Gestational changes in iodine status in a cohort study of pregnant women from the United Kingdom: Season as an effect modifier

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 101, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1180-1187

  Bath, Sarah C ^a   Furmidge Owen, Victoria L ^a,b   Redman, Christopher W G ^c   Rayman, Margaret P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

^b Danone Baby Nutrition   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Deficiency; Diet; Iodine; Pregnancy; United Kingdom

Indexed keywords

CREATININE; IODINE; THYROID HORMONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CREATININE URINE LEVEL; FEMALE; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; FOOD INTAKE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; IODINE DEFICIENCY; IODINE URINE LEVEL; MATERNAL AGE; MILK; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANT WOMAN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; UNITED KINGDOM; URINALYSIS; URINARY EXCRETION; URINE LEVEL; WINTER; ADOLESCENT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEFICIENCY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; MATERNAL NUTRITION; METABOLISM; QUESTIONNAIRE; SEASON; STATISTICAL MODEL; URINE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; COHORT STUDIES; CREATININE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; IODINE; LINEAR MODELS; MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY TRIMESTERS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SEASONS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; THYROID HORMONES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84930440918     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: 19383207     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.105536     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev 2009;30:376-408.
2. Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, Emmett P, Rayman MP. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Lancet 2013;382:331-7.
3. Hynes KL, Otahal P, Hay I, Burgess JR. Mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with reduced educational outcomes in the offspring: 9-year follow-up of the gestational iodine cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:1954-62.
4. WHO. UNICEF & ICCIDD assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; 2007.
5. Vanderpump MP, Lazarus JH, Smyth PP, Laurberg P, Holder RL, Boelaert K, Franklyn JA. Iodine status of UK schoolgirls: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet 2011;377:2007-12.
6. Kibirige MS, Hutchison S, Owen CJ, Delves HT. Prevalence of maternal dietary iodine insufficiency in the north east of England: implications for the fetus. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004;89:F436-9.
7. Pearce EN, Lazarus JH, Smyth PP, He X, Dall'amico D, Parkes AB, Burns R, Smith DF, Maina A, Bestwick JP, et al. Perchlorate and thiocyanate exposure and thyroid function in first-trimester pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:3207-15.
8. Bath SC, Walter A, Taylor A, Wright J, Rayman MP. Iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in the south east of the UK: the influence of diet and nutritional supplements on iodine status. Br J Nutr 2014;111:1622-31.
9. Barnett C, Visser T, Williams F, Toor H, Duran S, Presas M, Morreale de Escobar G, Hume R. Inadequate iodine intake of 40% of pregnant women from a region in Scotland. J Endocrinol Invest 2002;25(Suppl 7):90.
10. Bath SC, Sleeth ML, McKenna M, Walter A, Taylor A, Rayman MP. Iodine intake and status of UK women of childbearing age recruited at the University of Surrey in the winter. Br J Nutr 2014;112:1715-23.
11. Morreale de Escobar G, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F. Role of thyroid hormone during early brain development. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151(Suppl 3):U25-37.
12. Fuse Y, Shishiba Y, Irie M. Gestational changes of thyroid function and urinary iodine in thyroid antibody-negative Japanese women. Endocr J 2013;60:1095-106.
13. Bates B, Lennox A, Prentice A, Bates C, Page P, Nicholson SK, Swan G. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: results from years 1-4 of the Rolling Programme. [cited 2014 Dec 15]. Available from: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment-data/file/310995/NDNS-Y1-to-4-UK-report.pdf.
14. Rayman MP, Searle E, Kelly L, Johnson S, Bodman-Smith K, Bath SC, Mao J, Redman CW. Effect of selenium on markers of risk of preeclampsia in UK pregnant women: randomised, controlled pilot trial. Br J Nutr 2014;112:99-111.
15. Mao J, Pop VJ, Bath SC, Vader HL, Redman CW, Rayman MP. Effect of low-dose selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid function in UK pregnant women with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. Eur J Nutr 2014 Dec 19 (Epub ahead of print; DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0822-9).
16. Food Standards Agency. Retail survey of iodine in UK produced dairy foods. FSIS 02/08. 2008 [cited 2010 Oct 11]. Available from: http://tna.europarchive.org/20140306205048/http://www.food.gov.uk/science/research/surveillance/fsisbranch2008/fsis0208.
17. Nawoor Z, Burns R, Smith DF, Sheehan S, O'Herlihy C, Smyth PP. Iodine intake in pregnancy in Ireland - a cause for concern? Ir J Med Sci 2006;175:21-4.
18. Phillips DI, Nelson M, Barker DJ, Morris JA, Wood TJ. Iodine in milk and the incidence of thyrotoxicosis in England. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1988;28:61-6.
19. National Readership Survey. National Readership Survey Social Grade. 2014 [cited 2014 Apr 30]. Available from: http://www.nrs.co.uk/nrs-print/lifestyle-and-classification-data/social-grade/.
20. Bingham SA, Welch AA, McTaggart A, Mulligan AA, Runswick SA, Luben R, Oakes S, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Day NE. Nutritional methods in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk. Public Health Nutr 2001;4:847-58.
21. Knudsen N, Christiansen E, Brandt-Christensen M, Nygaard B, Perrild H. Age- and sex-adjusted iodine/creatinine ratio: a new standard in epidemiological surveys? Evaluation of three different estimates of iodine excretion based on casual urine samples and comparison to 24 h values. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:361-3.
22. König F, Andersson M, Hotz K, Aeberli I, Zimmermann MB. Ten repeat collections for urinary iodine from spot samples or 24-hour samples are needed to reliably estimate individual iodine status in women. J Nutr 2011;141:2049-54.
23. Rasmussen LB, Ovesen L, Christiansen E. Day-to-day and within-day variation in urinary iodine excretion. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:401-7.
24. Mojtahedi M, de Groot LC, Boekholt HA, van Raaij JM. Nitrogen balance of healthy Dutch women before and during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:1078-83.
25. Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caudill SP, Gonzalez AJ, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:192-200.
26. Zimmermann MB. The adverse effects of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy and childhood: a review. Thyroid 2007;17:829-35.
27. Murray M, Ryle J, Simpson B, Wilson D. Thyroid enlargement and other changes related to the mineral content of drinking water, with a note on goitre prophylaxis. London: Medical Research Council; 1948. MRC Memorandum No. 18.
28. Phillips DI. Iodine, milk, and the elimination of endemic goitre in Britain: the story of an accidental public health triumph. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51:391-3.
29. Hughes DE, Rodgers K, Wilson D. Thyroid enlargement in school-children of North Oxfordshire. BMJ 1959;1:280-1.
30. Zimmermann M, Delange F. Iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe: a review and recommendations. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:979-84.
31. Burns R, O'Herlihy C, Smyth PP. The placenta as a compensatory iodine storage organ. Thyroid 2011;21:541-6.
32. Crozier SR, Robinson SM, Godfrey KM, Cooper C, Inskip HM. Women's dietary patterns change little from before to during pregnancy. J Nutr 2009;139:1956-63.
33. Fuse Y, Ohashi T, Yamaguchi S, Yamaguchi M, Shishiba Y, Irie M. Iodine status of pregnant and postpartum Japanese women: effect of iodine intake on maternal and neonatal thyroid function in an iodine-sufficient area. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;90:3846-54.
34. Moreno-Reyes R, Glinoer D, Van Oyen H, Vandevijvere S. High prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women in a mildly iodine-deficient country: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3694-701.
35. Brander L, Als C, Buess H, Haldimann F, Harder M, Hanggi W, Herrmann U, Lauber K, Niederer U, Zurcher T, et al. Urinary iodine concentration during pregnancy in an area of unstable dietary iodine intake in Switzerland. J Endocrinol Invest 2003;26:389-96.
36. Smyth PP. Variation in iodine handling during normal pregnancy. Thyroid 1999;9:637-42.
37. Smyth PP, Hetherton AM, Smith DF, Radcliff M, O'Herlihy C. Maternal iodine status and thyroid volume during pregnancy: correlation with neonatal iodine intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2840-3.
38. Aguayo A, Grau G, Vela A, Aniel-Quiroga A, Espada M, Martul P, Castano L, Rica IB. Urinary iodine and thyroid function in a population of healthy pregnant women in the north of Spain. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013;27:302-6.
39. Kung AW. Iodine nutrition of pregnant and lactating women in Hong Kong, where intake is of borderline sufficiency. Public Health Nutr 2007;10:1600-1.
40. Clifton VL, Hodyl NA, Fogarty PA, Torpy DJ, Roberts R, Nettelbeck T, Ma G, Hetzel B. The impact of iodine supplementation and bread fortification on urinary iodine concentrations in a mildly iodine deficient population of pregnant women in South Australia. Nutr J 2013;12:32.
41. Caldwell KL, Pan Y, Mortensen ME, Makhmudov A, Merrill L, Moye J. Iodine status in pregnant women in the United States: National Children's Study and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Thyroid 2013;23:927-37.
42. Raverot V, Bournaud C, Sassolas G, Orgiazzi JJ, Claustrat F, Gaucherand P, Mellier G, Claustrat B, Borson-Chazot F, Zimmermann M. Pregnant French women in the Lyon area are iodine deficient and have elevated serum thyroglobulin concentrations. Thyroid 2012;22:522-8.
43. Ainy E, Ordookhani A, Hedayati M, Azizi F. Assessment of intertrimester and seasonal variations of urinary iodine concentration during pregnancy in an iodine-replete area. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;67:577-81.
44. Menon KC, Skeaff SA, Thomson CD, Gray AR, Ferguson EL, Zodpey S, Saraf A, Das PK, Pandav CS. The effect of maternal iodine status on infant outcomes in an iodine-deficient Indian population. Thyroid 2011;21:1373-80.
45. Tahirović H, Toromanovic A, Balic A, Grbic S, Gnat D. Iodine nutrition status of pregnant women in an iodine-sufficient area. Food Nutr Bull 2009;30:351-4.
46. Stilwell G, Reynolds PJ, Parameswaran V, Blizzard L, Greenaway TM, Burgess JR. The influence of gestational stage on urinary iodine excretion in pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1737-42.
47. Lean MI, Lean ME, Yajnik CS, Bhat DS, Joshi SM, Raut DA, Lubree HG, Combet E. Iodine status during pregnancy in India and related neonatal and infant outcomes. Public Health Nutr 2014;17:1353-62.
48. Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Guxens M, Mendez M, Canet Y, Martorell R, Espada M, Plana E, Rebagliato M, Sunyer J. Iodine levels and thyroid hormones in healthy pregnant women and birth weight of their offspring. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:423-9.
49. Vila L, Legaz G, Barrionuevo C, Espinel ML, Casamitjana R, Munoz J, Serra-Prat M, Puig-Domingo M. Iodine status and thyroid volume changes during pregnancy: results of a survey in Aran Valley (Catalan Pyrenees). J Endocrinol Invest 2008;31:851-5.
50. Luton D, Alberti C, Vuillard E, Ducarme G, Oury JF, Guibourdenche J. Iodine deficiency in northern Paris area: impact on fetal thyroid mensuration. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e14707.
51. García-Solis P, Solis SJ, Garcia-Gaytan AC, Reyes-Mendoza VA, Robles-Osorio L, Hernandez-Montiel HL, Leo-Amador GE. Iodine nutrition status in pregnant women in Mexico. Thyroid 2011;21:1367-71.
52. Grewal E, Khadgawat R, Gupta N. Assessment of iodine nutrition in pregnant north Indian subjects in three trimesters. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013;17:289-93. Erratum in: Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013;17(3):508.
53. Azizi F. Iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation in Iran. Public Health Nutr 2007;10:1596-9.
54. Koukkou E, Kravaritis S, Mamali I, Markantes GG, Michalaki M, Adonakis GG, Georgopoulos NA, Markou KB. No increase in renal iodine excretion during pregnancy: a telling comparison between pregnant women and their spouses. Hormones (Athens) 2014;13:375-81.
55. Vandevijvere S, Amsalkhir S, Mourri AB, Van Oyen H, Moreno-Reyes R. Iodine deficiency among Belgian pregnant women not fully corrected by iodine-containing multivitamins: a national cross-sectional survey. Br J Nutr 2013;109:2276-84.
56. Zimmermann MB, Andersson M. Assessment of iodine nutrition in populations: past, present, and future. Nutr Rev 2012;70:553-70.