Sleep deprivation and the cardiovascular system

Sleep Deprivation and Disease: Effects on the Body, Brain and Behavior

Volumn 9781461490876, Issue , 2013, Pages 131-147

  Cundrle, Ivan ^a   Calvin, Andrew D ^a   Somers, Virend K ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929890372     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9087-6_11     Document Type: Chapter

References (163)

1. CDC Data & Statistics|Feature: Insuffi cient sleep is a public health epidemic [Internet]. [Cited 2012 Aug 21]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/features/dsSleep/
2. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. We are chronically sleep deprived. Sleep. 1995;18(10):908-11.
3. Nagai M, Hoshide S, Kario K. Sleep duration as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease-A review of the recent literature. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2010;6(1):54-61.
4. Ayas NT, White DP, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Malhotra A, et al. A prospective study of sleep duration and coronary heart disease in women. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(2):205-9.
5. Ogawa Y, Kanbayashi T, Saito Y, Takahashi Y, Kitajima T, Takahashi K, et al. Total sleep deprivation elevates blood pressure through arterial barorefl ex resetting: a study with microneurographic technique. Sleep. 2003;26(8):986-9.
6. Tochikubo O, Ikeda A, Miyajima E, Ishii M. Effects of insuffi cient sleep on blood pressure monitored by a new multibiomedical recorder. Hypertension. 1996;27(6):1318-24.
7. Kato M, Phillips BG, Sigurdsson G, Narkiewicz K, Pesek CA, Somers VK. Effects of sleep deprivation on neural circulatory control. Hypertension. 2000;35(5):1173-5.
8. King CR, Knutson KL, Rathouz PJ, Sidney S, Liu K, Lauderdale DS. Short sleep duration and incident coronary artery calcifi cation. JAMA. 2008;300(24):2859-66.
9. Liu Y, Tanaka H. Overtime work, insuffi cient sleep, and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Japanese men. Occup Environ Med. 2002;59(7): 447-51.
10. Irwin MR, Ziegler M. Sleep deprivation potentiates activation of cardiovascular and catecholamine responses in abstinent alcoholics. Hypertension. 2005;45(2):252-7.
11. Ozer O, Ozbala B, Sari I, Davutoglu V, Maden E, Baltaci Y, et al. Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased QT dispersion in healthy young adults. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(8):979-84.
12. Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J [Internet]. 2011 Feb 7 [cited 2012 Aug 3]; Available from: http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/02/03/eurheartj.ehr007
13. Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, Lee ET, Newman AB, Javier Nieto F, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(1):19-25.
14. Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet. 1999;354(9188):1435-9.
15. Spiegel K, Knutson K, Leproult R, Tasali E, Cauter EV. Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2005; 99(5):2008-19.
16. Chaput J-P, Després J-P, Bouchard C, Astrup A, Tremblay A. Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance: analyses of the Quebec Family Study. Sleep Med. 2009;10(8):919-24.
17. Gottlieb DJ, Punjabi NM, Newman AB, Resnick HE, Redline S, Baldwin CM, et al. Association of sleep time with diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(8):863-7.
18. Yaggi HK, Araujo AB, McKinlay JB. Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):657-61.
19. Wolk R, Kara T, Somers VK. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2003;108(1):9-12.
20. Cooke-Ariel H. Circadian variations in cardiovascular function and their relation to the occurrence and timing of cardiac events. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1998;55 Suppl 3:S5-11.
21. Furlan R, Guzzetti S, Crivellaro W, Dassi S, Tinelli M, Baselli G, et al. Continuous 24-hour assessment of the neural regulation of systemic arterial pressure and RR variabilities in ambulant subjects. Circulation. 1990;81(2):537-47.
22. Yasue H, Touyama M, Kato H, Tanaka S, Akiyama F. Prinzmetal's variant form of angina as a manifestation of alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated coronary artery spasm: documentation by coronary arteriography. Am Heart J. 1976;91(2):148-55.
23. Verrier RL, Muller JE, Hobson JA. Sleep, dreams, and sudden death: the case for sleep as an autonomic stress test for the heart. Cardiovasc Res. 1996; 31(2):181-211.
24. Somers VK, Dyken ME, Mark AL, Abboud FM. Sympathetic-nerve activity during sleep in normal subjects. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(5):303-7.
25. Guilleminault C, Pool P, Motta J, Gillis AM. Sinus arrest during REM sleep in young adults. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(16):1006-10.
26. Nevins DB. First- and second-degree A-V heart block with rapid Eye movement sleep. Ann Intern Med. 1972;76(6):981-3.
27. Singh J, Mela T, Ruskin J. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Sleep (vagal)-induced atrial fi brillation. Circulation. 2004;110(4):e32-3.
28. Molnar J, Zhang F, Weiss J, Ehlert FA, Rosenthal JE. Diurnal pattern of QTc interval: how long is prolonged? Possible relation to circadian triggers of cardiovascular events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27(1):76-83.
29. Lanfranchi PA, Shamsuzzaman ASM, Ackerman MJ, Kara T, Jurak P, Wolk R, et al. Sex-selective QT prolongation during rapid eye movement sleep. Circulation. 2002;106(12):1488-92.
30. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Spazzolini C, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, Napolitano C, et al. Genotypephenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: gene-specifi c triggers for life-threatening arrhythmias. Circulation. 2001;103(1):89-95.
31. Otto ME, Svatikova A, Barretto RB de Mattos, Santos S, Hoffmann M, Khandheria B, et al. Early morning attenuation of endothelial function in healthy humans. Circulation. 2004;109(21): 2507-10.
32. Quyyumi AA, Panza JA, Diodati JG, Lakatos E, Epstein SE. Circadian variation in ischemic threshold. A mechanism underlying the circadian variation in ischemic events. Circulation. 1992;86(1):22-8.
33. Rosing DR, Brakman P, Redwood DR, Goldstein RE, Beiser GD, Astrup T, et al. Blood fi brinolytic activity in man. Diurnal variation and the response to varying intensities of exercise. Circ Res. 1970;27(2):171-84.
34. Tofl er GH, Brezinski D, Schafer AI, Czeisler CA, Rutherford JD, Willich SN, et al. Concurrent morning increase in platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(24):1514-8.
35. Andreotti F, Davies GJ, Hackett DR, Khan MI, De Bart AC, Aber VR, et al. Major circadian fl uctuations in fi brinolytic factors and possible relevance to time of onset of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and stroke. Am J Cardiol. 1988; 62(9):635-7.
36. Rocco MB, Barry J, Campbell S, Nabel E, Cook EF, Goldman L, et al. Circadian variation of transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1987;75(2):395-400.
37. Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, Rutherford JD, Czeisler CA, Parker C, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(21):1315-22.
38. Willich SN, Linderer T, Wegscheider K, Leizorovicz A, Alamercery I, Schröder R. Increased morning incidence of myocardial infarction in the ISAM Study: absence with prior beta-adrenergic blockade. ISAM Study Group. Circulation. 1989; 80(4):853-8.
39. Marler JR, Price TR, Clark GL, Muller JE, Robertson T, Mohr JP, et al. Morning increase in onset of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1989;20(4):473-6.
40. Argentino C, Toni D, Rasura M, Violi F, Sacchetti ML, Allegretta A, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1990; 21(3):387-9.
41. Zhong X, Hilton HJ, Gates GJ, Jelic S, Stern Y, Bartels MN, et al. Increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic cardiovascular modulation in normal humans with acute sleep deprivation. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98(6):2024-32.
42. Dettoni JL, Consolim-Colombo FM, Drager LF, Rubira MC, de Souza SBP C, Irigoyen MC, et al. Cardiovascular effects of partial sleep deprivation in healthy volunteers. J Appl Physiol. 2012;113(2): 232-6.
43. Irwin M, Thompson J, Miller C, Gillin JC, Ziegler M. Effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on catecholamine and interleukin-2 levels in humans: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(6):1979-85.
44. Lusardi P, Zoppi A, Preti P, Pesce RM, Piazza E, Fogari R. Effects of insuffi cient sleep on blood pressure in hypertensive patients: a 24-h study. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12(1 Pt 1):63-8.
45. Sauvet F, Leftheriotis G, Gomez-Merino D, Langrume C, Drogou C, Van Beers P, et al. Effect of acute sleep deprivation on vascular function in healthy subjects. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(1):68-75.
46. Holmes AL, Burgess HJ, Dawson D. Effects of sleep pressure on endogenous cardiac autonomic activity and body temperature. J Appl Physiol. 2002;92(6): 2578-84.
47. Ridker PM. Testing the infl ammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis: scientifi c rationale for the cardiovascular infl ammation reduction trial (CIRT). J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7 Suppl 1:332-9.
48. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation. 2000;101(15):1767-72.
49. Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2001;103(13):1813-8.
50. Shearer WT, Reuben JM, Mullington JM, Price NJ, Lee BN, Smith EO, et al. Soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 and IL-6 plasma levels in humans subjected to the sleep deprivation model of spacefl ight. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(1):165-70.
51. Haack M, Sanchez E, Mullington JM. Elevated infl ammatory markers in response to prolonged sleep restriction Are associated with increased pain experience in healthy volunteers. Sleep. 2007;30(9): 1145-52.
52. Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Bixler EO, Lin H-M, Follett H, Kales A, et al. Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and infl ammatory cytokines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(5):2119-26.
53. Larkin EK, Rosen CL, Kirchner HL, Storfer-Isser A, Emancipator JL, Johnson NL, et al. Variation of C-reactive protein levels in adolescents: association with sleep-disordered breathing and sleep duration. Circulation. 2005;111(15):1978-84.
54. Born J, Lange T, Hansen K, Mölle M, Fehm HL. Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells. J Immunol. 1997;158(9): 4454-64.
55. Bøyum A, Wiik P, Gustavsson E, Veiby OP, Reseland J, Haugen AH, et al. The effect of strenuous exercise, calorie defi ciency and sleep deprivation on white blood cells, plasma immunoglobulins and cytokines. Scand J Immunol. 1996;43(2):228-35.
56. Kuhn E, Brodan V, Brodanová M, Rysánek K. Metabolic refl ection of sleep deprivation. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1969;11(3):165-74.
57. Dinges DF, Douglas SD, Zaugg L, Campbell DE, McMann JM, Whitehouse WG, et al. Leukocytosis and natural killer cell function parallel neurobehavioral fatigue induced by 64 hours of sleep deprivation. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(5):1930-9.
58. Frey DJ, Fleshner M, Wright Jr KP. The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on infl ammatory markers in healthy young adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2007;21(8):1050-7.
59. Taheri S, Austin D, Lin L, Nieto FJ, Young T, Mignot E. Correlates of serum C-reactive protein (CRP)-no association with sleep duration or sleep disordered breathing. Sleep. 2007;30(8):991-6.
60. Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, Doria A, Iaccarino L, Turiel M. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, biologic agents and cardiovascular risk. Lupus. 2005; 14(9):780-4.
61. Irwin MR, Wang M, Campomayor CO, Collado-Hidalgo A, Cole S. Sleep deprivation and activation of morning levels of cellular and genomic markers of infl ammation. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(16): 1756-62.
62. Irwin MR, Wang M, Ribeiro D, Cho HJ, Olmstead R, Breen EC, et al. Sleep loss activates cellular infl ammatory signaling. Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 64(6):538-40.
63. Mullington JM, Haack M, Toth M, Serrador JM, Meier-Ewert HK. Cardiovascular, infl ammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;51(4):294-302.
64. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(2):168-75.
65. Takase B, Akima T, Uehata A, Ohsuzu F, Kurita A. Effect of chronic stress and sleep deprivation on both fl ow-mediated dilation in the brachial artery and the intracellular magnesium level in humans. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27(4):223-7.
66. Amir O, Alroy S, Schliamser JE, Asmir I, Shiran A, Flugelman MY, et al. Brachial artery endothelial function in residents and fellows working night shifts. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(7):947-9.
67. Gangwisch JE, Heymsfi eld SB, Boden-Albala B, Buijs RM, Kreier F, Pickering TG, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: analyses of the fi rst National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hypertension. 2006;47(5):833-9.
68. Meier-Ewert HK, Ridker PM, Rifai N, Regan MM, Price NJ, Dinges DF, et al. Effect of sleep loss on C-reactive protein, an infl ammatory marker of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(4):678-83.
69. Miller MA, Kandala N-B, Kumari M, Marmot MG, Cappuccio FP. Relationships between sleep duration and von Willebrand factor, factor VII, and fi brinogen: Whitehall II study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(10):2032-8.
70. Von Kanel R, Loredo JS, Ancoli-Israel S, Mills PJ, Natarajan L, Dimsdale JE. Association between polysomnographic measures of disrupted sleep and prothrombotic factors. Chest. 2007;131(3):733-9.
71. Wolk R, Somers VK. Leptin and vascular function: friend or foe? Eur Heart J. 2006;27(19):2263-5.
72. Mullington JM, Chan JL, Van Dongen HPA, Szuba MP, Samaras J, Price NJ, et al. Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. J Neuroendocrinol. 2003;15(9):851-4.
73. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Cauter EV. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(11):846-50.
74. Matsuda K, Teragawa H, Fukuda Y, Nakagawa K, Higashi Y, Chayama K. Leptin causes nitric-oxide independent coronary artery vasodilation in humans. Hypertens Res. 2003;26(2):147-52.
75. Smith CCT, Dixon RA, Wynne AM, Theodorou L, Ong S-G, Subrayan S, et al. Leptin-induced cardioprotection involves JAK/STAT signaling that may be linked to the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010; 299(4):H1265-70.
76. Zhang F, Wang S, Signore AP, Chen J. Neuroprotective effects of leptin against ischemic injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and transient cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2007;38(8):2329-36.
77. Yuan K, Yu J, Shah A, Gao S, Kim SY, Kim SZ, et al. Leptin reduces plasma ANP level via nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010;298(4):R1007-16.
78. Mascareno E, Beckles D, Dhar-Mascareno M, Siddiqui MAQ. Enhanced hypertrophy in ob/ob mice due to an impairment in expression of atrial natriuretic peptide. Vascul Pharmacol. 2009;51(2-3):198-204.
79. Eikelis N, Schlaich M, Aggarwal A, Kaye D, Esler M. Interactions between leptin and the human sympathetic nervous system. Hypertension. 2003;41(5): 1072-9.
80. Purdham DM, Rajapurohitam V, Zeidan A, Huang C, Gross GJ, Karmazyn M. A neutralizing leptin receptor antibody mitigates hypertrophy and hemodynamic dysfunction in the postinfarcted rat heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295(1): H441-6.
81. Elbatarny HS, Maurice DH. Leptin-mediated activation of human platelets: involvement of a leptin receptor and phosphodiesterase 3A-containing cellular signaling complex. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;289(4):E695-702.
82. Thøgersen AM, Söderberg S, Jansson J-H, Dahlén G, Boman K, Nilsson TK, et al. Interactions between fi brinolysis, lipoproteins and leptin related to a fi rst myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004;11(1):33-40.
83. Loffreda S, Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Karp CL, Brengman ML, Wang DJ, et al. Leptin regulates proinfl ammatory immune responses. FASEB J. 1998;12(1):57-65.
84. Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2005;1(2):137-43.
85. Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e62.
86. Korbonits M, Grossman AB. Ghrelin: update on a novel hormonal system. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151 Suppl 1:S67-70.
87. Xu X, Sook Jhun B, Hoon Ha C, Jin Z-G. Molecular mechanisms of ghrelin-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation. Endocrinology. 2008; 149(8):4183-92.
88. Isgaard J, Barlind A, Johansson I. Cardiovascular effects of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2008;8(2):133-7.
89. Brandenberger G, Gronfi er C, Chapotot F, Simon C, Piquard F. Effect of sleep deprivation on overall 24 h growth-hormone secretion. Lancet. 2000;356(9239): 1408.
90. Maison P, Griffi n S, Nicoue-Beglah M, Haddad N, Balkau B, Chanson P. Impact of growth hormone (GH) treatment on cardiovascular risk factors in GH-defi cient adults: a metaanalysis of blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(5):2192-9.
91. Fox CS, Coady S, Sorlie PD, D'Agostino RB, Pencina MJ, Vasan RS, et al. Increasing cardiovascular disease burden due to diabetes mellitus the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2007;115(12): 1544-50.
92. Haffner SM, Karhapää P, Mykkänen L, Laakso M. Insulin resistance, body fat distribution, and sex hormones in men. Diabetes. 1994;43(2):212-9.
93. Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT. Endogenous sex hormones and cardiovascular disease in men. A prospective population-based study. Circulation. 1988;78(3):539-45.
94. Stellato RK, Feldman HA, Hamdy O, Horton ES, McKinlay JB. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and the development of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(4):490-4.
95. Whitworth JA, Williamson PM, Mangos G, Kelly JJ. Cardiovascular consequences of cortisol excess. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2005;1(4):291-9.
96. Mullington J, Hermann D, Holsboer F, Pollmächer T. Age-dependent suppression of nocturnal growth hormone levels during sleep deprivation. Neuroendocrinology. 1996;64(3):233-41.
97. Späth-Schwalbe E, Uthgenannt D, Voget G, Kern W, Born J, Fehm HL. Corticotropin-releasing hormoneinduced adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion depends on sleep and wakefulness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77(5):1170-3.
98. Weitzman ED, Zimmerman JC, Czeisler CA, Ronda J. Cortisol secretion is inhibited during sleep in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;56(2):352-8.
99. Gary KA, Winokur A, Douglas SD, Kapoor S, Zaugg L, Dinges DF. Total sleep deprivation and the thyroid axis: effects of sleep and waking activity. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1996;67(6):513-9.
100. Radomski MW, Hart LE, Goodman JM, Plyley MJ. Aerobic fi tness and hormonal responses to prolonged sleep deprivation and sustained mental work. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1992;63(2):101-6.
101. Palmblad J, Akerstedt T, Fröberg J, Melander A, Von Schenck H. Thyroid and adrenomedullary reactions during sleep deprivation. Acta Endocrinol. 1979;90(2):233-9.
102. Goichot B, Brandenberger G, Saini J, Wittersheim G, Follenius M. Nycthemeral patterns of thyroid hormones and their relationships with thyrotropin variations and sleep structure. J Endocrinol Invest. 1994;17(3):181-7.
103. Sadamatsu M, Kato N, Iida H, Takahashi S, Sakaue K, Takahashi K, et al. The 24-hour rhythms in plasma growth hormone, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone: effect of sleep deprivation. J Neuroendocrinol. 1995;7(8):597-606.
104. Bradley TD, Floras JS. Sleep apnea and heart failure. Part II: central sleep apnea. Circulation. 2003; 107(13):1822-6.
105. Sin DD, Fitzgerald F, Parker JD, Newton G, Floras JS, Bradley TD. Risk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with congestive heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(4):1101-6.
106. Wang H, Parker JD, Newton GE, Floras JS, Mak S, Chiu K-L, et al. Infl uence of obstructive sleep apnea on mortality in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(15):1625-31.
107. Javaheri S, Parker TJ, Liming JD, Corbett WS, Nishiyama H, Wexler L, et al. Sleep apnea in 81 ambulatory male patients with stable heart failure types and their prevalences, consequences, and presentations. Circulation. 1998;97(21):2154-9.
108. Naughton MT, Bradley TD. Sleep apnea in congestive heart failure. Clin Chest Med. 1998;19(1): 99-113.
109. Naughton MT, Benard DC, Liu PP, Rutherford R, Rankin F, Bradley TD. Effects of nasal CPAP on sympathetic activity in patients with heart failure and central sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(2):473-9.
110. Van de Borne P, Oren R, Abouassaly C, Anderson E, Somers VK. Effect of Cheyne-Stokes respiration on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in severe congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(4): 432-6.
111. Spaak J, Egri ZJ, Kubo T, Yu E, Ando S-I, Kaneko Y, et al. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during wakefulness in heart failure patients with and without sleep apnea. Hypertension. 2005;46(6): 1327-32.
112. Mansfi eld D, Kaye DM, Brunner La Rocca H, Solin P, Esler MD, Naughton MT. Raised sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure and central sleep apnea is due to heart failure severity. Circulation. 2003;107(10):1396-400.
113. Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, et al. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: An American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientifi c Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing In Collaboration With the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (National Institutes of Health). Circulation. 2008;118(10):1080-111.
114. Sackner MA, Landa J, Forrest T, Greeneltch D. Periodic sleep apnea: chronic sleep deprivation related to intermittent upper airway obstruction and central nervous system disturbance. Chest. 1975; 67(2):164-71.
115. Stranges S, Dorn JM, Cappuccio FP, Donahue RP, Rafalson LB, Hovey KM, et al. A population-based study of reduced sleep duration and hypertension: the strongest association may be in premenopausal women. J Hypertens. 2010;28(5):896-902.
116. Stang A, Moebus S, Möhlenkamp S, Erbel R, Jöckel KH. Gender-specifi c associations of short sleep duration with prevalent hypertension. Hypertension. 2008;51(3):e15-6.
117. Vgontzas AN, Liao D, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP, Vela-Bueno A. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension. Sleep. 2009;32(4):491-7.
118. Gottlieb DJ, Redline S, Nieto FJ, Baldwin CM, Newman AB, Resnick HE, et al. Association of usual sleep duration with hypertension: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep. 2006;29(8):1009-14.
119. Javaheri S, Storfer-Isser A, Rosen CL, Redline S. Sleep quality and elevated blood pressure in adolescents. Circulation. 2008;118(10):1034-40.
120. Lusardi P, Mugellini A, Preti P, Zoppi A, Derosa G, Fogari R. Effects of a restricted sleep regimen on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive subjects. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9(5):503-5.
121. Kripke DF, Simons RN, Garfi nkel L, Hammond EC. Short and long sleep and sleeping pillsis increased mortality associated? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979; 36(1):103-16.
122. Wingard DL, Berkman LF. Mortality risk associated with sleeping patterns among adults. Sleep. 1983; 6(2):102-7.
123. Partinen M, Putkonen PT, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Hilakivi I. Sleep disorders in relation to coronary heart disease. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1982; 660:69-83.
124. Janszky I, Ljung R. Shifts to and from daylight saving time and incidence of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(18):1966-8.
125. Shankar A, Koh W-P, Yuan J-M, Lee H-P, Yu MC. Sleep duration and coronary heart disease mortality among Chinese adults in Singapore: a populationbased cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008; 168(12):1367-73.
126. Amagai Y, Ishikawa S, Gotoh T, Doi Y, Kayaba K, Nakamura Y, et al. Sleep duration and mortality in Japan: the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. J Epidemiol. 2004;14(4):124-8.
127. Empana J-P, Dauvilliers Y, Dartigues J-F, Ritchie K, Gariepy J, Jouven X, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness is an independent risk indicator for cardiovascular mortality in community-dwelling elderly: the three city study. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1219-24.
128. Ferrie JE, Shipley MJ, Cappuccio FP, Brunner E, Miller MA, Kumari M, et al. A prospective study of change in sleep duration: associations with mortality in the Whitehall II Cohort. Sleep. 2007;30(12):1659-66.
129. Heslop P, Smith GD, Metcalfe C, Macleod J, Hart C. Sleep duration and mortality: the effect of short or long sleep duration on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in working men and women. Sleep Med. 2002;3(4):305-14.
130. Meisinger C, Heier M, Löwel H, Schneider A, Döring A. Sleep duration and sleep complaints and risk of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men and women from the general population: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study. Sleep. 2007;30(9):1121-7.
131. Kripke DF, Garfi nkel L, Wingard DL, Klauber MR, Marler MR. Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002; 59(2):131-6.
132. Mallon L, Broman JE, Hetta J. Sleep complaints predict coronary artery disease mortality in males: a 12-year follow-up study of a middle-aged Swedish population. J Intern Med. 2002;251(3):207-16.
133. Qureshi AI, Giles WH, Croft JB, Bliwise DL. Habitual sleep patterns and risk for stroke and coronary heart disease: a 10-year follow-up from NHANES I. Neurology. 1997;48(4):904-10.
134. Chandola T, Ferrie JE, Perski A, Akbaraly T, Marmot MG. The effect of short sleep duration on coronary heart disease risk is greatest among those with sleep disturbance: a prospective study from the Whitehall II cohort. Sleep. 2010;33(6):739-44.
135. Ekstedt M, Akerstedt T, Söderström M. Microarousals during sleep are associated with increased levels of lipids, cortisol, and blood pressure. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(6):925-31.
136. Ekstedt M, Söderström M, Akerstedt T, Nilsson J, Søndergaard H-P, Aleksander P. Disturbed sleep and fatigue in occupational burnout. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006;32(2):121-31.
137. Buell P, Breslow L. Mortality from coronary heart disease in California men who work long hours. J Chronic Dis. 1960;11(6):615-26.
138. Falger PR, Schouten EG. Exhaustion, psychological stressors in the work environment, and acute myocardial infarction in adult men. J Psychosom Res. 1992;36(8):777-86.
139. Netterstrom B, Nielsen FE, Kristensen TS, Bach E, Moller L. Relation between job strain and myocardial infarction: a case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 1999;56(5):339-42.
140. Theorell T, Rahe RH. Behavior and life satisfactions characteristics of Swedish subjects with myocardial infarction. J Chronic Dis. 1972;25(3):139-47.
141. Sokejima S, Kagamimori S. Working hours as a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in Japan: case-control study. BMJ. 1998;317(7161):775-80.
142. Ruiter M, Howard VJ, Letter AJ, Kleindorfer D. Short sleep predicts stroke symptoms in persons of normal weight. SLEEP 2012; June 11, 2012; Boston, MA. Abstract 0829.
143. Chen J-C, Brunner RL, Ren H, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Larson JC, Levine DW, et al. Sleep duration and risk of ischemic stroke in postmenopausal women. Stroke. 2008;39(12):3185-92.
144. Eguchi K, Hoshide S, Ishikawa S, Shimada K, Kario K. Short sleep duration is an independent predictor of stroke events in elderly hypertensive patients. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010;4(5):255-62.
145. Sari I, Davutoglu V, Ozbala B, Ozer O, Baltaci Y, Yavuz S, et al. Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased electrocardiographic P-wave dispersion in healthy young men and women. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(4):438-42.
146. Dilaveris PE, Gialafos JE. P-wave dispersion: a novel predictor of paroxysmal atrial fi brillation. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2001;6(2):159-65.
147. Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientifi c Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease From the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2006;113(6):898-918.
148. Choi KM, Lee JS, Park HS, Baik SH, Choi DS, Kim SM. Relationship between sleep duration and the metabolic syndrome: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008; 32(7):1091-7.
149. Hall MH, Muldoon MF, Jennings JR, Buysse DJ, Flory JD, Manuck SB. Self-reported sleep duration is associated with the metabolic syndrome in midlife adults. Sleep. 2008;31(5):635-43.
150. Van den Berg JF, Knvistingh Neven A, Tulen JHM, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, Miedema HME, et al. Actigraphic sleep duration and fragmentation are related to obesity in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(7):1083-90.
151. Watanabe M, Kikuchi H, Tanaka K, Takahashi M. Association of short sleep duration with weight gain and obesity at 1-year follow-up: a large-scale prospective study. Sleep. 2010;33(2):161-7.
152. Patel SR, Blackwell T, Redline S, Ancoli-Israel S, Cauley JA, Hillier TA, et al. The association between sleep duration and obesity in older adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(12):1825-34.
153. Park SE, Kim HM, Kim DH, Kim J, Cha BS, Kim DJ. The association between sleep duration and general and abdominal obesity in Koreans: data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001 and 2005. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(4):767-71.
154. Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala N-B, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep. 2008;31(5):619-26.
155. Mellitus D. A major risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A Joint Editorial Statement by the American Diabetes Association; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International; the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;100(10): 1132-3.
156. Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW, Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK. Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes. 2010;59(9):2126-33.
157. Donga E, Van Dijk M, Van Dijk JG, Biermasz NR, Lammers G-J, Van Kralingen KW, et al. A single night of partial sleep deprivation induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(6): 2963-8.
158. Chaput J-P, Després J-P, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. Association of sleep duration with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia. 2007;50(11):2298-304.
159. Tuomilehto H, Peltonen M, Partinen M, Seppä J, Saaristo T, Korpi-Hyövälti E, et al. Sleep duration is associated with an increased risk for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women-The FIN-D2D survey. Sleep Med. 2008;9(3): 221-7.
160. Rafalson L, Donahue RP, Stranges S, Lamonte MJ, Dmochowski J, Dorn J, et al. Short sleep duration is associated with the development of impaired fasting glucose: the Western New York Health Study. Ann Epidemiol. 2010;20(12):883-9.
161. Xu Q, Song Y, Hollenbeck A, Blair A, Schatzkin A, Chen H. Day napping and short night sleeping are associated with higher risk of diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):78-83.
162. Kawakami N, Takatsuka N, Shimizu H. Sleep disturbance and onset of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):282-3.
163. Patel SR, Ayas NT, Malhotra MR, White DP, Schernhammer ES, Speizer FE, et al. A prospective study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women. Sleep. 2004;27(3):440-4.