: 87-90.
64. Johanson CE, Fischman MW (1989). The pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse. Pharmacol Rev 41: 3-52.
65. Koob GF (1992). Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement. Ann N Y Acad Sci 654: 171-191.
66. Koob GF (2009). Brain stress systems in the amygdala and addiction. Brain Res 1293: 61-75.
67. Kozlowski LT, Giovino GA, Edwards B, Difranza J, Foulds J, Hurt R et al (2007). Advice on using over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy-patch, gum, or lozenge-to quit smoking. Addict Behav 32: 2140-2150.
68. Kreek MJ, LaForge KS, Butelman E (2002). Pharmacotherapy of addictions. Nat Rev 1: 710-726.
69. Kreek MJ, Levran O, Reed B, Schlussman SD, Zhou Y, Butelman ER (2012). Opiate addiction and cocaine addiction: underlying molecular neurobiology and genetics. J Clin Invest 122: 3387-3393.
70. Lane SD, Green CE, Schmitz JM, Rathnayaka N, Fang WB, Ferré S et al (2014). Comparison of caffeine and d-amphetamine in cocaine-dependent subjects: Differential outcomes on subjective and cardiovascular effects, reward learning, and salivary paraxanthine. J Addict Res Ther 5: 176.
71. Leiderman DB (2009). Risk management of drug products and the U. S. Food and Drug Administration: evolution and context. Drug Alcohol Depend 105 Suppl 1: S9-S13.
72. Lile JA (2006). Pharmacological determinants of the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants: relation to agonist substitution treatment. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 14: 20-33.
73. Lin SJ, Crawford SY, Lurvey PL (2005). Trend and area variation in amphetamine prescription usage among children and adolescents in Michigan. Soc Sci Med 60: 617-626.
74. Longo M, Wickes W, Smout M, Harrison S, Cahill S, White JM (2010). Randomized controlled trial of dexamphetamine maintenance for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Addiction 105: 146-154.
75. Mariani JJ, Pavlicova M, Bisaga A, Nunes EV, Brooks DJ, Levin FR (2012). Extended-release mixed amphetamine salts and topiramate for cocaine dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 72: 950-956.
76. McCormick CG, Henningfield JE, Haddox JD, Varughese S, Lindholm A, Rosen S et al (2009). Case histories in pharmaceutical risk management. Drug Alcohol Depend 105 Suppl 1: S42-S55.
77. Minozzi S, Amato L, Davoli M, Farrell M, Lima Reisser AA, Pani PP et al (2008). Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (Online) CD006754.
78. Mooney ME, Herin DV, Schmitz JM, Moukaddam N, Green CE, Grabowski J (2009). Effects of oral methamphetamine on cocaine use: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 101: 34-41.
79. Negus SS (2003). Rapid assessment of choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys: effects of environmental manipulations and treatment with d-amphetamine and flupenthixol. Neuropsychopharmacology 28: 919-931.
80. Negus SS, Banks ML (2013). Medications development for opioid abuse. Cold Spring Harb Perspects Med 3: a012104.
81. Negus SS, Baumann MH, Rothman RB, Mello NK, Blough BE (2009). Selective suppression of cocaine-versus food-maintained responding by monoamine releasers in rhesus monkeys: benzylpiperazine, (\+)phenmetrazine, and 4-benzylpiperidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 329: 272-281.
82. Negus SS, Mello NK (2003a). Effects of chronic d-amphetamine treatment on cocaine-and food-maintained responding under a progressive-ratio schedule in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 167: 324-332.
83. Negus SS, Mello NK (2003b). Effects of chronic d-amphetamine treatment on cocaine-and food-maintained responding under a second-order schedule in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 70: 39-52.
84. Negus SS, Mello NK, Blough BE, Baumann MH, Rothman RB (2007). Monoamine releasers with varying selectivity for dopamine/norepinephrine versus serotonin release as candidate 'agonist' medications for cocaine dependence: studies in assays of cocaine discrimination and cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320: 627-636.
85. NIDA (2014a): DrugFacts: Stimulant ADHD Medications-Methylphenidate and Amphetamines. Accessed: 21 October 2014 at http://www. drugabuse. gov/publications/drugfacts/stimulantadhd-medications-methylphenidate-amphetamines.
86. NIDA (2014b): National Institute on Drug Abuse: The Addiction Treatment Discovery Program (ATDP). Accessed: 21 October 2014 at http://www. drugabuse. gov/about-nida/organization/divisions/division-pharmacotherapies-medical-consequences-drug-abusedpmcda/research-programs.
87. NIDA (2014c): Methamphetamine. Accessed: 3 November 2014 at http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/methamphetamine.
88. O'Brien CP (2011). Drug addiction. In: Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B (eds. ) Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th edn, McGraw Hill: New York, 2011, pp 649-668.
89. Pani PP, Trogu E, Vacca R, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M (2011a). Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) CD007024.
90. Pani PP, Trogu E, Vecchi S, Amato L (2011b). Antidepressants for cocaine dependence and problematic cocaine use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) CD002950.
91. PHS Guideline Update Panel L, Staff (2008). Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update U. S. Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline executive summary. Respir Care 53: 1217-1222.
92. Pike E, Stoops WW, Hays LR, Glaser PE, Rush CR (2014). Methamphetamine self-administration in humans during D-Amphetamine maintenance. J Clin Psychopharmacol 34: 675-681.
93. Pina K, Pines W (2012). A Practical Guide to FDA's Food and Drug Law and Regulation. The Food and Drug Law Institute: Washington, DC.
94. Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I et al (2012). Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers. Curr Med Chem 19: 5647-5657.
95. Preston KL, Umbricht A, Epstein DH (2000). Methadone dose increase and abstinence reinforcement for treatment of continued heroin use during methadone maintenance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 395-404.
96. Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ (1987). Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine. Science 237: 1219-1223.
97. Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI et al (2001). Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Synapse 39: 32-41.
98. Rothman RB, Blough BE, Baumann MH (2002). Appetite suppressants as agonist substitution therapies for stimulant dependence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 965: 109-126.
99. Rothman RB, Blough BE, Woolverton WL, Anderson KG, Negus SS, Mello NK et al (2005). Development of a rationally designed, low abuse potential, biogenic amine releaser that suppresses cocaine self-administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313: 1361-1369.
100. Rush CR, Stoops WW, Hays LR (2009). Cocaine effects during d-amphetamine maintenance: a human laboratory analysis of safety, tolerability and efficacy. Drug Alcohol Depend 99: 261-271.
101. Rush CR, Stoops WW, Sevak RJ, Hays LR (2010). Cocaine choice in humans during D-amphetamine maintenance. J Clin Psychopharmacol 30: 152-159.
102. SAMHSA (2014a): Buprenorphine-containing Transmucosal Products for Opioid Dependence (BTOD) Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS). Accessed: 22 September 2014 at http://www. fda. gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/Postmarket DrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/UCM340914. pdf.
103. SAMHSA (2014b): Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 2001-2011: National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. Accessed: 21 October 2014 at http://www. samhsa. gov/data/client-level-data-teds/reports?tab=18.
104. Schnoll SH, Ertischek M, Henningfield JE (2006). Risk management programs: a supplement to the controlled substances act. Food Drug Law J Update 2006: 19-23.
105. Stoops WW, Rush CR (2013). Agonist replacement for stimulant dependence: a review of clinical research. Curr Pharm Des 19: 7026-7035.
106. Thomsen M, Barrett AC, Negus SS, Caine SB (2012). Cocaine-food choice in rats: environmental manipulations and effects of amphetamine. J Exp Anal Behav 99: 211-233.
107. Trujillo KA, Belluzzi JD, Stein L (1991). Naloxone blockade of amphetamine place preference conditioning. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 104: 265-274.
108. van Kammen DP, Schulz SC (1985). d-Amphetamine raises cortisol levels in schizophrenic patients with and without chronic naltrexone pretreatment. J Neural Transm 64: 35-43.
109. Volkow ND (2013): Methamphetamine: Letter from the Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Accessed: 3 November 2014 at http://www. drugabuse. gov/publications/research-reports/metham phetamine/letter-director.
110. Winslow JT, Miczek KA (1988). Naltrexone blocks amphetamineinduced hyperactivity, but not disruption of social and agonistic behavior in mice and squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 96: 493-499.
111. Wiskerke J, Schetters D, van Es IE, van Mourik Y, den Hollander BR, Schoffelmeer AN et al (2011). mu-Opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell region mediate the effects of amphetamine on inhibitory control but not impulsive choice. J Neurosci 31: 262-272.
112. Woolfolk DR, Holtzman SG (1997). mu-, delta-and kappa-opioid receptor agonists do not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine or d-amphetamine in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 48: 209-220.