Predicting self-reported research misconduct and questionable research practices in university students using an augmented theory of planned behavior

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 6, Issue APR, 2015, Pages

  Rajah Kanagasabai, Camilla J ^a   Roberts, Lynne D ^a  

^a CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Academic integrity; Data fabrication; Data falsification; Descriptive norms; Justifications; Questionable research practices; Research misconduct; Theory of planned behavior

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930638463     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00535     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Ajzen, I. (1985). "From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior," in Action Control: From Cognition to Behaviour, eds J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann (Berlin: Springer), 11-39.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 50, 179-211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
3. Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M. (2005). "The influence of attitudes on behaviour," in The Handbook of Attitudes, eds D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, and M. P. Zanna (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), 173-221.
4. Allen, P. A., Laurenco, A., and Roberts, L. D. (2015). Detecting students' research data fabrication: A method and illustration. Ethics. Behav. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2015.1019070
5. Alleyne, P., and Phillips, K. (2011). Exploring academic dishonesty among university students in Barbados: an extension to the theory of planned behaviour. J. Acad. Ethics 9, 323-338. doi: 10.1007/s10805-011-9144-1
6. Anderson, M. S., Horn, A. S., Risbey, K. R., Ronning, E. A., De Vries, R., and Martinson, B. C. (2007). What do mentoring and training in the responsible conduct of research have to do with scientists' misbehavior? Findings from a national survey of NIH-funded scientists. Acad. Med. 82, 853-860. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31812f764c
7. Anderson, M. S., Shaw, M. A., Steneck, N. H., Konkle, E., and Kamata, T. (2013). "Research integrity and misconduct in the academic profession," in Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, Vol. 28, ed. M. Paulsen (Berlin: Springer), 217-261. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5836-0_5
8. Ariely, D. (2012). The (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone-Especially Ourselves. London: Harper Collins. doi: 10.1177/0972262912483993
9. Armitage, C. J., and Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytic review. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 40, 471-499. doi: 10.1348/014466601164939
10. Arvidson, C. J. (2004). The Anatomy of Academic Sishonesty: Cognitive Sevelopment, Self-Concept, Neutralization Techniques, and Attitude Toward Cheating. (Doctoral Dissertation). Available at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/34492252
11. Bandura, A. (1978). Social learning theory of aggression. J. Commun. 28, 12-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x
12. Barkan, R., Ayal, S., Gino, F., and Ariely, D. (2012). The pot calling the kettle black: distancing response to ethical dissonance. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 141, 757-773. doi: 10.1037/a0027588
13. Baron, R. M., and Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 51, 1173-1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
14. Beck, L., and Ajzen, I. (1991). Predicting dishonest actions using the theory of planned behaviour. J. Res. Pers. 25, 285-301. doi: 10.1016/0092-6566(91)90021-H
15. Bedian, A. G., Taylor, S. G., and Miller, A. N. (2010). Management science on the credibility bubble: cardinal sins and various misdemeanors. Acad. Manage. Educ. 9, 715-725. doi: 10.5465/AMLE.2010.56659889
16. Bennett, R. (2005). "Factors associated with student plagiarism in a post-1992 university," in Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 30, 137-162. doi: 10.1080/0260293042000264244
17. Benet-Martínez, V., and Karakitapoglu-Aygün, Z. (2003). The interplay of cultural syndromes and personality in predicting life satisfaction: comparing Asian Americans and European Americans. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 34, 38-61. doi: 10.1177/0022022102239154
18. Blasius, J., and Thiessen, V. (2012). Assessing the Quality of Research Data. London: Sage. doi: 10.1080/0260293042000264244
19. Boskovic, M., Djokovic, J., Grubor, I., Guzvic, V., Jakovljevic, B., Juresivic, M., et al. (2013). PhD students' awareness of research misconduct. J. Empir. Res. Hum. Res. Ethics 8, 163-164. doi: 10.1525/jer.2013.8.2.163
20. Brimble, M., and Stevenson-Clarke, P. (2005). Perceptions of the prevalence and seriousness of academic dishonesty in Australian universities. Aust. Educ. Res. 32, 19-44. doi: 10.3200/JRLP.138.2.101-114
21. Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., and Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 58, 1015-1026. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
22. Claxton, L. D. (2005). Scientific authorship. Part 1. A window into scientific fraud? Mutat. Res. 589, 17-30. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.07.003
23. Davidson, E. W., Cate, H. E., Lewis, C. M., and Hunter, M. (2001). "Data manipulation in the undergraduate laboratory: what are we teaching?" in Proceedings of the First ORI Research Conference of Research Integrity, Bethesda, MD: Office of Research Integrity, 209-213.
24. Fanelli, D. (2009). How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey data. PLoS ONE 4:1-11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005738
25. Fang, F. C., Steen, R. G., and Casadevell, A. (2012). Misconduct accounts for the majority of retracted scientific publications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 17028-17033. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1212247109
26. Festinger, L. A. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston: Stanford University Press. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1212247109
27. Fishbein, M. (2000). The role of theory in HIV prevention. AIDS Care 12, 273-278. doi: 10.1080/09540120050042918
28. Fishbein, M., and Yzer, M. C. (2003). Using theory to design effective health behavior interventions. Commun. Theory 13, 164-183. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00287.x
29. Forward, S. E. (2009). The theory of planned behaviour: the role of descriptive norms and past behaviour in the prediction of drivers' intention to violate. Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 12, 198-207. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2008.12.002
30. Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., and Philipchalk, R. (1992). The development of an abbreviated form of the revised Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQR-A): it's use among students in England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia. Pers. Individ. Dif. 13, 443-449. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(92)90073-X
31. Franklyn-Stokes, A., and Newstead, S. E. (1995). Undergraduate cheating: who does what and why? Stud. High. Educ. 20, 159-172. doi: 10.1080/03075079512331381673
32. Gilbert, F. J., and Denison, A. R. (2003). Research misconduct. Clin. Radiol. 58, 499-504. doi: 10.1016/S0009-9260(03)00176-4
33. Gino, F., Ayal, S., and Ariely, D. (2009). Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior the effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psychol. Sci. 20, 393-398. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02306.x
34. Gottfredson, M. R., and Hirshci, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
35. Graves, S. M. (2008). Student cheating habits: a predictor of workplace deviance. J. Divers. Manage. 3, 15-22.
36. Grieneisen, M. L., and Zhang, M. (2012). A comprehensive survey of retracted articles from the scholarly literature. PLoS ONE 7:e44118. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044118
37. Haines, V. J., Diekhoff, G. M., LaBeff, E. E., and Clark, R. E. (1986). College cheating: immaturity, lack of commitment, and the neutralizing attitude. Res. High. Educ. 25, 342-354. doi: 10.1007/BF00992130
38. Halevy, R., Shalvi, S., and Verschuere, B. (2014). Being honest about dishonesty: correlating self-reports and actual lying. Hum. Commun. Res. 40, 54-72. doi: 10.1111/hcre.12019
39. Harding, T. S., Mayhew, M. J., Finelli, C. J., and Carpenter, D. D. (2007). The theory of planned behaviour as a model of academic dishonesty in engineering and humanities undergraduates. Ethics. Behav. 17, 255-279. doi: 10.1080/10508420701519239
40. Hofman, B., Myr, A. I., and Holm, S. (2013). Scientific dishonesty - a nationwide survey of doctoral students in Norway. BMC Med. Ethics 14:3. doi: 10.1186/1472-6939-14-3
41. Jann, B., Jerke, J., and Krumpal, I. (2012). Asking sensitive questions using the crosswise model: an experimental survey measuring plagiarism. Public Opin. Q. 76, 32-49. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfr036
42. John, L. K., Loewenstein, G., and Prelec, D. (2012). Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling. Psychol. Sci. 23, 524-532. doi: 10.1177/0956797611430953
43. Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., and Cialdini, R. B. (2000). A focus theory of normative conduct: when norms do and do not affect behavior. Pers. Soc. Psychol. B. 26, 1002-1012. doi: 10.1177/01461672002610009
44. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 3rd Edn. New York, NY: The Guildford Press. doi: 10.1177/0956797611430953
45. Kornfield, D. S. (2012). Research misconduct: the search for a remedy. Acad. Med. 87, 877-882.
46. Kumar, M. N. (2008). A review of the types of scientific misconduct in biomedica l research. J. Acad. Ethics 6, 211-228. doi: 10.1007/s10805-008-9068-6
47. Labeff, E. E., Clark, R. E., Haines, V. J., and Diekhoff, G. M. (1990). Situational ethics and college student cheating. Sociol. Inq. 60, 190-198.
48. Lawson, A. E., Lewis, C. M. Jr., and Birk, J. P. (1999/2000). Why do students "cook" data? A case study on the tenacity of misconceptions. J. Coll. Sci. Teach. 29, 191-198.
49. Manning, M. (2009). The effects of subjective norms on behaviour in the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analysis. Brit. J. Soc. Psychol. 48, 649-705. doi: 10.1348/014466608X393136
50. Marsden, H., Carroll, M., and Neill, J. T. (2005). Who cheats at university? A self-report study of dishonest academic behaviours in a sample of Australian university students. Aust. J. Psychol. 57, 1-10. doi: 10.1080/00049530412331283426
51. Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T. and Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: comments on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cuitoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Struct. Eq. Modeling 11, 320-341. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
52. Martinson, B. C., Anderson, M. S., and de Vries, R. (2005). Scientists behaving badly. Nature 435, 737-738. doi: 10.1038/435737a
53. Mavrinac, M., Brumini, G., Bilic-Zulle, L., and Petrovecki, M. (2010). Construction and validation of attitudes toward plagiarism questionnaire. Croat. Med.J. 51, 195-201. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2010.51.195
54. Mayhew, M. J., Hubbard, S. M., Finelli, C. J., Harding, T. S., and Carpenter, D. D. (2009). Using structural equation modeling to validate the theory of planned behavior as a model for predicting student cheating. Rev. High. Educ. 32, 441-468. doi: 10.1353/rhe.0.0080
55. Mazar, N., Amir, O., and Ariely, D. (2008). The dishonesty of honest people: a theory of self-concept maintenance. J. Mark. Res. 45, 633-644. doi: 10.1509/jmkr.45.6.633
56. McCabe, D. L. (2005). Cheating among college and university students: a North American perspective. Int. J. Educ. Integr. 1, 1-11.
57. McCabe, D. L., Feghali, T., and Abdallah, H. (2008). Academic dishonesty in the Middle East: individual and contextual factors. Res. High. Educ. 49, 451-467. doi: 10.1007/s11162-008-9092-9
58. McCabe, D. L., and Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: honor codes and other contextual influences. J. Higher Educ. 64, 522-538.
59. Meng, C. L., Othman, J., D'Silva, J. L., and Omar, Z. (2014). Influence of neutralization attitude in academic dishonesty among undergraduates. Int. Educ. Stud. 7, 66-73. doi: 10.5539/ies.v7n6p66
60. Mitchell, T., and Carroll, J. (2008). Academic and research misconduct in the PhD: issues for students and supervisors. Nurse Educ. Today 28, 218-226. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2007.04.003
61. National Health and Medical Research Council and Australian Research Council. (2007). Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research. Information Report, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2007.04.003
62. Nonis, S., and Swift, C. (2001). An examination of the relationship between academic dishonesty and workplace dishonesty: a multi-campus investigation. J. Educ. Bus. 77, 69-77. doi: 10.1080/08832320109599052
63. Ogilvie, J., and Stewart, A. (2010). The integration of rational choice and self-efficacy theories: a situational analysis of student misconduct. Aust. N. Z. J. Criminol. 43, 130-155. doi: 10.1375/acri.43.1.130
64. Park, C. (2003). In other (people's) words: plagiarism by university students - literature and lessons. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 28, 471-488. doi: 10.1080/0260293032000120352
65. Pickard, J. (2006). Staff and student attitudes to plagiarism at university college Northampton. Assess. Eval. High. Educ 31, 215-232. doi: 10.1080/02602930500262528
66. Pimple, K. D. (2002). Six domains of research ethics: a heuristic framework for the responsible conduct of research. Sci. Eng. Ethics 8, 191-205. doi: 10.1007/s11948-002-0018-1
67. Reno, R. R., Cialdini, R. B., and Kallgren, C. A. (1993). The transsituational influence of social norms. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 64, 104-112. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.104
68. Rettinger, D. A., and Kramer, Y. (2009). Situational and personal causes of student cheating. Res. High. Educ. 50, 293-313. doi: 10.1007/s11162-008-9116-5
69. Rise, J., Sheeran, P., and Hukkelberg, S. (2010). The role of self-identity in the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 40, 1085-1105. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00611.x
70. Rivis, A., and Sheeran, P. (2003). Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analysis. Curr. Psychol. 22, 218-233. doi: 10.1007/s12144-003-1018-2
71. Rose, L. L. (2008). Scientific Misconduct: Perceptions, Beliefs, Working Environments, and Reporting Practices in the Clinical Research Associate Population. (Doctoral Dissertation). Available at: http://books.google.com.au/
72. Schaller, T. K., Patil, A., and Malhotra, N. K. (2015). Alternative techniques for assessing common method variance an analysis of the theory of planned behavior research. Organ. Res. Methods 18, 177-206. doi: 10.1177/1094428114554398
73. Shalvi, S., Eldar, O., and Bereby-Meyer, Y. (2012). Honesty requires time (and lack of justifications). Psychol. Sci. 23, 1264-1270. doi: 10.1177/0956797612443835
74. Shalvi, S., Gino, F., Barkan, R., and Ayal, S. (2015). Self-serving justifications: doing wrong and feeling moral. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 24, 125-130.
75. Soper, D. S. (2013). A-priori Sample Size Calculator for Hierarchical Multiple Regression. Available at: http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc3/calc.aspx?id=16
76. Steen, R. G. (2010). Retractions in the scientific literature: do authors deliberately commit research fraud? J. Med. Ethics 15, 1-5. doi: 10.1136/jme.2010.038125
77. Steen, R. G. (2011). Retractions in the scientific literature: is the incidence of research fraud increasing? J. Med. Ethics 37, 249-253. doi: 10.1136/jme.2010.040923
78. Steneck, N. H. (2006). Fostering integrity in research: definitions, current knowledge and future directions. Sci. Eng. Ethics 12, 53-74. doi: 10.1007/PL00022268
79. Stone, T. H., Jawahar, I. M., and Kisamore, J. L. (2009). Using the theory of planned behavior and cheating justifications to predict academic misconduct. Career Dev. Int. 14, 221-241. doi: 10.11.08/13620430910966415
80. Stone, T. H., Kisamore, J. L., and Jawahar, I. M. (2010). Predicting academic misconduct intentions and behavior using the theory of planned behavior and personality. Basic Appl. Soc. Psych. 32, 35-45. doi: 10.1080/01973530903539895
81. Sykes, G. M., and Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency. Am. Sociol. Rev. 22, 664-670. doi: 10.1108/13620430910966415
82. Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics, 5th Edn. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. doi: 10.1080/01973530903539895
83. US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Research Integrity. (2000). Federal Research Misconduct Policy (Information Report 2000). Washington, DC: Office of Science and Technology Policy. doi: 10.2307/2089195
84. White, K. M., Smith, J. R., Terry, D. J., Greenslade, J. H., and McKimmie, B. M. (2009). Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: the role of descriptive, injunctive and in-group norms. Brit. J. Soc. Psychol. 48, 135-158.
85. Wocial, L. D. (1995). The role of mentors in promoting integrity and preventing scientific misconduct in nursing research. J. Prof. Nurs. 11, 276-280.
86. Wright, D. E., Titus, S. L., and Cornelison, J. B. (2008). Mentoring and research misconuct: an analysis of research mentoring in closed ORI cases. Sci. Eng. Ethics 14, 323-336. doi: 10.1007/s11948-008-9074-5
87. Yang, S. C. (2012a). Attitudes and behaviors related to academic dishonesty: a survey of Taiwanese graduate students. Ethics Behav. 22, 218-237. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2012.672904
88. Yang, S. C. (2012b). Ethical academic judgments and behaviors: applying a multidimensional ethics scale to measure the ethical academic behavior of graduate students. Ethics Behav. 22, 281-296. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2012.672907