Mechanisms, assessment and therapeutic implications of lung hyperinflation in COPD

Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 109, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 785-802

  Rossi, Andrea ^a,b   Aisanov, Zaurbek ^c,d   Avdeev, Sergey ^c,d   Di Maria, Giuseppe ^e,f   Donner, Claudio F ^g,h   Izquierdo, José Luis ^i,j   Roche, Nicolas ^k   Similowski, Thomas ^l,m   Watz, Henrik ⁿ   Worth, Heinrich ^o   Miravitlles, Marc ^j,p  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO)   (Italy)

^c Pulmonology Research Institute   (Russian Federation)

^d Russian Respiratory Society (RRS)   (Russian Federation)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^f Società Italiana di Medicina Respiratoria SIMeR   (Italy)

^g Mondo Medico   (Italy)

^h Associazione Scientifica Interdisciplinare per Lo Studio Delle Malattie Respiratorie (AIMAR)   (Italy)

ⁱ HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE GUADALAJARA   (Spain)

^j Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery ^*  (Spain)

^k University of Paris Descartes   (France)

^l PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^m INSERM   (France)

ⁿ GERMAN CENTER FOR LUNG RESEARCH   (Germany)

^o UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^p HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

more..

Author keywords

COPD; Diagnosis; Lung hyperinflation; Pathogenesis; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BREATHING MECHANICS; BREATHING RATE; BRONCHODILATATION; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DYSPNEA; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; EXHALATION; EXPIRATORY FLOW; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; GAS EXCHANGE; HEART FUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPOVOLEMIA; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG HYPERINFLATION (DISEASE); LUNG PARENCHYMA; LUNG VOLUME; MUSCLE DISEASE; MUSCLE TRAINING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESIDUAL VOLUME; RESPIRATORY AIRFLOW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; THORAX DEFORMITY; THORAX PRESSURE; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TIDAL VOLUME; TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY; BREATHING EXERCISE; LUNG; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; PROCEDURES; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE;

BREATHING EXERCISES; HUMANS; LUNG; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS;

EID: 84930754875     PISSN: 09546111     EISSN: 15323064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.03.010     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. A. Buist, M. McBurnie, W. Vollmer, S. Gillespie, P. Burney, and D. Mannino International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD study): a population-based prevalence study Lancet 370 2007 741 750
2. C.J.L. Murray, and A.D. Lopez Measuring the global burden of disease N Eng J Med 369 2013 448 457
3. P. Gagnon, J.A. Guenette, D. Langer, L. Laviolette, V. Mainguy, and V. Maltais Pathogenesis of hyperinflation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Int J Chron Obs Pulm Dis 9 2014 187 201
4. B.C. Cooper The connection between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms and hyperinflation and its impact on exercise and function Am J Med 10A 2006 S21 S31
5. H. Watz, B. Waschki, C. Boehme, M. Claussen, T. Meyer, and H. Magnussen Extrapulmonary effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on physical activity: a cross-sectional study Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177 2008 743 751
6. H. Watz, B. Waschki, T. Meyer, G. Kretschmar, A. Kirsten, M. Claussen, and H. Magnussen Decreasing cardiac chamber sizes and associated heart dysfunction in COPD - role of hyperinflation Chest 138 2010 32 38
7. Agostoni E. Static, E.J.M. Campbell, E. Agostoni, and J. Newsom Davis The respiratory muscles 1970 Lloyd-Luke London 138
8. T. Similowski, J.P. Derenne, and J. Milic-Emili Respiratory mechanics during acute respiratory failure of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease J.P. Derenne, W. Whitelaw, T. Similowski, Acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1996 Marcel Dekker NY 23 46
9. G.J. Gibson Pulmonary hyperinflation a clinical overview Eur Respir J 9 1996 2640 2649
10. B.R. Celli Pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A. Aliverti, V. Brusasco, P.T. Macklem, A. Pedotti, Mechanics of breathing pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment 2002 Springer-Verlag Italia Milano 218 231
11. J. Stocks, and P.H. Quanjer Reference values for residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity Eur Respir J 8 1995 492 506
12. D.E. O'Donnell, and P. Laveneziana Physiology and consequences of lung hyperinflation in COPD Eur Respir Rev 15 2006 61 67
13. P. Carbonara, and D.H. Eidelman Pulmonary statics in diseases Q. Hamid, J. Shannon, J. Martin, Physiologic basis of respiratory diseases 2005 Dekker Inc. Hamilton, Ont., Canada 69 76
14. A. De Troyer, and N.B. Pride The chest wall and the respiratory muscles in COPD Ch Roussos, The thorax, part C: disease 1995 Marcel Dekker Inc New York, NY, USA 1975 2006
15. P.T. Macklem Therapeutic implications of the pathophysiology of COPD Eur Respir J 35 2010 676 680
16. J. Milic-Emili, R. Torchio, and E. D'Angelo Closing volume: a reappraisal Eur J Appl Physiol 99 2007 567 583
17. P.M.A. Calverley, and N.G. Koulouris Flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation: key concepts in modern respiratory physiology Eur Respir J 25 2005 186 199
18. A. Rossi, G. Polese, G. Brandi, and G. Conti Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) Intensive Care Med 21 1995 547 553
19. S. Khirani, G. Polese, and A. Aliverti On line monitoring of lung mechanics during spontaneous breathing: a physiologic study Respir Med 104 2010 463 471
20. J.J. Marini Dynamic hyperinflation and auto-positive end-expiratory pressure. Lesson learned over 30 years Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184 2011 756 762
21. M.M. Mughal, D.A. Culver, O.A. Minai, and A.C. Arrolinga Auto-positive end-expiratory pressure: mechanisms and treatment Clevel Clin J Med 72 2005 801 809
22. N.B. Pride, and P.T. Macklem Lung mechanics in disease Handbook of physiology, section 3 the respiratory system The mechanics of breathing, part 2 vol. 3 1986 American Physiological Society Bethesda, Ma 659 692
23. N.R. Anthonisen Tests of mechanical function Handbook of physiology, section 3 the respiratory system The mechanics of breathing, part 2 vol. 3 1986 American Physiological Society Bethesda, Ma 753 783
24. L. Appendini, A. Purro, and A. Patessio Partitioning of inspiratory muscle workload and pressure assistance in ventilator-dependent COPD patients Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154 1996 1301 1309
25. J.A. Guenette, K.A. Webb, and D.E. O'Donnell Does dynamic hyperinflation contribute to dyspnoea during exercise in patients with COPD? Eur Respir J 40 2012 322 329
26. P. Laveneziana, K.A. Webb, K. Wadell, J.A. Neder, and D.E. O'Donnell Does expiratory muscle activity influence dynamic hyperinflation and exertional dyspnea in COPD? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 199 2014 24 33
27. A. De Troyer Effect of hyperinflation on the diaphragm Eur Respir J 10 1997 708 713
28. L. Dal Vecchio, G. Polese, R. Poggi, and A. Rossi Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 3 1990 74 80
29. J. Haluszka, D. Chartrand, A. Grassini, and J. Milic-Emili Intrinsic PEEP and arterial PCO2 in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am Rev Respir Dis 141 1990 1194 1197
30. J.A. Wedzicha, M. Decramer, and T.A. Seemugal The role of bronchodilator treatment in the prevention of exacerbations of COPD Eur Respir J 40 2012 1545 1554
31. ATS, ERS, ESICM, and SRLF International consensus conference in intensive care medicine: noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 2001 283 291
32. S. Levine, L. Kaiser, J. Leferovich, and B. Tikunov Cellular adaptation in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease N Eng J Med 337 1997 1799 1806
33. T. Similowski, S. Yan, A.P. Gauthier, P.T. Macklem, and F. Bellemare Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation N Eng J Med 325 1991 917 923
34. Y. Kawagoe, S. Permutt, and H.E. Fessler Hyperinflation with intrinsic PEEP and respiratory muscle blood flow J Appl Physiol 77 1994 2440 2448
35. R. Brandolese, C. Broseghini, G. Polese, M. Bernasconi, G. Brandi, J. Milic-Emili, and A. Rossi Effects of intrinsic PEEP on pulmonary gas exchange in mechanically-ventilated patients Eur Respir J 6 1993 358 363
36. R. Rodriguez-Roisin, and W. MacNee Pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir Mon 11 2006 177 200
37. R. Rodriguez-Roisin, M. Drakulovic, and D.A. Rodriguez Ventilation-perfusion mismatching and COPD staging severity J Appl Physiol 106 2009 1902 1908
38. M.V. Ranieri, M. Dambrosio, and N. Brienza Intrinsic PEEP and cardiopulmonary interaction in patients with COPD and acute ventilatory failure Eur Respir J 9 1996 1283 1292
39. M.B. Parshall, R.M. Schwartzstein, L. Adams, R.B. Banzett, H.L. Manning, J. Bourbeau, P.M. Calverley, A.G. Gift, A. Harver, S.C. Lareau, D.A. Mahler, P.M. Meek, and D.E. O'Donnell An official American thoracic society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnoea Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185 2012 435 452
40. R.W. Lansing, R.H. Gracely, and R.B. Banzett The multiple dimensions of dyspnoea: review and hypotheses Respir Physiol Neurobiol 167 2009 53 60
41. P.R. Burgel, R. Escamilla, T. Perez, P. Carre, D. Caillaud, P. Chanez, C. Pinet, G. Jebrak, G. Brinchault, I. Court-Fortune, J.L. Paillasseur, and N. Roche Impact of comorbidities on COPD-specific health-related quality of life Respir Med 107 2013 233 241
42. W.D. Dijk, L. Bemt, S. Haak-Rongen, E. Bischoff, C. Weel, J.C. Veen, and T.R. Schermer Multidimensional prognostic indices for use in COPD patient care. A systematic review Respir Res 12 2011 151
43. J. Sundh, C. Janson, K. Lisspers, B. Stallberg, and S. Montgomery The dyspnoea, obstruction, smoking, exacerbation (DOSE) index is predictive of mortality in COPD Prim Care Respir J 21 2012 295 301
44. N. Roche, M. Zureik, D. Soussan, F. Neukirch, and D. Perrotin Predictors of outcomes in COPD exacerbation cases presenting to the emergency department Eur Respir J 32 2008 953 961
45. K. Nishimura, T. Izumi, M. Tsukino, and T. Oga Dyspnoea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD Chest 121 2002 1434 1440
46. P. Laveneziana, G.I. Bruni, I. Presi, L. Stendardi, R. Duranti, and G. Scano Tidal volume inflection and its sensory consequences during exercise in patients with stable asthma Respir Physiol Neurobiol 185 2013 374 379
47. P. Laveneziana, K.A. Webb, J. Ora, K. Wadell, and D.E. O'Donnell Evolution of dyspnea during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact of critical volume constraints Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184 2011 1367 1373
48. R.B. Banzett, S.H. Pedersen, R.M. Schwartzstein, and R.W. Lansing The affective dimension of laboratory dyspnea: air hunger is more unpleasant than work/effort Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177 2008 1384 1390
49. J.C. Bestall, E.A. Paul, R. Garrod, R. Garnham, P.W. Jones, and J.A. Wedzicha Usefulness of the medical research council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 54 1999 581 586
50. P.M.A. Calverley Dynamic hyperinflation: is it worth measuring? Proc Am Thorac Soc 3 3 2006 239 244
51. D. Jensen, A. Alsuhail, R. Viola, D.J. Dudgeon, K.A. Webb, and D.E. O'Donnell Inhaled fentanyl citrate improves exercise endurance during high-intensity constant work rate cycle exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease J Pain Symptom Manage 43 4 2012 706 719
52. V. Carrieri-Kohlman, J.M. Gormley, S. Eiser, S. Demir-Deviren, H. Nguyen, S.M. Paul, and M.S. Stulbarg Dyspnoea and the affective response during exercise training in obstructive pulmonary disease Nurs Res 50 3 2001 136 146
53. D.E. O'Donnell Ventilatory limitations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 2001 S647 S655
54. J.M. Marin, S.J. Carrizo, M. Gascon, A. Sanchez, B. Gallego, and B.R. Celli Inspiratory capacity, dynamic hyperinflation, breathlessness, and exercise performance during the 6-minute-walk test in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 2001 1395 1399
55. J.D. Hannink, H.A. van Helvoort, P.N. Dekhuijzen, and Y.F. Heijdra Dynamic hyperinflation during daily activities: does COPD global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease stage matter? Chest 137 2010 1116
56. D. Ofir, P. Laveneziana, K.A. Webb, Y.M. Lam, and D.E. O'Donnell Mechanisms of dyspnoea during cycle exercise in symptomatic patients with GOLD stage I chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177 2008 622 629
57. J.A. Guenette, R.C. Chin, and S. Cheng Mechanism of exercise intolerance in global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease grade 1 COPD Eur Respir J 44 2014 1177 1187
58. M. Younes, and G. Kivinen Respiratory mechanics and breathing pattern during and following maximal exercise J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 57 1984 1773
59. J.A. Guenette, R.C. Chin, J.M. Cory, K.A. Webb, and D.E. O'Donnell Inspiratory capacity during exercise: measurement, analysis, and interpretation Pulm Med 2013 10.1155/2013/956081 Article ID 956081
60. D.E. O'Donnell, S.M. Revill, and K.A. Webb Dynamic hyperinflation and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 2001 770 777
61. B.D. Johnson, K.C. Beck, R.J. Zeballos, and I.M. Weisman Advances in pulmonary laboratory testing Chest 116 1999 1377 1387
62. D.E. O'Donnell Assessment of bronchodilator efficacy in symptomatic COPD Chest 117 2000 42S 47S
63. J. Ora, P. Laveneziana, D. Ofir, A. Deesomchok, K.A. Webb, and D.E. O'Donnell Combined effects of obesity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on dyspnea and exercise tolerance Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180 2009 964 971
64. T.A.R. Seemugal, G.C. Donaldson, A. Bhowmik, D.J. Jeffries, and J.A. Wedzicha Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161 2000 1608 1613
65. C.M. Parker, N. Voduc, S.D. Aaron, K.A. Webb, and D.E. O'Donnell Physiologic changes during symptom recovery from moderate exacerbations of COPD Eur Respir J 26 2005 420 428
66. N.J. Stevenson, P.P. Walker, R.W. Costello, and P.M.A. Calverley Lung mechanics and dyspnoea during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 2005 1510 1516
67. A. Rossi, G. Polese, and J. Milic-Emili Monitoring respiratory mechanics in ventilator dependent patients M.J. Tobin, Principles and practice of intensive care monitoring 1998 McGraw Hill New York, NY 553 596
68. W.R. Kimball, D.E. Leith, and A.D. Robins Dynamic hyperinflation and ventilator dependence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am Rev Respir Dis 126 1982 991 995
69. D.V. Tuxen, and S. Lane The effect of ventilatory pattern on hyperinflation, airway pressure, and circulation in mechanical ventilation in patients with severe airflow obstruction Am Rev Respir Dis 136 1987 872 879
70. C. Broseghini, R. Brandolese, R. Poggi, G. Polese, E. Manzin, J. Milic-Emili, and A. Rossi Respiratory mechanics during the first day of mechanical ventilation in patients with pulmonary edema and chronic airway obstruction Am Rev Respir Dis 138 1988 355 361
71. S.B. Gottfried, A. Rossi, B.D. Higgs, P.M.A. Calverley, L. Zocchi, C. Bozic, and J. Milic-Emili Non invasive determination of respiratory system mechanics during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure Am Rev Respir Dis 131 1985 414 420
72. P.E. Pepe, and J.J. Marini Occult positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction Am Rev Respir Dis 126 1982 166 170
73. A. Purro, L. Appendini, A. De Gaetano, M. Gudjonsdottir, C.F. Donner, and A. Rossi Physiologic determinants of ventilator dependence in long-term mechanically ventilated patients Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161 2000 1115 1123
74. R.K. Albert, A. Muramoto, J. Caldwell, T. Koepsell, and J. Butler Increases in intrathoracic pressure do not explain the rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure that occurs during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am Rev Respir Dis 132 1985 623 627
75. J. Butler, F. Schrijen, A. Henriquez, J.M. Polu, and R.K. Albert Cause of the raised wedge pressure on exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am Rev Respir Dis 138 1988 350 354
76. J. Butler, F. Schrijen, A. Henriquez, J.M. Polu, and R.K. Albert Cause of increased right and left atrial pressures in patients with obstructed airflow disease Chest 93 1988 171S 172S
77. G.J. Criner, S.M. Scharf, J.A. Falk, J.P. Gaughan, A.L. Sternberg, N.B. Patel, H.E. Fessler, O.A. Minai, and A.P. Fishman Effect of lung volume reduction surgery on resting pulmonary hemodynamics in severe emphysema Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176 2007 253 260
78. A. Boussuges, C. Pinet, F. Molenat, H. Burnet, P. Ambrosi, M. Badier, J.M. Sainty, and J. Orehek Left atrial and ventricular filling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An echocardiographic and Doppler study Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 2000 670 675
79. G.C. Funk, I. Lang, P. Schenk, A. Valipour, S. Hartl, and O.C. Burghuber Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with COPD in the presence and absence of elevated pulmonary arterial pressure Chest 133 2008 1354 1359
80. M. Lopez-Sanchez, M. Munoz-Esquerre, D. Huertas, J. Gonzalez-Costello, J. Ribas, F. Manresa, J. Dorca, and S. Santos High prevalence of left ventricle diastolic dysfunction in severe COPD associated with a low exercise capacity: a cross-sectional study PLoS ONE 8 2013 e68034
81. K. Jorgensen, E. Houltz, U. Westfelt, F. Nilsson, H. Schersten, and S.E. Ricksten Effects of lung volume reduction surgery on left ventricular diastolic filling and dimensions in patients with severe emphysema Chest 124 2003 1863 1870
82. K. Jorgensen, M.F. Muller, J. Nel, R.N. Upton, E. Houltz, and S.E. Ricksten Reduced intrathoracic blood volume and left and right ventricular dimensions in patients with severe emphysema: an MRI study Chest 131 2007 1050 1057
83. K. Jorgensen, E. Houltz, U. Westfelt, and S.E. Ricksten Left ventricular performance and dimensions in patients with severe emphysema Anesth Analg 104 2007 887 892
84. W.M. Thurlbeck, and G. Simon Radiographic appearance of the chest in emphysema Am J Roentgenol 130 1978 429 440
85. R.G. Barr, D.A. Bluemke, F.S. Ahmed, J.J. Carr, P.L. Enright, E.A. Hoffman, R. Jiang, S.M. Kawut, R.A. Kronmal, J.A. Lima, E. Shahar, L.J. Smith, and K.E. Watson Percent emphysema, airflow obstruction, and impaired left ventricular filling N Engl J Med 362 2010 217 227
86. M. Grau, R.G. Barr, J.A. Lima, E.A. Hoffman, D.A. Bluemke, J.J. Carr, H. Chahal, P.L. Enright, A. Jain, M.R. Prince, and S.M. Kawut Percent emphysema and right ventricular structure and function: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis-lung and multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis-right ventricle studies Chest 144 2013 136 144
87. B.M. Smith, M.R. Prince, E.A. Hoffman, D.A. Bluemke, C.Y. Liu, D. Rabinowitz, K. Hueper, M.A. Parikh, A.S. Gomes, E.D. Michos, J.A. Lima, and R.G. Barr Impaired left ventricular filling in COPD and Emphysema: Is it the heart or the lungs?: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis COPD study Chest 144 2013 1143 1151
88. C. Vassaux, L. Torre-Bouscoulet, S. Zeineldine, F. Cortopassi, H. Paz-Diaz, B.R. Celli, and V.M. Pinto-Plata Effects of hyperinflation on the oxygen pulse as a marker of cardiac performance in COPD Eur Respir J 32 2008 1275 1282
89. J. Travers, P. Laveneziana, K.A. Webb, S. Kesten, and D.E. O'Donnell Effect of tiotropium bromide on the cardiovascular response to exercise in COPD Respir Med 101 2007 2017 2024
90. M.R. Lammi, D. Ciccolella, N. Marchetti, M. Kohler, and G.J. Criner Increased oxygen pulse after lung volume reduction surgery is associated with reduced dynamic hyperinflation Eur Respir J 40 2012 837 843
91. J. Gea, A. Agusti, and J. Roca Pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction in COPD J Appl Physiol 114 2013 1222 1234
92. A.V. Donaldson, M. Maddocks, D. Martolini, M.I. Polkey, and W.D. Man Muscle function in COPD: a complex interplay Int J Chron Obs Pulm Dis 7 2012 523 535
93. F. Garcia-Rio, V. Lores, O. Mediano, B. Rojo, A. Hernanz, E. Lopez-Collazo, and R. Alvarez-Sala Daily physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is mainly associated with dynamic hyperinflation Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180 2009 506 512
94. E. Garcia-Pachon Paradoxical movement of the lateral rib margin (Hoover sign) for detecting obstructive airway disease Chest 122 2002 651 655
95. G. Maury, and E. Marchand Distension thoracique et BPCO, au-delà de la mécanique respiratoire et de la dyspnée Rev Mal Respir 26 2009 153 155
96. R.L. Thoman, G.L. Stoker, and J.C. Ross The efficacy of pursed-lips breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am Rev Respir Dis 93 1966 100 106
97. E.J.M. Campbell Physical signs of diffuse airways obstruction and lung distension Thorax 24 1969 1 3
98. D.O. Rodenstein, D.C. Stanescu, and C. Francis Demonstration of failure of body plethysmography in airway obstruction J Appl Physiol 52 1982 949 954
99. R. Brown, D.E. Leith, and P.L. Enright Multiple breath helium dilution measurement of lung volumes in adults Eur Respir J 11 1998 246 255
100. T. Perez, and H. Guenard Comment mesurer et suivre la distensión pulmonaire aucours de la BPCO Rev Mal Respir 26 2009 381 393
101. D.E. O'Donnell, M. Lam, and K.A. Webb Spirometric correlates of improvement in exercise performance after anticholinergic therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 1999 542 549
102. D.E. O'Donnell, T. Fluge, and F. Gerken Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD Eur Respir J 23 2004 832 840
103. J. Clausen Measurement of absolute lung volumes by imaging techniques Eur Respir J 10 1997 2427 2431
104. W.R. Webb Radiology of obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Radiol 169 1997 637 647
105. J.L. Garfield, N. Marchetti, J.P. Gaughan, R.M. Steiner, and G.J. Criner Total lung capacity by plethysmography and high-resolution computed tomography in COPD Int J COPD 7 2012 119 126
106. C.R. O'Donnell, A.A. Bankier, L. Stiebellehner, J.J. Reilly, R. Brown, and S.H. Loring Comparison of plethysmographic and helium dilution lung volumes: which is best for COPD? Chest 137 2010 1108 1115
107. S. Siddiqui, and O.S. Usmani Small airways, big challenge: measuring the unseen? Nat Med 18 2012 1619 1621
108. C.J. Galbàn, M.K. Han, and J.L. Boes Computer tomography-based biomarker provides unique signature for diagnosis of COPD phenotypes and disease progression Nat Med 18 2012 1711 1715
109. G. Nucci, M. Mergoni, C. Bricchi, G. Polese, C. Corbelli, and A. Rossi Online monitoring of intrinsic PEEP in ventilator-dependent patients J Appl Physiol 89 2000 985 995
110. L. Brochard Intrinsic (or auto-) positive end-expiratory pressure during spontaneous or assisted ventilation Intensive Care Med 28 2002 1552 1554
111. M. Tobin, L. Brochard, and A. Rossi Assessment of respiratory muscle function in the intensive care unit Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 2002 610 624 ATS/ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing
112. L. Appendini, M. Confalonieri, and A. Rossi Clinical relevance of monitoring respiratory mechanics in the ventilator-supported patient: an update (1995-2000) Curr Opin Crit Care 7 2001 41 48
113. E. Akoumianaki, S.M. Maggiore, and F. Valenza The application of esophageal pressure measurement in patients with respiratory failure Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189 2014 520 531
114. J.M. Boles, J. Bion, A. Connors, M. Herridge, B. Marsh, C. Melot, R. Pearl, H. Silverman, M. Stanchina, A. Viellard-Baron, and T. Welte Weaning from mechanical ventilation Eur Respir J 29 2007 1033 1056
115. J.W. Ramsdell, and G.M. Tisi Determination of bronchodilation in the clinical pulmonary function laboratory. Role of changes in static lung volumes Chest 76 1979 622 628
116. M.D. Lougheed, M. Lam, L. Forkert, K.A. Webb, and D.E. O'Donnell Breathlessness during acute bronchoconstriction in asthma. Pathophysiologic mechanisms Am Rev Respir Dis 148 1993 1452 1459
117. U. Hatipoglu, F. Laghi, and M.J. Tobin Does inhaled albuterol improve diaphragmatic contractility in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 1999 1916 1921
118. V. Brusasco, R. Pellegrino, and J.R. Rodarte Vital capacities in acute and chronic airway obstruction: dependence on flow and volume histories Eur Respir J 10 1997 1316 1320
119. D.E. O'Donnell, M. Lam, and K.A. Webb Measurement of symptoms, lung hyperinflation, and endurance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158 1998 1557 1565
120. M. Thomas, M. Decramer, and D.E. O'Donnell No room to breathe: the importance of lung hyperinflation in COPD Prim Care Respir J 22 2013 101 111
121. E. Bateman, G. Ferguson, N. Barnes, N. Gallagher, Y. Green, M. Henley, and D. Banerji Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study Eur Respir J 42 2013 1484 1494
122. E.D. Bateman, O. Kornmann, C. Ambery, and V. Norris Pharmacodynamics of GSK961081, a bi-functional molecule, in patients with COPD Pulm Pharmacol Ther 26 2013 581 587
123. K.-M. Beeh, S. Korn, J. Beier, D. Jadayel, M. Henley, P. D'Andrea, and D. Banerji Effect of QVA149 on lung volumes and exercise tolerance in COPD patients: the BRIGHT study Respir Med 108 2014 584 592
124. P.W. Jones, K.M. Beeh, K.R. Chapman, M. Decramer, D. Mahaler, and J.A. Wedzicha Minimal clinically important differences in pharmacological trials Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189 2014 250 255
125. D.E. O'Donnell, F. Sciurba, B. Celli, D.A. Mahler, K.A. Webb, C.J. Kalberg, and K. Knobil Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol on lung hyperinflation and exercise endurance in COPD Chest 130 2006 647 656
126. H. Worth, K. Förster, G. Eriksson, U. Nihlén, S. Peterson, and H. Magnussen Budesonide added to formoterol contributes to improved exercise tolerance in patients with COPD Respir Med 104 2010 1450 1459
127. M. John, S. Bosse, U. Oltmanns, A. Schumacher, and C. Witt Effects of inhaled HFA beclomethasone on pulmonary function and symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Respir Med 99 2005 1418 1424
128. P. Tzani, E. Crisafulli, G. Nicolini, M. Aiello, A. Chetta, E.M. Clini, and D. Olivieri Effects of beclomethasone/formoterol fixed combination on lung hyperinflation and dyspnoea in COPD patients Int J Chron Obs Pulm Dis 6 2011 503 509
129. D.E. O'Donnell, D. Bredenbröker, M. Brose, and K.A. Webb Physiological effects of roflumilast at rest and during exercise in COPD Eur Respir J 39 2012 1104 1112
130. G. Fink, C. Kaye, J. Sulkes, U. Gabbay, and S.A. Spitzer Effect of theophylline on exercise performance in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 49 1994 332 334
131. D. Murciano, M.H. Auclair, R. Pariente, and M. Aubier A randomized, controlled trial of theophylline in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease N Engl J Med 320 1989 1521 1525
132. N. Voduc, G.G. Alvarez, K. Amjadi, C. Tessier, E. Sabri, and S.D. Aaron Effect of theophylline on exercise capacity in COPD patients treated with combination long-acting bronchodilator therapy: a pilot study Int J Chron Obs Pulm Dis 7 2012 245 252
133. P. Santus, S. Centanni, M. Verga, F. di Marco, M.G. Matera, and M. Cazzola Comparison of the acute effect of tiotropium versus a combination therapy with single inhaler budesonide/formoterol on the degree of resting pulmonary hyperinflation Respir Med 100 2006 1277 1281
134. L. Bianchi, K. Foglio, M. Pagani, M. Vitacca, A. Rossi, and N. Ambrosino Effects of proportional assist ventilation on exercise tolerance in COPD patients withchronic hypercapnia Eur Respir J 11 1998 422 427
135. R. Casaburi, and R. Gosselink skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 1999 S1 S40
136. R. Garrod, K. Dallimore, J. Cook, V. Davies, and K. Quade An evaluation of the acute impact of pursed lips breathing on walking distance in nonspontaneous pursed lips breathing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients Chron Respir Dis 2 2005 67 72
137. N.J. Stevenson, and P.M. Calverley Effect of oxygen on recovery from maximal exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 59 2004 668 672
138. M.A. Spruit, S.J. Singh, C. Garvey, R. Zuwallack, L. Nici, C. Rochester, K. Hill, A.E. Holland, S.C. Lareau, W.D. Man, F. Pitta, L. Sewell, J. Raskin, J. Bourbeau, R. Crouch, F.M. Franssen, R. Casaburi, J.H. Vercoulen, I. Vogiatzis, R. Gosselink, E.M. Clini, T.W. Effing, F. Maltais, J. van der Palen, T. Troosters, D.J. Janssen, E. Collins, J. Garcia-Aymerich, D. Brooks, B.F. Fahy, M.A. Puhan, M. Hoogendoorn, R. Garrod, A.M. Schols, B. Carlin, R. Benzo, P. Meek, M. Morgan, M.P. Rutten-van Mölken, A.L. Ries, B. Make, R.S. Goldstein, C.A. Dowson, J.L. Brozek, C.F. Donner, E.F. Wouters ATS/ERS Task Force on Pulmonary Rehabilitation An official American thoracic society/European respiratory society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188 2013 13 64
139. R. Casaburi, and R. ZuWallack Pulmonary rehabilitation for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease N Engl J Med 360 2009 1329 1335
140. J. Porszasz, M. Emtner, S. Goto, A. Somfay, B.J. Whipp, and R. Casaburi Exercise training decreases ventilatory requirements and exercise-induced hyperinflation at submaximal intensities in patients with COPD Chest 128 2005 2025 2034
141. F. Gigliotti, C. Coli, R. Bianchi, I. Romagnoli, B. Lanini, B. Binazzi, and G. Scano Exercise training improves exertional dyspnoea in patients with COPD: evidence of the role of mechanical factors Chest 123 2003 1794 1802
142. L. Puente-Maestu, M.L. Sánz, P. Sánz, J.M. Ruíz de Oña, J.L. Rodríguez-Hermosa, and B.J. Whipp Comparison of effects of supervised versus self-monitored training programs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 15 2000 517 525
143. J.M. Ruiz de Oña Lacasta, J. Garcia de Pedro, L. Puente-Maestu, D. Llorente Iñigo, J. Celdrán Gil, and J.M. Cubillo Marcos Effects of muscle training on breathing pattern in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Arch Bronconeumol 40 2004 20 23
144. I. Vogiatzis, S. Nanas, and C. Roussos Interval training as an alternative modality to continuous exercise in patients with COPD Eur Respir J 20 2002 12 19
145. N.C. Dean, J.K. Brown, R.B. Himelman, J.J. Doherty, W.M. Gold, and M.S. Stulbarg Oxygen may improve dyspnoea and endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and only mild hypoxemia Am Rev Respir Dis 146 1992 941 945
146. D.E. O'Donnell, J.C. Bertley, L.K. Chau, and K.A. Webb Qualitative aspects of exertional breathlessness in chronic airflow limitation: pathophysiologic mechanisms Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155 1997 109 115
147. P. Palange, G. Valli, R. Onorati P,Antonucci, P. Paoletti, A. Rosato, F. Manfredi, and P. Serra Effect of helix on lung dynamic hyperinflation, dyspnea, and exercise endurance capacity in COPD patients J Appl Physiol 97 2004 1637 1642
148. J.D. Cooper, G.S. Patterson, R.S. Sundaresan, E.P. Trulock, R.D. Yusen, D.W. Kaczka, E.P. Ingenito, K.R. Lutchen, M.S. Pohl, and S.S. Lefrak Results of 150 consecutive bilateral lung volume tory impedance during mechanical ventilation: implications for flow reduction procedures in patients with severe emphysema J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 1996 1319 1329
149. A. Fishman, F. Martinez, K. Naunheim, S. Piantadosi, R. Wise, A. Ries, G. Weinmann, D.E. Wood National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema N Engl J Med 348 2003 2059 2073
150. N.S. Hopkinson, T.P. Toma, D.H. Hansell, P. Goldstraw, J. Moxham, D.M. Geddes, and M.I. Polkey Effect of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction on dynamic hyperinflation and exercise in emphysema Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 2005 453 460
151. B.J. Petrof, E. Calderini, and S.B. Gottfried Effect of CPAP on respiratory effort and dyspnea during exercise in severe COPD J Appl Physiol 1990 69 1985 179 188
152. A.J. van't Hul, G. Kwakkel, and R. Gosselink The acute effects of non-invasive ventilatory support during exercise on exercise endurance and dyspnoea in patients with COPD: a systematic review J Cardiopulm Rehabil 22 2002 290 297
153. M.L. Coussa, C. Guerin, and N.T. Eissa Partitioning of work of breathing in mechanically ventilated COPD patients J Appl Physiol 75 1993 1711 1719
154. P. Jolliet, D. Tassaux, J.M. Thouret, and J.C. Chevrolet Beneficial effects of helium: oxygen versus air: oxygen noninvasive pressure support in patients with descompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Crit Care Med 27 1999 2422 2429
155. D. Kyroussis, M.I. Polkey, C.H. Hamnegard, G.H. Mills, M. Green, and J. Moxham Respiratory muscle activity in patients with COPD walking to exhaustion with and without pressure support Eur Respir J 15 2000 649 655
156. F. Maltais, H. Reissmann, and S.B. Gottfried Pressure support reduces inspiratory effort and dyspnoea during exercise in chronic airflow obstruction Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 1995 1027 1033
157. A. van't Hul, R. Gosselink, P. Hollander, P. Postmus, and G. Kwakkel Acute effects of inspiratory pressure support during exercise in patients with COPD Eur Respir J 23 2004 34 40
158. L. Puente-Maestu, Y. Martínez, F. Pedraza, G. Sánchez, and W.W. Stringer A controlled trial of the effects of leg training on breathing pattern and dynamic hyperinflation in severe COPD Lung 184 2006 159 167
159. T.E. Dolmage, and R.S. Goldstein Repeatability of inspiratory capacity during incremental exercise in patients with severe COPD Chest 121 2002 708 714
160. L. Appendini, A. Patessio, S. Zanaboni, M. Carone, B. Gukov, C.F. Donner, and A. Rossi Physiologic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure and mask pressure during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149 1994 1069 1076
161. L. Appendini, A. Purro, M. Gudjonsdottir, P. Baderna, A. Patessio, S. Zanaboni, C.F. Donner, and A. Rossi Physiologic response of ventilator-dependent patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to proportional assist ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 1999 1510 1517
162. O. Diaz, P. Begin, B. Torrealba, E. Jover, and C. Lisboa Effects of noninvasive ventilation on lung hyperinflation in stable hypercapnic COPD Eur Respir J 20 2002 1490 1498
163. D.E. O'Donnell, and P. Laveneziana The clinical importance of dynamic lung hyperinflation in COPD COPD 3 2006 219 232
164. G.L. Ruppel What is the clinical value of lung volumes? Respir Care 57 2012 26 38
165. J. Wanger, J.L. Clausen, and A. Coates Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes Eur Respir J 26 2005 511 522
166. C. Casanova, C. Cote, and J.P. de Torres Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predict mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 2005 591 597
167. S. Khirani, D. Georgopoulos, A. Rossi, and J. Moxham Ventilatory support in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: invasive and noninvasive N.M. Siafakas, Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir Mon 11/38 2006 401 429