Pathogenic Mechanisms in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Due to Biomass Smoke Exposure;Mecanismos patogénicos en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica causada por exposición a humo de biomasa

Archivos de Bronconeumologia

Volumn 51, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 285-292

  Silva, Rafael ^a   Oyarzún, Manuel ^b   Olloquequi, Jordi ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CHILE   (Chile)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

Biomass smoke; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Genotoxicity; Inflammation; Pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; BIOMASS SMOKE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PATHOGENESIS; RISK FACTOR; SHORT SURVEY; SMOKE; SMOKING; AGE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; INFLAMMATION; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENICITY; POLLUTANT; SEX; ADULT; ADVERSE EFFECTS; AIR POLLUTANT; ANIMAL; CHILD; COMPLICATION; COOKING; DRUG EFFECTS; FEMALE; GAS; HEATING; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; LUNG BURN; MALE; METABOLISM; MOUSE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; RURAL POPULATION; SECRETION (PROCESS);

ASCORBIC ACID; GLUTATHIONE; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TOBACCO SMOKE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; AIR POLLUTANT; AUTACOID; CYTOKINE; GAS; INFLAMMASOME; PARTICULATE MATTER; SMOKE; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL;

ADULT; AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ANIMALS; BIOMASS; CHILD; COOKING; CYTOKINES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GASES; HEATING; HUMANS; INFLAMMASOMES; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; MALE; MICE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARTICULATE MATTER; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; RURAL POPULATION; SMOKE; SMOKE INHALATION INJURY; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNELS;

EID: 84929955470     PISSN: 03002896     EISSN: 15792129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2015.04.013     Document Type: Short Survey

References (117)

1. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2014 [consultado 16 Jul 2014]. Disponible en: http://www.goldcopd.org/.
2. Olloquequi J., García-Valero J., Rodríguez E., Montero M.A., Ferrer J., Montes J.F. Lung CD57+ cell density is increased in very severe COPD. Histol Histopathol. 2012, 27:39-47.
3. + cells in pulmonary lymphoid follicles of COPD patients. Eur Respir J. 2011, 37:289-298.
4. Olloquequi J., Ferrer J., Montes J.F., Rodríguez E., Montero M.A., García-Valero J. Differential lymphocyte infiltration in small airways and lung parenchyma in COPD patients. Respir Med. 2010, 104:1310-1318.
5. Barnes P.J. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med. 2014, 35:71-86.
6. Vestbo J., Hurd S.S., Agustí A.G., Jones P.W., Vogelmeier C., Anzueto A., et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013, 187:347-365.
7. Zeng G., Sun B., Zhong N. Non-smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A neglected entity. Respirology. 2012, 17:908-912.
8. Celli B.R., Halbert R.J., Nordyke R.J., Schau B. Airway obstruction in never smokers: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Med. 2005, 118:1364-1372.
9. Birring S.S., Brightling C.E., Bradding P., Entwisle J.J., Vara D.D., Grigg J., et al. Clinical, radiologic, and induced sputum features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in nonsmokers: A descriptive study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002, 166:1078-1083.
10. Peña V.S., Miravitlles M., Gabriel R., Jiménez-Ruiz C.A., Villasante C., Masa J.F., et al. Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD: Results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study. Chest. 2000, 118:981-989.
11. Perez-Padilla R., Fernandez R., Lopez Varela M.V., Montes de Oca M., Muiño A., Tálamo C., et al. Airflow obstruction in never smokers in five Latin American cities: The PLATINO study. Arch Med Res. 2012, 43:159-165.
12. Zhong N., Wang C., Yao W., Chen P., Kang J., Huang S., et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: A large, population-based survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007, 176:753-760.
13. Eisner M.D., Anthonisen N., Coultas D., Kuenzli N., Perez-Padilla R., Postma D., et al. An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010, 182:693-718.
14. Salvi S., Barnes P.J. Is exposure to biomass smoke the biggest risk factor for COPD globally. Chest. 2010, 138:3-6.
15. Díaz E., Bruce N., Pope D., Lie R.T., Díaz A., Arana B., et al. Lung function and symptoms among indigenous Mayan women exposed to high levels of indoor air pollution. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007, 11:1372-1379.
16. Naeher L.P., Brauer M., Lipsett M., Zelikoff J.T., Simpson C.D., Koenig J.Q., et al. Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhal Toxicol. 2007, 19:67-106.
17. Smith K.R. National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000, 97:13286-13293.
18. Williams A., Jones J.M., Ma L., Pourkashanian M. Pollutants from the combustion of solid biomass fuels. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2012, 38:113-137.
19. Rosas Pérez I., Serrano J., Alfaro-Moreno E., Baumgardner D., García-Cuellar C., Martín del Campo J.M., et al. Relations between PM10 composition and cell toxicity: A multivariate and graphical approach. Chemosphere. 2007, 67:1218-1228.
20. Miyata R., van Eeden S.F. The innate and adaptive immune response induced by alveolar macrophages exposed to ambient particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011, 257:209-226.
21. Eom S.Y., Yim D.H., Moon S.I., Youn J.W., Kwon H.J., Oh H.C., et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and the risk of lung cancer: A pilot nested case-control study. Anticancer Res. 2013, 33:3089-3097.
22. Kim K.H., Jahan S.A., Kabir E. A review of diseases associated with household air pollution due to the use of biomass fuels. J Hazard Mater. 2011, 192:425-431.
23. Kodgule R., Salvi S. Exposure to biomass smoke as a cause for airway disease in women and children. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 12:82-90.
24. Salvi S.S., Barnes P.J. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers. Lancet. 2009, 374:733-743.
25. Bari M.A., Baumbach G., Brodbeck J., Struschka M., Kuch B., Dreher W., et al. Characterisation of particulates and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wintertime wood-fired heating in residential areas. Atmos Environ. 2011, 45:7627-7634.
26. Jalava P.I., Salonen R.O., Nuutinen K., Pennanen A.S., Happo M.S., Tissari J., et al. Effect of combustion condition on cytotoxic and inflammatory activity of residential wood combustion particles. Atmos Environ. 2010, 44:1691-1698.
27. Sood A., Petersen H., Blanchette C., Meek P., Belinsky S., Picchi M., et al. Wood smoke-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Underappreciated in the United States?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009, 179:A4742.
28. Miller A. Of dung and dynein arms: Understanding COPD in nonsmokers. Respir Care. 2013, 58:543-545.
29. Regalado J., Perez-Padilla R., Sansores R., Páramo Ramirez J.I., Brauer M., Paré P., et al. The effect of biomass burning on respiratory symptoms and lung function in rural Mexican women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006, 174:901-905.
30. Caballero A., Torres-Duque C.A., Jaramillo C., Bolívar F., Sanabria F., Osorio P., et al. Prevalence of COPD in five Colombian cities situated at low, medium, and high altitude (PREPOCOL study). Chest. 2008, 133:343-349.
31. Dutt D., Srinivasa D.K., Rotti S.B., Sahai A., Konar D. Effect of indoor air pollution on the respiratory system of women using different fuels for cooking in an urban slum of Pondicherry. Natl Med J India. 1996, 9:113-117.
32. Behera D., Jindal S.K., Malhotra H.S. Ventilatory function in nonsmoking rural Indian women using different cooking fuels. Respiration. 1994, 61:89-92.
33. Sungu Y.S., Cinar Z., Akkurt I., Ozdemir O., Seyfi kil Z. Sister-chromatid exchange frequency in women who were exposed to biomass in a village in central Anatolia. Turkish Respir J. 2001, 2:26-28.
34. Ozbay B., Uzun K., Arslan H., Zehir I. Functional and radiological impairment in women highly exposed to indoor biomass fuels. Respirology. 2001, 6:255-258.
35. Kara M., Bulut S., Tas F., Akkurt I., Seyfikli Z. Evaluation of pulmonary changes due to biomass fuels using high-resolution computed tomography. Eur Radiol. 2003, 13:2372-2377.
36. Kiraz K., Kart L., Demir R., Oymak S., Gulmez I., Unalacak M., et al. Chronic pulmonary disease in rural women exposed to biomass fumes. Clin Invest Med 2003, 26:243-248.
37. Pandey M.R. Domestic smoke pollution and chronic bronchitis in a rural community of the hill region of Nepal. Thorax. 1984, 39:337-339.
38. Akhtar T., Ullah Z., Khan M.H., Nazli R. Chronic bronchitis in women using solid biomass fuel in rural Peshawar, Pakistan. Chest. 2007, 132:1472-1475.
39. Köksal H., Saygi A., Sariman N., Alici E., Yurtlu S., Yilmaz H., et al. Evaluation of clinical and functional parameters in female subjects with biomass smoke exposure. Respir Care. 2013, 58:424-430.
40. Lopez A.D., Mathers C.D., Ezatti M. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors 2006, World Bank, Washington, DC.
41. Narang I., Bush A. Early origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012, 17:112-118.
42. Epstein M.B., Bates M.N., Arora N.K., Balakrishnan K., Jack D.W., Smith K.R. Household fuels, low birth weight, and neonatal death in India: The separate impacts of biomass, kerosene, and coal. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2013, 216:523-532.
43. Hancox R.J., Poulton R., Greene J.M., McLachlan C.R., Pearce M.S., Sears M.R. Associations between birth weight, early childhood weight gain and adult lung function. Thorax. 2009, 64:228-232.
44. Padhi B.K., Padhy P.K. Domestic fuels, indoor air pollution, and children's health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008, 1140:209-217.
45. Barnett A.G., Williams G.M., Schwartz J., Neller A.H., Best T.L., Petroeschevsky A.L., et al. Air pollution and child respiratory health: A case-crossover study in Australia and New Zealand. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005, 171:1272-1278.
46. Dherani M., Pope D., Mascarenhas M., Smith K.R., Weber M., Bruce N. Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel use and pneumonia risk in children aged under five years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2008, 86:390-398.
47. Grigg J. Effect of biomass smoke on pulmonary host defence mechanisms. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2007, 8:287-291.
48. Oh Y.M., Bhome A.B., Boonsawat W., Gunasekera K.D., Madegedara D., Idolor L., et al. Characteristics of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in the pulmonology clinics of seven Asian cities. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013, 8:31-39.
49. Hu G., Zhou Y., Tian J., Yao W., Li J., Li B., et al. Risk of COPD from exposure to biomass smoke: A meta-analysis. Chest. 2010, 138:20-31.
50. Smith M., Li L., Augustyn M., Kurmi O., Chen J., Collins R., et al. Prevalence and correlates of airflow obstruction in ~317,000 never-smokers in China. Eur Respir J. 2014, 44:66-77.
51. Diette G.B., Accinelli R.A., Balmes J.R., Buist A.S., Checkley W., Garbe P., et al. Obstructive lung disease and exposure to burning biomass fuel in the indoor environment. Glob Heart. 2012, 7:265-270.
52. Ramírez-Venegas A., Sansores R.H., Pérez-Padilla R., Regalado J., Velázquez A., Sánchez C., et al. Survival of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to biomass smoke and tobacco. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006, 173:393-397.
53. Moran-Mendoza O., Pérez-Padilla J.R., Salazar-Flores M., Vazquez-Alfaro F. Wood smoke-associated lung disease: A clinical, functional, radiological and pathological description. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008, 12:1092-1098.
54. Pérez-Padilla R., Schilmann A., Riojas-Rodríguez H. Respiratory health effects of indoor air pollution. Int Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010, 14:1079-1086.
55. Camp P.G., Ramirez-Venegas A., Sansores R.H., Alva L.F., McDougall J.E., Sin D.D., et al. COPD phenotypes in biomass smoke- versus tobacco smoke-exposed Mexican women. Eur Respir J. 2014, 43:725-734.
56. González-García M., Torres-Duque C., Bustos A., Peña C., Maldonado D. Airway hyper-responsiveness in wood smoke COPD. Chest. 2003, 124:168S.
57. Rivera R.M., Cosio M.G., Ghezzo H., Salazar M., Pérez-Padilla R. Comparison of lung morphology in COPD secondary to cigarette and biomass smoke. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008, 12:972-977.
58. González M., Maldonado D., Pérez J., Varón H. Pseudophysiologic emphysema in women with wood smoke COPD in Bogota (2600m). Arch Bronconeumol. 2004, 40:31-36.
59. Moreira M.A., Barbosa M.A., Queiroz M.C., Teixeira K.I., Torres P.P., Santana Júnior P.J., et al. Pulmonary changes on HRCT scans in nonsmoking females with COPD due to wood smoke exposure. J Bras Pneumol. 2013, 39:155-163.
60. González-García M., Páez S., Jaramillo C., Barrero M., Maldonado D. Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) por humo de leña en mujeres: comparación con la EPOC por tabaquismo. Acta Med Colomb. 2004, 29:17-25.
61. Krimmer D., Ichimaru Y., Burgess J., Black J., Oliver B. Exposure to biomass smoke extract enhances fibronectin release from fibroblasts. PLoS One. 2013, 8:e83938.
62. Mondal N.K., Bhattacharya P., Ray M.R. Assessment of DNA damage by comet assay and fast halo assay in buccal epithelial cells of Indian women chronically exposed to biomass smoke. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011, 214:311-318.
63. Dutta A., Roychoudhury S., Chowdhury S., Ray M.R. Changes in sputum cytology, airway inflammation and oxidative stress due to chronic inhalation of biomass smoke during cooking in premenopausal rural Indian women. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013, 216:301-308.
64. Banerjee A., Mondal N.K., Das D., Ray M.R. Neutrophilic inflammatory response and oxidative stress in premenopausal women chronically exposed to indoor air pollution from biomass burning. Inflammation. 2012, 35:671-683.
65. Guarnieri M.J., Diaz J.V., Basu C., Diaz A., Pope D., Smith K.R., et al. Effects of woodsmoke exposure on airway inflammation in rural Guatemalan women. PLoS One. 2014, 9:e88455.
66. Mattson J.D., Haus B.M., Desai B., Ott W., Basham B., Agrawal M., et al. Enhanced acute responses in an experimental exposure model to biomass smoke inhalation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Lung Res. 2008, 34:631-662.
67. Swiston J.R., Davidson W., Attridge S., Li G.T., Brauer M., van Eeden S.F. Wood smoke exposure induces a pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response in firefighters. Eur Respir J. 2008, 32:129-138.
68. Dutta A., Bhattacharya P., Lahiri T., Ray M.R. Immune cells and cardiovascular health in premenopausal women of rural India chronically exposed to biomass smoke during daily household cooking. Sci Total Environ. 2012, 438:293-298.
69. Dutta A., Ray M.R., Banerjee A. Systemic inflammatory changes and increased oxidative stress in rural Indian women cooking with biomass fuels. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012, 261:255-262.
70. Montaño M., Beccerril C., Ruiz V., Ramos C., Sansores R.H., González-Avila G. Matrix metalloproteinases activity in COPD associated with wood smoke. Chest. 2004, 125:466-472.
71. Aksu F., Capan N., Aksu K., Ofluoğlu R., Canbakan S., Yavuz B., et al. C-reactive protein levels are raised in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients independent of smoking behavior and biomass exposure. J Thorac Dis. 2013, 5:414-421.
72. Fariss M.W., Gilmour M.I., Reilly C.A., Liedtke W., Ghio A.J. Emerging mechanistic targets in lung injury induced by combustion-generated particles. Toxicol Sci. 2013, 132:253-267.
73. Venkatachalam K., Montell C. TRP channels. Annu Rev Biochem. 2007, 76:387-417.
74. Song M.Y., Yuan J.X. Introduction to TRP channels: Structure, function, and regulation. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010, 661:99-108.
75. Deering-Rice C.E., Johansen M.E., Roberts J.K., Thomas K.C., Romero E.G., Lee J., et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) is a mediator of lung toxicity for coal fly ash particulate material. Mol Pharmacol. 2012, 81:411-419.
76. Mukhopadhyay I., Gomes P., Aranake S., Shetty M., Karnik P., Damle M., et al. Expression of functional TRPA1 receptor on human lung fibroblast and epithelial cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2011, 31:350-358.
77. Nassini R., Pedretti P., Moretto N., Fusi C., Carnini C., Facchinetti F., et al. Transient receptor potential ankyrin1 channel localized to non-neuronal airway cells promotes non-neurogenic inflammation. PLoS One. 2012, 7:e42454.
78. Shapiro D., Deering-Rice C.E., Romero E.G., Hughen R.W., Light A.R., Veranth J.M., et al. Activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) in lung cells by wood smoke particulate material. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013, 26:750-758.
79. Becker S., Dailey L., Soukup J.M., Silbajoris R., Devlin R.B. TLR-2 is involved in airway epithelial cell response to air pollution particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005, 203:45-52.
80. Shoenfelt J., Mitkus R.J., Zeisler R., Spatz R.O., Powell J., Fenton M.J., et al. Involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 in inflammatory immune responses induced by fine and coarse ambient air particulate matter. J Leukoc Biol. 2009, 86:303-312.
81. Hirota J.A., Hirota S.A., Warner S.M., Stefanowicz D., Shaheen F., Beck P.L., et al. The airway epithelium nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 inflammasome is activated by urban particulate matter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012, 129:1116-1125.
82. Kido T., Tamagawa E., Bai N., Suda K., Yang H.H., Li Y., et al. Particulate matter induces translocation of IL-6 from the lung to the systemic circulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011, 44:197-204.
83. Padhy P.K., Padhi B.K. Effects of biomass combustion smoke on hematological and antioxidant profile among children (8-13 years) in India. Inhal Toxicol. 2009, 21:705-711.
84. Roychoudhury S., Mondal N.K., Mukherjee S., Dutta A., Siddique S., Ray M.R. Activation of protein kinaseB (PKB/Akt) and risk of lung cancer among rural women in India who cook with biomass fuel. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012, 259:45-53.
85. Mukherjee B., Dutta A., Chowdhury S., Roychoudhury S., Ray M.R. Reduction of DNA mismatch repair protein expression in airway epithelial cells of premenopausal women chronically exposed to biomass smoke. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014, 21:2826-2836.
86. Oluwole O., Arinola G.O., Ana G.R., Wiskel T., Huo D., Olopade O.I., et al. Relationship between household air pollution from biomass smoke exposure, and pulmonary dysfunction, oxidant-antioxidant imbalance and systemic inflammation in rural women and children in Nigeria. Glob J Health Sci. 2013, 5:28-38.
87. Ceylan E., Kocyigit A., Gencer M., Aksoy N., Selek S. Increased DNA damage in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had once smoked or been exposed to biomass. Respir Med. 2006, 100:1270-1276.
88. Barregard L., Sällsten G., Andersson L., Almstrand A.C., Gustafson P., Andersson M., et al. Experimental exposure to wood smoke: Effects on airway inflammation and oxidative stress. Occup Environ Med. 2008, 65:319-324.
89. Mukherjee B., Dutta A., Roychoudhury S., Ray M.R. Chronic inhalation of biomass smoke is associated with DNA damage in airway cells: Involvement of particulate pollutants and benzene. J Appl Toxicol. 2013, 33:281-289.
90. Mondal N.K., Mukherjee B., Das D., Ray M.R. Micronucleus formation, DNA damage and repair in premenopausal women chronically exposed to high level of indoor air pollution from biomass fuel use in rural India. Mutat Res. 2010, 697:47-54.
91. Kampfrath T., Maiseyeu A., Ying Z., Shah Z., Deiuliis J.A., Xu X., et al. Chronic fine particulate matter exposure induces systemic vascular dysfunction via NADPH oxidase and TLR4 pathways. Circ Res. 2011, 108:716-726.
92. Danielsen P.H., Loft S., Jacobsen N.R., Jensen K.A., Autrup H., Ravanat J.L., et al. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in rats after intratracheal instillation or oral exposure to ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter. Toxicol Sci. 2010, 118:574-585.
93. Hu G., Zhou Y., Hong W., Tian J., Hu J., Peng G., et al. Development and systematic oxidative stress of a rat model of chronic bronchitis and emphysema induced by biomass smoke. Exp Lung Res. 2013, 39:229-240.
94. Sezer M., Fidan F., Koken T., Serteser M., Unlu M. Effects of cigarette and biomass smoke exposure on oxidant-antioxidant status in rabbits. Toxicol Environ Chem. 2006, 88:169-174.
95. Smith K.R., Veranth J.M., Hu A.A., Lighty J.S., Aust A.E. Interleukin-8 levels in human lung epithelial cells are increased in response to coal fly ash and vary with the bioavailability of iron, as a function of particle size and source of coal. Chem Res Toxicol. 2000, 13:118-125.
96. Danielsen P.H., Møller P., Jensen K.A., Sharma A.K., Wallin H., Bossi R., et al. Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation induced by ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Chem Res Toxicol. 2011, 24:168-184.
97. Leonard S.S., Wang S., Shi X., Jordan B.S., Castranova V., Dubick M.A. Wood smoke particles generate free radicals and cause lipid peroxidation, DNA, damage, NFkappaB activation and TNF-alpha release in macrophages. Toxicology 2000, 150:147-157.
98. Leonard S.S., Castranova V., Chen B.T., Schwegler-Berry D., Hoover M., Piacitelli C. Particle size-dependent radical generation from wildland fire smoke. Toxicology. 2007, 236:103-113.
99. Karlsson H.L., Ljungman A.G., Lindbom J., Möller L. Comparison of genotoxic and inflammatory effects of particles generated by wood combustion, a road simulator and collected from street and subway. Toxicol Lett. 2006, 165:203-211.
100. Kocbach A., Namork E., Schwarze P.E. Pro-inflammatory potential of wood smoke and traffic-derived particles in a monocytic cell line. Toxicology. 2008, 247:123-132.
101. Forchhammer L., Loft S., Roursgaard M., Cao Y., Riddervold I.S., Sigsgaard T., et al. Expression of adhesion molecules, monocyte interactions and oxidative stress in human endothelial cells exposed to wood smoke and diesel exhaust particulate matter. Toxicol Lett. 2012, 209:121-128.
102. Corsini E., Budello S., Marabini L., Galbiati V., Piazzalunga A., Barbieri P., et al. Comparison of wood smoke PM2.5 obtained from the combustion of FIR and beech pellets on inflammation and DNA damage in A549 and THP-1 human cell lines. Arch Toxicol. 2013, 87:2187-2199.
103. Danielsen P.H., Loft S., Kocbach A., Schwarze P.E., Møller P. Oxidative damage to DNA and repair induced by Norwegian wood smoke particles in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Mutat Res. 2009, 674:116-122.
104. Liu P.L., Chen Y.L., Chen Y.H., Lin S.J., Kou Y.R. Wood smoke extract induces oxidative stress-mediated caspase-independent apoptosis in human lung endothelial cells: Role of AIF and EndoG. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005, 289:L739-L749.
105. Barnes P.J. Reactive oxygen species and airway inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1990, 9:235-243.
106. Rahman I., Morrison D., Donaldson K., MacNee W. Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996, 154:1055-1060.
107. Repine J.E., Bast A., Lankhorst I. Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxidative Stress Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997, 156:341-357.
108. Kirkham P.A., Barnes P.J. Oxidative stress in COPD. Chest. 2013, 144:266-273.
109. Ghio A.J., Churg A., Roggli V.L. Ferruginous bodies: Implications in the mechanism of fiber and particle toxicity. Toxicol Pathol. 2004, 32:643-649.
110. Koerten H.K., Brederoo P., Ginsel L.A., Daems W.T. The endocytosis of asbestos by mouse peritoneal macrophages and its long-term effect on iron accumulation and labyrinth formation. Eur J Cell Biol. 1986, 40:25-36.
111. Ghio A.J., Silbajoris R., Carson J.L., Samet J.M. Biologic effects of oil fly ash. Environ Health Perspect 2002, 119(Suppl 1):89-94.
112. Upadhyay D., Panduri V., Ghio A., Kamp D.W. Particulate matter induces alveolar epithelial cell DNA damage and apoptosis: Role of free radicals and the mitochondria. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003, 29:180-187.
113. Zhou Y., Zou Y., Li X., Chen S., Zhao Z., He F., et al. Lung function and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after improved cooking fuels and kitchen ventilation: A 9-year prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2014, 11:e1001621.
114. Johnston F.H., Hanigan I.C., Henderson S.B., Morgan G.G. Evaluation of interventions to reduce air pollution from biomass smoke on mortality in Launceston, Australia: Retrospective analysis of daily mortality, 1994-2007. BMJ. 2013, 346:e8446.
115. Romieu I., Riojas-Rodríguez H., Marrón-Mares A.T., Schilmann A., Perez-Padilla R., Masera O. Improved biomass stove intervention in rural Mexico: Impact on the respiratory health of women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009, 180:649-656.
116. Smith-Sivertsen T., Díaz E., Pope D., Lie R.T., Díaz A., McCracken J., et al. Effect of reducing indoor air pollution on women's respiratory symptoms and lung function: The RESPIRE Randomized Trial, Guatemala. Am J Epidemiol. 2009, 170:211-220.
117. Ramirez-Sarmiento A, Ancochea J, Ramirez C, Sarmiento C, Orozco-Levi M. Construcción de las Cocinas HUMAN para disminuir la contaminación domiciliaria por Humo de Leña (Plataforma HUMAN, SEPAR Solidaria) [consultado 26 Sep 2014]. Disponible en: http://www.separ.es/solidaridad/human-platform.