Theranostic lipid nanoparticles for cancer medicine

Cancer Treatment and Research

Volumn 166, Issue , 2015, Pages 103-127

  Charron, Danielle M ^a,b   Chen, Juan ^b   Zheng, Gang ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b PRINCESS MARGARET HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cancer imaging; Cancer therapy; Lipoprotein; Liposome; Multifunctional nanoparticle; Porphyrin

Indexed keywords

COPPER 64; DRUG CARRIER; LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOSOME; MAGNESIUM; NANOCARRIER; NANOCRYSTAL; NANOPARTICLE; PENTETIC ACID; PHOTOFRIN; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; PORPHYRIN; QUANTUM DOT; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; THERANOSTIC LIPID NANOPARTICLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; NANOCONJUGATE;

ARTICLE; BIOACCUMULATION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER THERAPY; CELL TRANSPORT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ECHOGRAPHY; FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; HUMAN; HYDROPHOBICITY; KAPOSI SARCOMA; NANOENCAPSULATION; NANOMEDICINE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARTICLE SIZE; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PHOTOACOUSTICS; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; ANIMAL; DIAGNOSTIC USE; NEOPLASMS; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS; LIPOSOMES; NANOCONJUGATES; NANOMEDICINE; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84928540586     PISSN: 09273042     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16555-4_5     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Baker M (2010) Whole-animal imaging: the whole picture. Nature 463(7283):977-980. doi:10.1038/463977a
2. Naumova AV, Modo M, Moore A, Murry CE, Frank JA (2014) Clinical imaging in regenerative medicine. Nat Biotechnol 32(8):804-818. doi:10.1038/nbt.2993
3. Sakamoto JH, van de Ven AL, Godin B, Blanco E, Serda RE, Grattoni A, Ziemys A, Bouamrani A, Hu T, Ranganathan SI, De Rosa E, Martinez JO, Smid CA, Buchanan RM, Lee SY, Srinivasan S, Landry M, Meyn A, Tasciotti E, Liu X, Decuzzi P, Ferrari M (2010) Enabling individualized therapy through nanotechnology. Pharmacol Res Official J Ital Pharmacol Soc 62(2):57-89. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2009.12.011
4. Lammers T, Kiessling F, Hennink WE, Storm G (2010) Nanotheranostics and image-guided drug delivery: current concepts and future directions. Mol Pharm 7(6):1899-1912. doi:10. 1021/mp100228v
5. Rizzo LY, Theek B, Storm G, Kiessling F, Lammers T (2013) Recent progress in nanomedicine: therapeutic, diagnostic and theranostic applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 24 (6):1159-1166. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2013.02.020
6. Phillips WT, Bao A, Brenner AJ, Goins BA (2014) Image-guided interventional therapy for cancer with radiotherapeutic nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 76:39-59
7. Lovell JF, Liu TW, Chen J, Zheng G (2010) Activatable photosensitizers for imaging and therapy. Chem Rev 110(5):2839-2857. doi:10.1021/cr900236h
8. Lin Q, Chen J, Ng KK, Cao W, Zhang Z, Zheng G (2014) Imaging the cytosolic drug delivery mechanism of HDL-like nanoparticles. Pharm Res 31(6):1438-1449. doi:10.1007/ s11095-013-1046-z
9. Matsumura Y, Maeda H (1986) A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs. Cancer Res 46(12 Pt 1):6387-6392
10. Maeda H (2001) The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumor vasculature: the key role of tumor-selective macromolecular drug targeting. Adv Enzyme Regul 41:189-207
11. Fang J, Nakamura H, Maeda H (2011) The EPR effect: unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63(3):136-151. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2010.04.009
12. Gabizon AA (1995) Liposome circulation time and tumor targeting: implications for cancer chemotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 16(2-3):285-294
13. Pegaz B, Debefve E, Ballini JP, Wagnieres G, Spaniol S, Albrecht V, Scheglmann DV, Nifantiev NE, van den Bergh H, Konan-Kouakou YN (2006) Photothrombic activity of m-THPC-loaded liposomal formulations: pre-clinical assessment on chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Eur J Pharm Sci Official J Eur Fed Pharm Sci 28(1-2):134-140. doi:10. 1016/j.ejps.2006.01.008
14. Ernsting MJ, Murakami M, Roy A, Li SD (2013) Factors controlling the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and intratumoral penetration of nanoparticles. J Controlled Release Official J Controlled Release Soc 172(3):782-794. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.013
15. Albanese A, Tang PS, Chan WC (2012) The effect of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface chemistry on biological systems. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 14:1-16. doi:10.1146/annurevbioeng- 071811-150124
16. Kaasgaard T, Andresen TL (2010) Liposomal cancer therapy: exploiting tumor characteristics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 7(2):225-243. doi:10.1517/17425240903427940
17. Lammers T, Kiessling F, Hennink WE, Storm G (2012) Drug targeting to tumors: principles, pitfalls and (pre-) clinical progress. J Controlled Release Official J Controlled Release Soc 161(2):175-187. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.063
18. Ganta S, Devalapally H, Shahiwala A, Amiji M (2008) A review of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. J Controlled Release Official J Controlled Release Soc 126(3):187-204. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.017
19. Gao W, Chan JM, Farokhzad OC (2010) pH-Responsive nanoparticles for drug delivery. Mol Pharm 7(6):1913-1920. doi:10.1021/mp100253e
20. Rai P, Mallidi S, Zheng X, Rahmanzadeh R, Mir Y, Elrington S, Khurshid A, Hasan T (2010) Development and applications of photo-triggered theranostic agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62(11):1094-1124. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.002
21. Huang Y, Jiang Y, Wang H, Wang J, Shin MC, Byun Y, He H, Liang Y, Yang VC (2013) Curb challenges of the "Trojan Horse" approach: smart strategies in achieving effective yet safe cell-penetrating peptide-based drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65(10):1299-1315. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.11.007
22. Mura S, Couvreur P (2012) Nanotheranostics for personalized medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64(13):1394-1416. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.006
23. Murakami M, Ernsting MJ, Li SD (2013) Theranostic nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy. In: Tiwari A, Tiwari A (eds) Nanomaterials in drug delivery, imaging, and tissue engineering. Wiley, New York, pp 363-383
24. Muthu MS, Leong DT, Mei L, Feng SS (2014) Nanotheranostics-application and further development of nanomedicine strategies for advanced theranostics. Theranostics 4(6): 660-677. doi:10.7150/thno.8698
25. Svenson S (2014) What nanomedicine in the clinic right now really forms nanoparticles? Wiley Interdisc Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 6(2):125-135. doi:10.1002/wnan.1257
26. Kraft JC, Freeling JP, Wang Z, Ho RJ (2014) Emerging research and clinical development trends of liposome and lipid nanoparticle drug delivery systems. J Pharm Sci 103(1):29-52. doi:10.1002/jps.23773
27. Yang F, Jin C, Jiang Y, Li J, Di Y, Ni Q, Fu D (2011) Liposome based delivery systems in pancreatic cancer treatment: from bench to bedside. Cancer Treat Rev 37(8):633-642. doi:10. 1016/j.ctrv.2011.01.006
28. Paliwal SR, Paliwal R, Agrawal GP, Vyas SP (2011) Liposomal nanomedicine for breast cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (London, England) 6(6):1085-1100. doi:10.2217/nnm.11.72
29. Zhao Y, Imura T, Leman LJ, Curtiss LK, Maryanoff BE, Ghadiri MR (2013) Mimicry of high-density lipoprotein: functional peptide-lipid nanoparticles based on multivalent peptide constructs. J Am Chem Soc 135(36):13414-13424. doi:10.1021/ja404714a
30. Li H, Marotta DE, Kim S, Busch TM, Wileyto EP, Zheng G (2005) High payload delivery of optical imaging and photodynamic therapy agents to tumors using phthalocyaninereconstituted low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles. J Biomed Opt 10(4):41203. doi:10. 1117/1.2011429
31. Zheng G, Chen J, Li H, Glickson JD (2005) Rerouting lipoprotein nanoparticles to selected alternate receptors for the targeted delivery of cancer diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(49):17757-17762. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508677102
32. McMahon KM, Mutharasan RK, Tripathy S, Veliceasa D, Bobeica M, Shumaker DK, Luthi AJ, Helfand BT, Ardehali H, Mirkin CA, Volpert O, Thaxton CS (2011) Biomimetic high density lipoprotein nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery. Nano Lett 11(3):1208-1214. doi:10.1021/nl1041947
33. Damiano MG, Mutharasan RK, Tripathy S, McMahon KM, Thaxton CS (2013) Templated high density lipoprotein nanoparticles as potential therapies and for molecular delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65(5):649-662. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.013
34. Marotta DE, Cao W, Wileyto EP, Li H, Corbin I, Rickter E, Glickson JD, Chance B, Zheng G, Busch TM (2011) Evaluation of bacteriochlorophyll-reconstituted low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy efficacy in vivo. Nanomedicine (London, England) 6 (3):475-487. doi:10.2217/nnm.11.8
35. Ng KK, Lovell JF, Zheng G (2011) Lipoprotein-inspired nanoparticles for cancer theranostics. Acc Chem Res 44(10):1105-1113. doi:10.1021/ar200017e
36. Jin H, Chen J, Lovell JF, Zhang Z, Zheng G (2012) Synthesis and development of lipoprotein-based nanocarriers for light-activated theranostics. Isr J Chem 52(8-9):715-727
37. Rensen PC, de Vrueh RL, Kuiper J, Bijsterbosch MK, Biessen EA, van Berkel TJ (2001) Recombinant lipoproteins: lipoprotein-like lipid particles for drug targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 47(2-3):251-276
38. Lacko AG, Nair M, Prokai L, McConathy WJ (2007) Prospects and challenges of the development of lipoprotein-based formulations for anti-cancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 4(6):665-675. doi:10.1517/17425247.4.6.665
39. Masquelier M, Vitols S, Peterson C (1986) Low-density lipoprotein as a carrier of antitumoral drugs: in vivo fate of drug-human low-density lipoprotein complexes in mice. Cancer Res 46(8):3842-3847
40. Lundberg B (1987) Preparation of drug-low density lipoprotein complexes for delivery of antitumoral drugs via the low density lipoprotein pathway. Cancer Res 47(15):4105-4108
41. McConathy WJ, Nair MP, Paranjape S, Mooberry L, Lacko AG (2008) Evaluation of synthetic/reconstituted high-density lipoproteins as delivery vehicles for paclitaxel. Anticancer Drugs 19(2):183-188. doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e3282f1da86
42. Kader A, Pater A (2002) Loading anticancer drugs into HDL as well as LDL has little affect on properties of complexes and enhances cytotoxicity to human carcinoma cells. J Controlled Release Official J Controlled Release Soc 80(1-3):29-44
43. Yang M, Chen J, Cao W, Ding L, Ng KK, Jin H, Zhang Z, Zheng G (2011) Attenuation of nontargeted cell-kill using a high-density lipoprotein-mimicking peptide-phospholipid nanoscaffold. Nanomedicine (London, England) 6(4):631-641. doi:10.2217/nnm.11.10
44. Huntosova V, Buzova D, Petrovajova D, Kasak P, Nadova Z, Jancura D, Sureau F, Miskovsky P (2012) Development of a new LDL-based transport system for hydrophobic/ amphiphilic drug delivery to cancer cells. Int J Pharm 436(1-2):463-471. doi:10.1016/j. ijpharm.2012.07.005
45. Zhang X, Chen B (2010) Recombinant high density lipoprotein reconstituted with apolipoprotein AI cysteine mutants as delivery vehicles for 10-hydroxycamptothecin. Cancer Lett 298(1):26-33. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2010.05.023
46. Sabnis N, Nair M, Israel M, McConathy WJ, Lacko AG (2012) Enhanced solubility and functionality of valrubicin (AD-32) against cancer cells upon encapsulation into biocompatible nanoparticles. Int J Nanomed 7:975-983. doi:10.2147/ijn.s28029
47. Ghosh M, Ryan RO (2014) ApoE enhances nanodisk-mediated curcumin delivery to glioblastoma multiforme cells. Nanomedicine (London, England) 9(6):763-771. doi:10. 2217/nnm.13.35
48. Duivenvoorden R, Tang J, Cormode DP, Mieszawska AJ, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Ozcan C, Otten MJ, Zaidi N, Lobatto ME, van Rijs SM, Priem B, Kuan EL, Martel C, Hewing B, Sager H, Nahrendorf M, Randolph GJ, Stroes ES, Fuster V, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJ (2014) A statin-loaded reconstituted high-density lipoprotein nanoparticle inhibits atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. Nature Commun 5:3065. doi:10.1038/ncomms4065
49. Bricarello DA, Smilowitz JT, Zivkovic AM, German JB, Parikh AN (2011) Reconstituted lipoprotein: a versatile class of biologically-inspired nanostructures. ACS Nano 5(1):42-57. doi:10.1021/nn103098m
50. Sabnis N, Lacko AG (2012) Drug delivery via lipoprotein-based carriers: answering the challenges in systemic therapeutics. Ther Deliv 3(5):599-608
51. Lin Q, Chen J, Zhang Z, Zheng G (2014) Lipid-based nanoparticles in the systemic delivery of siRNA. Nanomedicine (London, England) 9(1):105-120. doi:10.2217/nnm.13.192
52. Lin Q, Jin CS, Huang H, Ding L, Zhang Z, Chen J, Zheng G (2014) Nanoparticle-enabled, image-guided treatment planning of target specific RNAi therapeutics in an orthotopic prostate cancer model. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 10(15):3072-3082. doi:10.1002/smll.201303842
53. Krieger M, Smith LC, Anderson RG, Goldstein JL, Kao YJ, Pownall HJ, Gotto AM Jr, Brown MS (1979) Reconstituted low density lipoprotein: a vehicle for the delivery of hydrophobic fluorescent probes to cells. J Supramol Struct 10(4):467-478. doi:10.1002/jss. 400100409
54. Song L, Li H, Sunar U, Chen J, Corbin I, Yodh AG, Zheng G (2007) Naphthalocyaninereconstituted LDL nanoparticles for in vivo cancer imaging and treatment. Int J Nanomed 2 (4):767-774
55. Chen J, Corbin IR, Li H, Cao W, Glickson JD, Zheng G (2007) Ligand conjugated lowdensity lipoprotein nanoparticles for enhanced optical cancer imaging in vivo. J Am Chem Soc 129(18):5798-5799. doi:10.1021/ja069336k
56. Corbin IR, Chen J, Cao W, Li H, Lund-Katz S, Zheng G (2007) Enhanced cancer-targeted delivery using engineered high-density lipoprotein-based nanocarriers. J Biomed Nanotechnol 3(4):367-376
57. Allijn IE, Leong W, Tang J, Gianella A, Mieszawska AJ, Fay F, Ma G, Russell S, Callo CB, Gordon RE, Korkmaz E, Post JA, Zhao Y, Gerritsen HC, Thran A, Proksa R, Daerr H, Storm G, Fuster V, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJ, Cormode DP (2013) Gold nanocrystal labeling allows low-density lipoprotein imaging from the subcellular to macroscopic level. ACS Nano 7(11):9761-9770. doi:10.1021/nn403258w
58. Lee JY, Kim JH, Bae KH, Oh MH, Kim Y, Kim JS, Park TG, Park K, Lee JH, Nam YS (2014) Low-Density lipoprotein-mimicking nanoparticles for tumor-targeted theranostic applications. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). doi:10.1002/smll.201303277
59. Corbin IR, Li H, Chen J, Lund-Katz S, Zhou R, Glickson JD, Zheng G (2006) Low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Neoplasia (NY) 8 (6):488-498. doi:10.1593/neo.05835
60. Frias JC, Williams KJ, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA (2004) Recombinant HDL-like nanoparticles: a specific contrast agent for MRI of atherosclerotic plaques. J Am Chem Soc 126(50):16316- 16317. doi:10.1021/ja044911a
61. Cormode DP, Skajaa T, van Schooneveld MM, Koole R, Jarzyna P, Lobatto ME, Calcagno C, Barazza A, Gordon RE, Zanzonico P, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJ (2008) Nanocrystal core high-density lipoproteins: a multimodality contrast agent platform. Nano Lett 8(11):3715-3723. doi:10.1021/nl801958b
62. Bruns OT, Ittrich H, Peldschus K, Kaul MG, Tromsdorf UI, Lauterwasser J, Nikolic MS, Mollwitz B, Merkel M, Bigall NC, Sapra S, Reimer R, Hohenberg H, Weller H, Eychmuller A, Adam G, Beisiegel U, Heeren J (2009) Real-time magnetic resonance imaging and quantification of lipoprotein metabolism in vivo using nanocrystals. Nat Nanotechnol 4(3): 193-201. doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.405
63. Hill ML, Corbin IR, Levitin RB, Cao W, Mainprize JG, Yaffe MJ, Zheng G (2010) In vitro assessment of poly-iodinated triglyceride reconstituted low-density lipoprotein: initial steps toward CT molecular imaging. Acad Radiol 17(11):1359-1365. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2010.06. 006
64. Skajaa T, Cormode DP, Falk E, Mulder WJ, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA (2010) High-density lipoprotein-based contrast agents for multimodal imaging of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30(2):169-176. doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.179275
65. Luthi AJ, Zhang H, Kim D, Giljohann DA, Mirkin CA, Thaxton CS (2012) Tailoring of biomimetic high-density lipoprotein nanostructures changes cholesterol binding and efflux. ACS Nano 6(1):276-285. doi:10.1021/nn2035457
66. Ponty E, Favre G, Benaniba R, Boneu A, Lucot H, Carton M, Soula G (1993) Biodistribution study of 99mTc-labeled LDL in B16-melanoma-bearing mice. Visualization of a preferential uptake by the tumor. Int J Cancer J Int du Cancer 54(3):411-417
67. Moerlein SM, Daugherty A, Sobel BE, Welch MJ (1991) Metabolic imaging with gallium- 68- and indium-111-labeled low-density lipoprotein. J Nucl Med: Official Publ, Soc Nucl Med 32(2):300-307
68. Bünau VG (1970) J. B. Birks: photophysics of aromatic molecules. Wiley-Interscience, London 1970 (704 Seiten. Preis: 210 s. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 74(12):1294-1295. doi:10.1002/bbpc.19700741223)
69. Jin H, Lovell JF, Chen J, Lin Q, Ding L, Ng KK, Pandey RK, Manoharan M, Zhang Z, Zheng G (2012) Mechanistic insights into LDL nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery. Bioconjug Chem 23(1):33-41. doi:10.1021/bc200233n
70. Zhang Z, Cao W, Jin H, Lovell JF, Yang M, Ding L, Chen J, Corbin I, Luo Q, Zheng G (2009) Biomimetic nanocarrier for direct cytosolic drug delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 48(48):9171-9175. doi:10.1002/anie.200903112
71. Zheng G, Li H, Zhang M, Lund-Katz S, Chance B, Glickson JD (2002) Low-density lipoprotein reconstituted by pyropheophorbide cholesteryl oleate as target-specific photosensitizer. Bioconjug Chem 13(3):392-396
72. Cao W, Ng KK, Corbin I, Zhang Z, Ding L, Chen J, Zheng G (2009) Synthesis and evaluation of a stable bacteriochlorophyll-analog and its incorporation into high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles for tumor imaging. Bioconjug Chem 20(11):2023-2031. doi:10. 1021/bc900404y
73. Zhang Z, Chen J, Ding L, Jin H, Lovell JF, Corbin IR, Cao W, Lo PC, Yang M, Tsao MS, Luo Q, Zheng G (2010) HDL-mimicking peptide-lipid nanoparticles with improved tumor targeting. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 6(3):430-437. doi:10.1002/smll. 200901515
74. Epand RM, Gawish A, Iqbal M, Gupta KB, Chen CH, Segrest JP, Anantharamaiah GM (1987) Studies of synthetic peptide analogs of the amphipathic helix. Effect of charge distribution, hydrophobicity, and secondary structure on lipid association and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activation. J Biol Chem 262(19):9389-9396
75. Ng KK, Lovell JF, Vedadi A, Hajian T, Zheng G (2013) Self-assembled porphyrin nanodiscs with structure-dependent activation for phototherapy and photodiagnostic applications. ACS Nano 7(4):3484-3490. doi:10.1021/nn400418y
76. Chen Y, Pullambhatla M, Banerjee SR, Byun Y, Stathis M, Rojas C, Slusher BS, Mease RC, Pomper MG (2012) Synthesis and biological evaluation of low molecular weight fluorescent imaging agents for the prostate-specific membrane antigen. Bioconjug Chem 23(12):2377-2385. doi:10.1021/bc3003919
77. Yang M, Jin H, Chen J, Ding L, Ng KK, Lin Q, Lovell JF, Zhang Z, Zheng G (2011) Efficient cytosolic delivery of siRNA using HDL-mimicking nanoparticles. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 7(5):568-573. doi:10.1002/smll.201001589
78. Torchilin VP (2005) Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4(2):145-160. doi:10.1038/nrd1632
79. Petros RA, DeSimone JM (2010) Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(8):615-627. doi:10.1038/nrd2591
80. Wang AZ, Langer R, Farokhzad OC (2012) Nanoparticle delivery of cancer drugs. Annu Rev Med 63:185-198. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-040210-162544
81. Akbarzadeh A, Rezaei-Sadabady R, Davaran S, Joo SW, Zarghami N, Hanifehpour Y, Samiei M, Kouhi M, Nejati-Koshki K (2013) Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications. Nanoscale Res Lett 8(1):102. doi:10.1186/1556-276x-8-102
82. Torchilin VP (2006) Multifunctional nanocarriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58(14):1532-1555. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.009
83. Li S, Goins B, Zhang L, Bao A (2012) Novel multifunctional theranostic liposome drug delivery system: construction, characterization, and multimodality MR, near-infrared fluorescent, and nuclear imaging. Bioconjug Chem 23(6):1322-1332. doi:10.1021/ bc300175d
84. Al-Jamal WT, Kostarelos K (2011) Liposomes: from a clinically established drug delivery system to a nanoparticle platform for theranostic nanomedicine. Acc Chem Res 44(10):1094-1104. doi:10.1021/ar200105p
85. Grange C, Geninatti-Crich S, Esposito G, Alberti D, Tei L, Bussolati B, Aime S, Camussi G (2010) Combined delivery and magnetic resonance imaging of neural cell adhesion molecule-targeted doxorubicin-containing liposomes in experimentally induced Kaposi's sarcoma. Cancer Res 70(6):2180-2190. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2821
86. Karathanasis E, Chan L, Balusu SR, D'Orsi CJ, Annapragada AV, Sechopoulos I, Bellamkonda RV (2008) Multifunctional nanocarriers for mammographic quantification of tumor dosing and prognosis of breast cancer therapy. Biomaterials 29(36):4815-4822. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.08.036
87. Viglianti BL, Ponce AM, Michelich CR, Yu D, Abraham SA, Sanders L, Yarmolenko PS, Schroeder T, MacFall JR, Barboriak DP, Colvin OM, Bally MB, Dewhirst MW (2006) Chemodosimetry of in vivo tumor liposomal drug concentration using MRI. Magn Reson Med Official J Soc Magn Reson Med Soc Magn Reson Med 56(5):1011-1018. doi:10.1002/ mrm.21032
88. Tagami T, Foltz WD, Ernsting MJ, Lee CM, Tannock IF, May JP, Li SD (2011) MRI monitoring of intratumoral drug delivery and prediction of the therapeutic effect with a multifunctional thermosensitive liposome. Biomaterials 32(27):6570-6578. doi:10.1016/j. biomaterials.2011.05.029
89. Li L, ten Hagen TL, Bolkestein M, Gasselhuber A, Yatvin J, van Rhoon GC, Eggermont AM, Haemmerich D, Koning GA (2013) Improved intratumoral nanoparticle extravasation and penetration by mild hyperthermia. J Controlled Release Official J Controlled Release Soc 167(2):130-137. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.026
90. Li L, ten Hagen TL, Haeri A, Soullie T, Scholten C, Seynhaeve AL, Eggermont AM, Koning GA (2014) A novel two-step mild hyperthermia for advanced liposomal chemotherapy. J Controlled Release: Official J Controlled Release Soc 174:202-208. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel. 2013.11.012
91. Landon CD, Park JY, Needham D, Dewhirst MW (2011) Nanoscale drug delivery and hyperthermia: the materials design and preclinical and clinical testing of low temperaturesensitive liposomes used in combination with mild hyperthermia in the treatment of local cancer. Open Nanomed J 3:38-64. doi:10.2174/1875933501103010038
92. Lee DE, Koo H, Sun IC, Ryu JH, Kim K, Kwon IC (2012) Multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and theragnosis. Chem Soc Rev 41(7):2656-2672. doi:10.1039/ c2cs15261d
93. Puri A, Loomis K, Smith B, Lee JH, Yavlovich A, Heldman E, Blumenthal R (2009) Lipidbased nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 26(6):523-580
94. Elbayoumi TA, Torchilin VP (2010) Current trends in liposome research. Meth Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ) 605:1-27. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-360-2_1
95. Cheng Z, Al Zaki A, Hui JZ, Muzykantov VR, Tsourkas A (2012) Multifunctional nanoparticles: cost versus benefit of adding targeting and imaging capabilities. Science (NY) 338(6109):903-910. doi:10.1126/science.1226338
96. Etheridge ML, Campbell SA, Erdman AG, Haynes CL, Wolf SM, McCullough J (2013) The big picture on nanomedicine: the state of investigational and approved nanomedicine products. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 9(1):1-14. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.013
97. Bealle G, Di Corato R, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Dupuis V, Clement O, Gazeau F, Wilhelm C, Menager C (2012) Ultra magnetic liposomes for MR imaging, targeting, and hyperthermia. Langmuir: ACS J Surf Colloids 28(32):11834-11842. doi:10.1021/la3024716
98. Huynh E, Zheng G (2013) Engineering multifunctional nanoparticles: all-in-one versus onefor- all. Wiley Interdisc Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 5(3):250-265. doi:10.1002/wnan. 1217
99. Wei A, Mehtala JG, Patri AK (2012) Challenges and opportunities in the advancement of nanomedicines. J Controlled Release Official J Controlled Release Soc 164(2):236-246. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.007
100. Svenson S (2013) Theranostics: are we there yet? Mol Pharm 10(3):848-856. doi:10.1021/ mp300644n
101. Petersen AL, Hansen AE, Gabizon A, Andresen TL (2012) Liposome imaging agents in personalized medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64(13):1417-1435. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09. 003
102. Kaibara A, Matsumara G (2012) Handbook of porphyrins: Chemistry, properties, and applications. Handbook of Porphyrins: Chemistry, Properties and Applications
103. Carter KA, Shao S, Hoopes MI, Luo D, Ahsan B, Grigoryants VM, Song W, Huang H, Zhang G, Pandey RK, Geng J, Pfeifer BA, Scholes CP, Ortega J, Karttunen M, Lovell JF (2014) Porphyrin-phospholipid liposomes permeabilized by near-infrared light. Nat Commun 5:3546. doi:10.1038/ncomms4546
104. Zhang Y, Lovell JF (2012) Porphyrins as theranostic agents from prehistoric to modern times. Theranostics 2(9):905-915. doi:10.7150/thno.4908
105. Josefsen LB, Boyle RW (2012) Unique diagnostic and therapeutic roles of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in photodynamic therapy, imaging and theranostics. Theranostics 2(9): 916-966. doi:10.7150/thno.4571
106. Glidden MD, Celli JP, Massodi I, Rizvi I, Pogue BW, Hasan T (2012) Image-Based quantification of benzoporphyrin derivative uptake, localization, and photobleaching in 3D tumor models, for optimization of PDT parameters. Theranostics 2(9):827-839. doi:10.7150/ thno.4334
107. Ng KK, Shakiba M, Huynh E, Weersink RA, Roxin A, Wilson BC, Zheng G (2014) Stimuliresponsive photoacoustic nanoswitch for in vivo sensing applications. ACS Nano. doi:10. 1021/nn502858b
108. Ali H, van Lier JE (1999) Metal complexes as photo- and radiosensitizers. Chem Rev 99 (9):2379-2450
109. Lovell JF, Jin CS, Huynh E, Jin H, Kim C, Rubinstein JL, Chan WC, Cao W, Wang LV, Zheng G (2011) Porphysome nanovesicles generated by porphyrin bilayers for use as multimodal biophotonic contrast agents. Nat Mater 10(4):324-332. doi:10.1038/nmat2986
110. Liu TW, Macdonald TD, Jin CS, Gold JM, Bristow RG, Wilson BC, Zheng G (2013) Inherently multimodal nanoparticle-driven tracking and real-time delineation of orthotopic prostate tumors and micrometastases. ACS Nano 7(5):4221-4232. doi:10.1021/nn400669r
111. de Souza N (2011) One particle to rule them all? Nat Meth 8(5):370-371
112. Liu TW, MacDonald TD, Shi J, Wilson BC, Zheng G (2012) Intrinsically copper-64-labeled organic nanoparticles as radiotracers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 51(52):13128-13131. doi:10.1002/anie.201206939
113. MacDonald TD, Liu TW, Zheng G (2014) An MRI-sensitive, non-photobleachable porphysome photothermal agent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 53(27):6956-6959. doi:10. 1002/anie.201400133
114. Jin CS, Lovell JF, Chen J, Zheng G (2013) Ablation of hypoxic tumors with dose-equivalent photothermal, but not photodynamic, therapy using a nanostructured porphyrin assembly. ACS Nano 7(3):2541-2550. doi:10.1021/nn3058642
115. Jin CS, Cui L, Wang F, Chen J, Zheng G (2014) Targeting-triggered porphysome nanostructure disruption for activatable photodynamic therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 3 (8):1240-1249. doi:10.1002/adhm.201300651
116. Pluen A, Boucher Y, Ramanujan S, McKee TD, Gohongi T, di Tomaso E, Brown EB, Izumi Y, Campbell RB, Berk DA, Jain RK (2001) Role of tumor-host interactions in interstitial diffusion of macromolecules: cranial versus subcutaneous tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(8):4628-4633. doi:10.1073/pnas.081626898
117. Cabral H, Matsumoto Y, Mizuno K, Chen Q, Murakami M, Kimura M, Terada Y, Kano MR, Miyazono K, Uesaka M, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K (2011) Accumulation of sub-100 nm polymeric micelles in poorly permeable tumours depends on size. Nat Nanotechnol 6 (12):815-823. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.166
118. Sykes EA, Chen J, Zheng G, Chan WC (2014) Investigating the impact of nanoparticle size on active and passive tumor targeting efficiency. ACS Nano 8(6):5696-5706. doi:10.1021/ nn500299p
119. Hsu CY, Nieh MP, Lai PS (2012) Facile self-assembly of porphyrin-embedded polymeric vesicles for theranostic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 48(75):9343-9345. doi:10. 1039/c2cc33851c
120. Zhang Y, Jeon M, Rich LJ, Hong H, Geng J, Zhang Y, Shi S, Barnhart TE, Alexandridis P, Huizinga JD, Seshadri M, Cai W, Kim C, Lovell JF (2014) Non-invasive multimodal functional imaging of the intestine with frozen micellar naphthalocyanines. Nat Nanotechnol 9(8):631-638. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.130