메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2015, Pages

Culture adaptation alters transcriptional hierarchies among single human embryonic stem cells reflecting altered patterns of differentiation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4; STAGE SPECIFIC EMBRYO ANTIGEN 3; HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN; NANOG PROTEIN, HUMAN; POU5F1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; STAGE SPECIFIC EMBRYO ANTIGEN; STAGE-SPECIFIC EMBRYONIC ANTIGEN-3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NANOG; TRANSCRIPTOME; TUMOR ANTIGEN;

EID: 84928901485     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123467     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (46)
  • 1
    • 33846879559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to culture of human embryonic stem cells and oncogenesis in vivo
    • PMID: 17287758
    • Baker DE, Harrison NJ, Maltby E, Smith K, Moore HD, Shaw PJ, et al. (2007) Adaptation to culture of human embryonic stem cells and oncogenesis in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 25: 207-215. PMID: 17287758
    • (2007) Nat Biotechnol , vol.25 , pp. 207-215
    • Baker, D.E.1    Harrison, N.J.2    Maltby, E.3    Smith, K.4    Moore, H.D.5    Shaw, P.J.6
  • 2
    • 73149094719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the evolution of culture-adapted human embryonic stem cells
    • PMID: 19837641
    • Olariu V, Harrison NJ, Coca D, Gokhale PJ, Baker D, Billings S, et al. (2010) Modeling the evolution of culture-adapted human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 4: 50-56. doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.09.001 PMID: 19837641
    • (2010) Stem Cell Res , vol.4 , pp. 50-56
    • Olariu, V.1    Harrison, N.J.2    Coca, D.3    Gokhale, P.J.4    Baker, D.5    Billings, S.6
  • 4
    • 27744512983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular differentiation hierarchies in normal and culture-adapted human embryonic stem cells
    • PMID: 16159889
    • Enver T, Soneji S, Joshi C, Brown J, Iborra F, Orntoft T, et al. (2005) Cellular differentiation hierarchies in normal and culture-adapted human embryonic stem cells. Hum Mol Genet 14: 3129-3140. PMID: 16159889
    • (2005) Hum Mol Genet , vol.14 , pp. 3129-3140
    • Enver, T.1    Soneji, S.2    Joshi, C.3    Brown, J.4    Iborra, F.5    Orntoft, T.6
  • 5
    • 0348103716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent gain of chromosomes 17q and 12 in cultured human embryonic stem cells
    • PMID: 14661028
    • Draper JS, Smith K, Gokhale P, Moore HD, Maltby E, Johnson J, et al. (2004) Recurrent gain of chromosomes 17q and 12 in cultured human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 22: 53-54. PMID: 14661028
    • (2004) Nat Biotechnol , vol.22 , pp. 53-54
    • Draper, J.S.1    Smith, K.2    Gokhale, P.3    Moore, H.D.4    Maltby, E.5    Johnson, J.6
  • 6
    • 34249897719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restriction landmark genome scanning identifies culture-induced DNA methylation instability in the human embryonic stem cell epigenome
    • PMID: 17409196
    • Allegrucci C, Wu YZ, Thurston A, Denning CN, Priddle H, Mummery CL, et al. (2007) Restriction landmark genome scanning identifies culture-induced DNA methylation instability in the human embryonic stem cell epigenome. Hum Mol Genet 16: 1253-1268. PMID: 17409196
    • (2007) Hum Mol Genet , vol.16 , pp. 1253-1268
    • Allegrucci, C.1    Wu, Y.Z.2    Thurston, A.3    Denning, C.N.4    Priddle, H.5    Mummery, C.L.6
  • 7
    • 83255189758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage
    • PMID: 22119741
    • Amps K, Andrews PW, Anyfantis G, Armstrong L, Avery S, Baharvand H, et al. (2011) Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage. Nat Biotechnol 29: 1132-1144. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2051 PMID: 22119741
    • (2011) Nat Biotechnol , vol.29 , pp. 1132-1144
    • Amps, K.1    Andrews, P.W.2    Anyfantis, G.3    Armstrong, L.4    Avery, S.5    Baharvand, H.6
  • 8
    • 84888129842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BCL-XL Mediates the Strong Selective Advantage of a 20q11.21 Amplification Commonly Found in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures
    • PMID: 24286026
    • Avery S, Hirst AJ, Baker D, Lim CY, Alagaratnam S, Skotheim RI, et al. (2013) BCL-XL Mediates the Strong Selective Advantage of a 20q11.21 Amplification Commonly Found in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures. Stem cell reports 1: 379-386. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.10.005 PMID: 24286026
    • (2013) Stem Cell Reports , vol.1 , pp. 379-386
    • Avery, S.1    Hirst, A.J.2    Baker, D.3    Lim, C.Y.4    Alagaratnam, S.5    Skotheim, R.I.6
  • 9
    • 79958843113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered patterns of differentiation in karyotypically abnormal human embryonic stem cells
    • PMID: 21671221
    • Fazeli A, Liew CG, Matin MM, Elliott S, Jeanmeure LF, Wright PC, et al. (2011) Altered patterns of differentiation in karyotypically abnormal human embryonic stem cells. Int J Dev Biol 55: 175-180. doi: 10.1387/ijdb.103177af PMID: 21671221
    • (2011) Int J Dev Biol , vol.55 , pp. 175-180
    • Fazeli, A.1    Liew, C.G.2    Matin, M.M.3    Elliott, S.4    Jeanmeure, L.F.5    Wright, P.C.6
  • 11
    • 37549002155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nanog safeguards pluripotency and mediates germline development
    • PMID: 18097409
    • Chambers I, Silva J, Colby D, Nichols J, Nijmeijer B, Robertson M, et al. (2007) Nanog safeguards pluripotency and mediates germline development. Nature 450: 1230-1234. PMID: 18097409
    • (2007) Nature , vol.450 , pp. 1230-1234
    • Chambers, I.1    Silva, J.2    Colby, D.3    Nichols, J.4    Nijmeijer, B.5    Robertson, M.6
  • 12
    • 53049092465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic equilibrium and heterogeneity of mouse pluripotent stem cells with distinct functional and epigenetic states
    • PMID: 18940731
    • Hayashi K, Lopes SM, Tang F, Surani MA (2008) Dynamic equilibrium and heterogeneity of mouse pluripotent stem cells with distinct functional and epigenetic states. Cell stem cell 3: 391-401. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.027 PMID: 18940731
    • (2008) Cell Stem Cell , vol.3 , pp. 391-401
    • Hayashi, K.1    Lopes, S.M.2    Tang, F.3    Surani, M.A.4
  • 13
    • 42149192008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of subpopulations in undifferentiated ES cell culture
    • PMID: 18263842
    • Toyooka Y, Shimosato D, Murakami K, Takahashi K, Niwa H (2008) Identification and characterization of subpopulations in undifferentiated ES cell culture. Development 135: 909-918. doi: 10.1242/dev.017400 PMID: 18263842
    • (2008) Development , vol.135 , pp. 909-918
    • Toyooka, Y.1    Shimosato, D.2    Murakami, K.3    Takahashi, K.4    Niwa, H.5
  • 14
    • 77952915049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional heterogeneity of embryonic stem cells revealed through translational amplification of an early endodermal transcript
    • PMID: 20520791
    • Canham MA, Sharov AA, Ko MS, Brickman JM (2010) Functional heterogeneity of embryonic stem cells revealed through translational amplification of an early endodermal transcript. PLoS Biol 8: e1000379. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000379 PMID: 20520791
    • (2010) PLoS Biol , vol.8 , pp. e1000379
    • Canham, M.A.1    Sharov, A.A.2    Ko, M.S.3    Brickman, J.M.4
  • 15
    • 65349097905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem cell states, fates, and the rules of attraction
    • PMID: 19427289
    • Enver T, Pera M, Peterson C, Andrews PW (2009) Stem cell states, fates, and the rules of attraction. Cell stem cell 4: 387-397. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.04.011 PMID: 19427289
    • (2009) Cell Stem Cell , vol.4 , pp. 387-397
    • Enver, T.1    Pera, M.2    Peterson, C.3    Andrews, P.W.4
  • 16
    • 44349162752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptome-wide noise controls lineage choice in mammalian progenitor cells
    • PMID: 18497826
    • Chang HH, Hemberg M, Barahona M, Ingber DE, Huang S (2008) Transcriptome-wide noise controls lineage choice in mammalian progenitor cells. Nature 453: 544-547. doi: 10.1038/nature06965 PMID: 18497826
    • (2008) Nature , vol.453 , pp. 544-547
    • Chang, H.H.1    Hemberg, M.2    Barahona, M.3    Ingber, D.E.4    Huang, S.5
  • 18
    • 79960009805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell fate potential of human pluripotent stem cells is encoded by histone modifications
    • PMID: 21726831
    • Hong SH, Rampalli S, Lee JB, McNicol J, Collins T, Draper JS, et al. (2011) Cell fate potential of human pluripotent stem cells is encoded by histone modifications. Cell stem cell 9: 24-36. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.06.002 PMID: 21726831
    • (2011) Cell Stem Cell , vol.9 , pp. 24-36
    • Hong, S.H.1    Rampalli, S.2    Lee, J.B.3    McNicol, J.4    Collins, T.5    Draper, J.S.6
  • 19
    • 84867028809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous Wnt signalling in human embryonic stem cells generates an equilibrium of distinct lineage-specified progenitors
    • PMID: 22990866
    • Blauwkamp TA, Nigam S, Ardehali R, Weissman IL, Nusse R (2012) Endogenous Wnt signalling in human embryonic stem cells generates an equilibrium of distinct lineage-specified progenitors. Nat Commun 3: 1070. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2064 PMID: 22990866
    • (2012) Nat Commun , vol.3 , pp. 1070
    • Blauwkamp, T.A.1    Nigam, S.2    Ardehali, R.3    Weissman, I.L.4    Nusse, R.5
  • 20
    • 0030954167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilineage gene expression precedes commitment in the hemopoietic system
    • PMID: 9087431
    • Hu M, Krause D, Greaves M, Sharkis S, Dexter M, Heyworth C, et al. (1997) Multilineage gene expression precedes commitment in the hemopoietic system. Genes Dev 11: 774-785. PMID: 9087431
    • (1997) Genes Dev , vol.11 , pp. 774-785
    • Hu, M.1    Krause, D.2    Greaves, M.3    Sharkis, S.4    Dexter, M.5    Heyworth, C.6
  • 22
    • 84860351082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transcriptional and epigenomic foundations of ground state pluripotency
    • PMID: 22541430
    • Marks H, Kalkan T, Menafra R, Denissov S, Jones K, Hofemeister H, et al. (2012) The transcriptional and epigenomic foundations of ground state pluripotency. Cell 149: 590-604. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.026 PMID: 22541430
    • (2012) Cell , vol.149 , pp. 590-604
    • Marks, H.1    Kalkan, T.2    Menafra, R.3    Denissov, S.4    Jones, K.5    Hofemeister, H.6
  • 23
    • 0020957226 scopus 로고
    • New globoseries glycosphingolipids in human teratocarcinoma reactive with the monoclonal antibody directed to a developmentally regulated antigen, stage-specific embryonic antigen 3
    • PMID: 6863318
    • Kannagi R, Levery SB, Ishigami F, Hakomori S, Shevinsky LH, Knowles BB, et al. (1983) New globoseries glycosphingolipids in human teratocarcinoma reactive with the monoclonal antibody directed to a developmentally regulated antigen, stage-specific embryonic antigen 3. The Journal of biological chemistry 258: 8934-8942. PMID: 6863318
    • (1983) The Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.258 , pp. 8934-8942
    • Kannagi, R.1    Levery, S.B.2    Ishigami, F.3    Hakomori, S.4    Shevinsky, L.H.5    Knowles, B.B.6
  • 24
    • 0020997754 scopus 로고
    • Stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEA-3 and -4) are epitopes of a unique globo-series ganglioside isolated from human teratocarcinoma cells
    • PMID: 6141938
    • Kannagi R, Cochran NA, Ishigami F, Hakomori S, Andrews PW, Knowles BB, et al. (1983) Stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEA-3 and -4) are epitopes of a unique globo-series ganglioside isolated from human teratocarcinoma cells. Embo J 2: 2355-2361. PMID: 6141938
    • (1983) Embo J , vol.2 , pp. 2355-2361
    • Kannagi, R.1    Cochran, N.A.2    Ishigami, F.3    Hakomori, S.4    Andrews, P.W.5    Knowles, B.B.6
  • 25
    • 0023266095 scopus 로고
    • Glycolipid core structure switching from globo- to lacto- and ganglio-series during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of TERA- 2-derived human embryonal carcinoma cells
    • PMID: 3297853
    • Fenderson BA, Andrews PW, Nudelman E, Clausen H, Hakomori S (1987) Glycolipid core structure switching from globo- to lacto- and ganglio-series during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of TERA- 2-derived human embryonal carcinoma cells. Dev Biol 122: 21-34. PMID: 3297853
    • (1987) Dev Biol , vol.122 , pp. 21-34
    • Fenderson, B.A.1    Andrews, P.W.2    Nudelman, E.3    Clausen, H.4    Hakomori, S.5
  • 26
    • 0020368488 scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibody to murine embryos defines a stage-specific embryonic antigen expressed on mouse embryos and human teratocarcinoma cells
    • PMID: 6183004
    • Shevinsky LH, Knowles BB, Damjanov I, Solter D (1982) Monoclonal antibody to murine embryos defines a stage-specific embryonic antigen expressed on mouse embryos and human teratocarcinoma cells. Cell 30: 697-705. PMID: 6183004
    • (1982) Cell , vol.30 , pp. 697-705
    • Shevinsky, L.H.1    Knowles, B.B.2    Damjanov, I.3    Solter, D.4
  • 27
    • 0036244901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface antigens of human embryonic stem cells: Changes upon differentiation in culture
    • PMID: 12033729
    • Draper JS, Pigott C, Thomson JA, Andrews PW (2002) Surface antigens of human embryonic stem cells: changes upon differentiation in culture. J Anat 200: 249-258. PMID: 12033729
    • (2002) J Anat , vol.200 , pp. 249-258
    • Draper, J.S.1    Pigott, C.2    Thomson, J.A.3    Andrews, P.W.4
  • 28
    • 79960318124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functionally defined substates within the human embryonic stem cell compartment
    • PMID: 21763622
    • Tonge PD, Shigeta M, Schroeder T, Andrews PW (2011) Functionally defined substates within the human embryonic stem cell compartment. Stem Cell Res 7: 145-153. doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.04.006 PMID: 21763622
    • (2011) Stem Cell Res , vol.7 , pp. 145-153
    • Tonge, P.D.1    Shigeta, M.2    Schroeder, T.3    Andrews, P.W.4
  • 30
    • 34447528757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New cell lines from mouse epiblast share defining features with human embryonic stem cells
    • PMID: 17597760
    • Tesar PJ, Chenoweth JG, Brook FA, Davies TJ, Evans EP, Mack DL, et al. (2007) New cell lines from mouse epiblast share defining features with human embryonic stem cells. Nature 448: 196-199. PMID: 17597760
    • (2007) Nature , vol.448 , pp. 196-199
    • Tesar, P.J.1    Chenoweth, J.G.2    Brook, F.A.3    Davies, T.J.4    Evans, E.P.5    Mack, D.L.6
  • 31
    • 66049117813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naive and primed pluripotent states
    • PMID: 19497275
    • Nichols J, Smith A (2009) Naive and primed pluripotent states. Cell stem cell 4: 487-492. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.015 PMID: 19497275
    • (2009) Cell Stem Cell , vol.4 , pp. 487-492
    • Nichols, J.1    Smith, A.2
  • 32
    • 77953365784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrinsic regulation of pluripotent stem cells
    • PMID: 20535200
    • Pera MF, Tam PP (2010) Extrinsic regulation of pluripotent stem cells. Nature 465: 713-720. doi: 10.1038/nature09228 PMID: 20535200
    • (2010) Nature , vol.465 , pp. 713-720
    • Pera, M.F.1    Tam, P.P.2
  • 34
    • 77956235887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A murine ESC-like state facilitates transgenesis and homologous recombination in human pluripotent stem cells
    • PMID: 20569691
    • Buecker C, Chen HH, Polo JM, Daheron L, Bu L, Barakat TS, et al. (2010) A murine ESC-like state facilitates transgenesis and homologous recombination in human pluripotent stem cells. Cell stem cell 6: 535-546. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.05.003 PMID: 20569691
    • (2010) Cell Stem Cell , vol.6 , pp. 535-546
    • Buecker, C.1    Chen, H.H.2    Polo, J.M.3    Daheron, L.4    Bu, L.5    Barakat, T.S.6
  • 36
    • 84890439421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation of novel human ground state naive pluripotent stem cells
    • PMID: 24172903
    • Gafni O, Weinberger L, Mansour AA, Manor YS, Chomsky E, Ben-Yosef D, et al. (2013) Derivation of novel human ground state naive pluripotent stem cells. Nature 504: 282-286. doi: 10.1038/nature12745 PMID: 24172903
    • (2013) Nature , vol.504 , pp. 282-286
    • Gafni, O.1    Weinberger, L.2    Mansour, A.A.3    Manor, Y.S.4    Chomsky, E.5    Ben-Yosef, D.6
  • 38
    • 84882895492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncovering the true identity of naive pluripotent stem cells
    • PMID: 23685019
    • Welling M, Geijsen N (2013) Uncovering the true identity of naive pluripotent stem cells. Trends in cell biology 23: 442-448. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.04.004 PMID: 23685019
    • (2013) Trends in Cell Biology , vol.23 , pp. 442-448
    • Welling, M.1    Geijsen, N.2
  • 39
    • 84860640679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erosion of dosage compensation impacts human iPSC disease modeling
    • PMID: 22560080
    • Mekhoubad S, Bock C, de Boer AS, Kiskinis E, Meissner A, Eggan K (2012) Erosion of dosage compensation impacts human iPSC disease modeling. Cell stem cell 10: 595-609. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.02.014 PMID: 22560080
    • (2012) Cell Stem Cell , vol.10 , pp. 595-609
    • Mekhoubad, S.1    Bock, C.2    De Boer, A.S.3    Kiskinis, E.4    Meissner, A.5    Eggan, K.6
  • 40
    • 84902259602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-cell gene expression profiles define self-renewing, pluripotent, and lineage primed States of human pluripotent stem cells
    • PMID: 24936473
    • Hough SR, Thornton M, Mason E, Mar JC, Wells CA, Pera MF (2014) Single-cell gene expression profiles define self-renewing, pluripotent, and lineage primed States of human pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell reports 2: 881-895. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.014 PMID: 24936473
    • (2014) Stem Cell Reports , vol.2 , pp. 881-895
    • Hough, S.R.1    Thornton, M.2    Mason, E.3    Mar, J.C.4    Wells, C.A.5    Pera, M.F.6
  • 41
    • 34548307176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IGF and FGF cooperatively establish the regulatory stem cell niche of pluripotent human cells in vitro
    • PMID: 17625568
    • Bendall SC, Stewart MH, Menendez P, George D, Vijayaragavan K, Werbowetski-Ogilvie T, et al. (2007) IGF and FGF cooperatively establish the regulatory stem cell niche of pluripotent human cells in vitro. Nature 448: 1015-1021. PMID: 17625568
    • (2007) Nature , vol.448 , pp. 1015-1021
    • Bendall, S.C.1    Stewart, M.H.2    Menendez, P.3    George, D.4    Vijayaragavan, K.5    Werbowetski-Ogilvie, T.6
  • 42
    • 1842426937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of human embryonic stem cell differentiation by BMP-2 and its antagonist noggin
    • PMID: 14996946
    • Pera MF, Andrade J, Houssami S, Reubinoff B, Trounson A, Stanley EG, et al. (2004) Regulation of human embryonic stem cell differentiation by BMP-2 and its antagonist noggin. J Cell Sci 117: 1269-1280. PMID: 14996946
    • (2004) J Cell Sci , vol.117 , pp. 1269-1280
    • Pera, M.F.1    Andrade, J.2    Houssami, S.3    Reubinoff, B.4    Trounson, A.5    Stanley, E.G.6
  • 43
    • 84890984246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell-cycle control of developmentally regulated transcription factors accounts for heterogeneity in human pluripotent cells
    • PMID: 24371808
    • Singh AM, Chappell J, Trost R, Lin L, Wang T, Tang J, et al. (2013) Cell-cycle control of developmentally regulated transcription factors accounts for heterogeneity in human pluripotent cells. Stem cell reports 1: 532-544. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.10.009 PMID: 24371808
    • (2013) Stem Cell Reports , vol.1 , pp. 532-544
    • Singh, A.M.1    Chappell, J.2    Trost, R.3    Lin, L.4    Wang, T.5    Tang, J.6
  • 45
    • 34447295350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines by the International Stem Cell Initiative
    • PMID: 17572666
    • Adewumi O, Aflatoonian B, Ahrlund-Richter L, Amit M, Andrews PW, Beighton G, et al. (2007) Characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines by the International Stem Cell Initiative. Nat Biotechnol 25: 803-816. PMID: 17572666
    • (2007) Nat Biotechnol , vol.25 , pp. 803-816
    • Adewumi, O.1    Aflatoonian, B.2    Ahrlund-Richter, L.3    Amit, M.4    Andrews, P.W.5    Beighton, G.6
  • 46
    • 0036169031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genesis: Cluster analysis of microarray data
    • PMID: 11836235
    • Sturn A, Quackenbush J, Trajanoski Z (2002) Genesis: cluster analysis of microarray data. Bioinformatics 18: 207-208. PMID: 11836235
    • (2002) Bioinformatics , vol.18 , pp. 207-208
    • Sturn, A.1    Quackenbush, J.2    Trajanoski, Z.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.