The effects of somatostatin on immune cells, functions and diseases

Nerve-Driven Immunity: Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in the Immune System

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 203-226

  Talme, Toomas ^a   Sundqvist, Karl GÖsta ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928502553     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0888-8_7     Document Type: Chapter

References (164)

1. Aguila MC, Dees WL, Haensly WE, Mc Cann SM (1991) Evidence that somatostatin is localized and synthesized in lymphoid organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:11485-11489
2. Alberti KG, Christensen NJ, Christensen SE, Hansen AP, Iversen J, Lundbaek K, Seyer-Hansen K, Orskov H (1973) Inhibition of insulin secretion by somatostatin. Lancet 2:1299-1301
3. Arimura A, Sato H, Dupont A, Nishi N, Schally AV (1975) Somatostatin: abundance of immuno-reactive hormone in rat stomach and pancreas. Science 189:1007-1009
4. Ballian N, Brunicardi FC, Wang XP (2006) Somatostatin and its receptors in the development of the endocrine pancreas. Pancreas 33:1-12
5. Barrie R, Woltering EA, Hajarizadeh H, Mueller C, Ure T, Fletcher WS (1993) Inhibition of angiogenesis by somatostatin and somatostatin-like compounds is structurally dependent. J Surg Res 55:446-450
6. Bauer W, Briner U, Doepfner W, Haller R, Huguenin R, Marbach P, Petcher TJ, Pless J (1982) SMS 201-995: a very potent and selective octapeptide analogue of somatostatin with prolonged action. Life Sci 31:1133-1140
7. Blum AM, Metwali A, Mathew RC, Cook G, Elliott D, Weinstock JV (1992) Granuloma T lymphocytes in murine schistosomiasis mansoni have somatostatin receptors and respond to somatostatin with decreased IFN-gamma secretion. J Immunol 149:3621-3626
8. Bodei L, Paganelli G, Mariani G (2006) Receptor radionuclide therapy of tumors: a road from basic research to clinical applications. J Nucl Med 47:375-377
9. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, Ling N, Butcher M, Rivier J, Guillemin R (1973) Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179:77-79
10. Broglio F, Papotti M, Muccioli G, Ghigo E (2007) Brain-gut communication: cortistatin, somatostatin and ghrelin. Trends Endocrinol Metab 18:246-251
11. Bronstein MD (2010) Optimizing acromegaly treatment. Front Horm Res 38:174-183
12. Cai RZ, Szoke B, Lu R, Fu D, Redding TW, Schally AV (1986) Synthesis and biological activity of highly potent octapeptide analogs of somatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:1896-1900
13. Caron P, Morange-Ramos I, Cogne M, Jaquet P (1997) Three year follow-up of acromegalic patients treated with intramuscular slow-release lanreotide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:18-22
14. Casnici C, Lattuada D, Perego C, Franco P, Marelli O (1997) Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on human T lymphocytes proliferation. Int J Immunopharmacol 19:721-727
15. Casnici C, Lattuada D, Franco P, Cattaneo L, Marelli O (2004) Regulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes IL-10 BY SMS 201-995. J Neuroimmunol 149:210-216
16. Cescato R, Schulz S, Waser B, Eltschinger V, Rivier JE, Wester HJ, Culler M, Ginj M, Liu Q, Schonbrunn A, Reubi JC (2006) Internalization of sst2, sst3, and sst5 receptors: effects of somatostatin agonists and antagonists. J Nucl Med 47:502-511
17. Cescato R, Loesch KA, Waser B, Macke HR, Rivier JE, Reubi JC, Schonbrunn A (2010) Agonist-biased signaling at the sst2A receptor: the multi-somatostatin analogs KE108 and SOM230 activate and antagonize distinct signaling pathways. Mol Endocrinol 24:240-249
18. Chrubasik J, Meynadier J, Blond S, Scherpereel P, Ackerman E, Weinstock M, Bonath K, Cramer H, Wunsch E (1984) Somatostatin, a potent analgesic. Lancet 2:1208-1209
19. Ciocci A, Coari G, Di Franco M, Di Novi MR, Mauceri MT (1994) Intra-articular treatment with somatostatin 14 in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Ter 145:463-467
20. Corleto VD (2010) Somatostatin and the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 17:63-68
21. Costa M, Patel Y, Furness JB, Arimura A (1977) Evidence that some intrinsic neurons of the intestine contain somatostatin. Neurosci Lett 6:215-222
22. Criado JR, Li H, Jiang X, Spina M, Huitron-Resendiz S, Liapakis G, Calbet M, Siehler S, Henriksen SJ, Koob G, Hoyer D, Sutcliffe JG, Goodman M, de Lecea L (1999) Structural and compositional determinants of cortistatin activity. J Neurosci Res 56:611-619
23. Dalm VA, van Hagen PM, van Koetsveld PM, Achilefu S, Houtsmuller AB, Pols DH, van der Lely AJ, Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ (2003a) Expression of somatostatin, cortistatin, and somatostatin receptors in human monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285:E344-E353
24. Dalm VA, van Hagen PM, van Koetsveld PM, Langerak AW, van der Lely AJ, Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ (2003b) Cortistatin rather than somatostatin as a potential endogenous ligand for somatostatin receptors in the human immune system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:270-276
25. de Lecea L, Castano JP (2006) Cortistatin: not just another somatostatin analog. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2:356-357
26. de Lecea L, Criado JR, Prospero-Garcia O, Gautvik KM, Schweitzer P, Danielson PE, Dunlop CL, Siggins GR, Henriksen SJ, Sutcliffe JG (1996) A cortical neuropeptide with neuronal depressant and sleep-modulating properties. Nature 381:242-245
27. Dixit VD, Schaffer EM, Pyle RS, Collins GD, Sakthivel SK, Palaniappan R, Lillard JW Jr, Taub DD (2004) Ghrelin inhibits leptin-and activation-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells. J Clin Invest 114:57-66
28. Dixit VD, Yang H, Cooper-Jenkins A, Giri BB, Patel K, Taub DD (2009) Reduction of T cell-derived ghrelin enhances proinflammatory cytokine expression: implications for age-associated increases in inflammation. Blood 113:5202-5205
29. Dubois MP (1975) Immunoreactive somatostatin is present in discrete cells of the endocrine pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:1340-1343
30. Eliakim R, Karmeli F, Okon E, Rachmilewitz D (1993) Octreotide effectively decreases mucosal damage in experimental colitis. Gut 34:264-269
31. Elliott DE (2004) Expression and function of somatostatin and its receptors in immune cells. In: Srikant CB (ed) somatostatin. Kluwer, Boston, pp 169-184
32. Engel MA, Becker C, Reeh PW, Neurath MF (2011) Role of sensory neurons in colitis: increasing evidence for a neuroimmune link in the gut. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:1030-3
33. Epelbaum J, Dournaud P, Fodor M, Viollet C (1994) The neurobiology of somatostatin. Crit Rev Neurobiol 8:25-44
34. Fais S, Annibale B, Boirivant M, Santoro A, Pallone F, Delle Fave G (1991) Effects of somatostatin on human intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes. Modulation of lymphocyte activation. J Neuroimmunol 31:211-219
35. Fantini F, Johansson O (1995) Neurochemical markers in human cutaneous Merkel cells. An immunohistochemical investigation. Exp Dermatol 4:365-371
36. Farber EM, Nickoloff BJ, Recht B, Fraki JE (1986) Stress, symmetry, and psoriasis: possible role of neuropeptides. J Am Acad Dermatol 14:305-311
37. Farber EM, Lanigan SW, Boer J (1990) The role of cutaneous sensory nerves in the maintenance of psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 29:418-420
38. Felten DL, Felten SY, Carlson SL, Olschowka JA, Livnat S (1985) Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissue. J Immunol 135:755s-765s
39. Ferone D, Pivonello R, Van Hagen PM, Dalm VA, Lichtenauer-Kaligis EG, Waaijers M, Van Koetsveld PM, Mooy DM, Colao A, Minuto F, Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ (2002) Quantitative and functional expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in human thymocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283:E1056-E1066
40. Fife BT, Pauken KE, Eagar TN, Obu T, Wu J, Tang Q, Azuma M, Krummel MF, Bluestone JA (2009) Interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 promote tolerance by blocking the TCR-induced stop signal. Nat Immunol 10:1185-1192
41. Filizola M (2010) Increasingly accurate dynamic molecular models of G-protein coupled receptor oligomers: panacea or Pandora’s box for novel drug discovery? Life Sci 86:590-597
42. Fioravanti A, Govoni M, La Montagna G, Perpignano G, Tirri G, Trotta F, Bogliolo A, Ciocci A, Mauceri MT, Marcolongo R (1995) Somatostatin 14 and joint inflammation: evidence for intraarticular efficacy of prolonged administration in rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs Exp Clin Res 21:97-103
43. Freda PU, Katznelson L, van der Lely AJ, Reyes CM, Zhao S, Rabinowitz D (2005) Long-acting somatostatin analog therapy of acromegaly: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4465-4473
44. Gauna C, van der Lely AJ (2005) Somatostatin, cortistatin, ghrelin and glucose metabolism.J Endocrinol Invest 28:127-131
45. Geisner B, Skavland J, Marcusson JA, Johansson O, Elsayed S (2007) Psoriasis and somatostatin in serum. Acta Derm Venereol 87:538-539
46. Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M (2006) Cortistatin as a potential multistep therapeutic agent for inflammatory disorders. Drug News Perspect 19:393-399
47. Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M (2008) Emergence of cortistatin as a new immunomodulatory factor with therapeutic potential in immune disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 286:135-140
48. Gonzalez-Rey E, Chorny A, Robledo G, Delgado M (2006a) Cortistatin, a new antiinflammatory peptide with therapeutic effect on lethal endotoxemia. J Exp Med 203:563-571
49. Gonzalez-Rey E, Varela N, Sheibanie AF, Chorny A, Ganea D, Delgado M (2006b) Cortistatin, an antiinflammatory peptide with therapeutic action in inflammatory bowel disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:4228-4233
50. Gonzalez-Rey E, Chorny A, Del Moral RG, Varela N, Delgado M (2007) Therapeutic effect of cortistatin on experimental arthritis by downregulating inflammatory and Th1 responses. Ann Rheum Dis 66:582-588
51. Grant M, Alturaihi H, Jaquet P, Collier B, Kumar U (2008) Cell growth inhibition and functioning of human somatostatin receptor type 2 are modulated by receptor heterodimerization. Mol Endocrinol 22:2278-2292
52. Green PG, Basbaum AI, Levine JD (1992) Sensory neuropeptide interactions in the production of plasma extravasation in the rat. Neuroscience 50:745-749
53. Hagstromer L, Emtestam L, Stridsberg M, Talme T (2006) Expression pattern of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1-5 in human skin: an immunohistochemical study of healthy subjects and patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 15:950-957
54. Harris ED Jr (1990) Rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology and implications for therapy. N Engl J Med 322:1277-1289
55. Hattori N, Saito T, Yagyu T, Jiang BH, Kitagawa K, Inagaki C (2001) GH, GH receptor, GH secretagogue receptor, and ghrelin expression in human T cells, B cells, and neutrophils. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4284-4291
56. Helyes Z, Pinter E, Nemeth J, Keri G, Than M, Oroszi G, Horvath A, Szolcsanyi J (2001) Antiinflammatory effect of synthetic somatostatin analogues in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 134:1571-1579
57. Helyes Z, Pinter E, Nemeth J, Sandor K, Elekes K, Szabo A, Pozsgai G, Keszthelyi D, Kereskai L, Engstrom M, Wurster S, Szolcsanyi J (2006) Effects of the somatostatin receptor subtype 4 selective agonist J-2156 on sensory neuropeptide release and inflammatory reactions in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 149:405-415
58. Helyes Z, Pinter E, Sandor K, Elekes K, Banvolgyi A, Keszthelyi D, Szoke E, Toth DM, Sandor Z, Kereskai L, Pozsgai G, Allen JP, Emson PC, Markovics A, Szolcsanyi J (2009) Impaired defense mechanism against inflammation, hyperalgesia, and airway hyperreactivity in somatostatin 4 receptor gene-deleted mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:13088-13093
59. Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW (2003) The pathophysiological consequences of somatostatin receptor internalization and resistance. Endocr Rev 24:28-47
60. Hokfelt T, Efendic S, Hellerstrom C, Johansson O, Luft R, Arimura A (1975) Cellular localization of somatostatin in endocrine-like cells and neurons of the rat with special references to the A1-cells of the pancreatic islets and to the hypothalamus. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh) 200:5-41
61. Holdaway IM, Rajasoorya C (1999) Epidemiology of acromegaly. Pituitary 2:29-41 Johansson O, Nordlind K (1984) Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin-like immu-noreactivity in skin lesions from patients with urticaria pigmentosa. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 46:155-164
62. Johansson O, Vaalasti A (1987) Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of somatostatin-containing sensory nerve fibres in the human skin. Neurosci Lett 73:225-230
63. Kamradt T (2005) Can infections prevent or cure allergy and autoimmunity? Discov Med 5:283-287
64. Kao JY, Pierzchala A, Rathinavelu S, Zavros Y, Tessier A, Merchant JL (2006) Somatostatin inhibits dendritic cell responsiveness to Helicobacter pylori. Regul Pept 134:23-29
65. Karalis K, Mastorakos G, Sano H, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Tolis G (1995) Somatostatin may participate in the antiinflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 136:4133-4138
66. Kleinman R, Gingerich R, Ohning G, Wong H, Olthoff K, Walsh J, Brunicardi FC (1995) The influence of somatostatin on glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide secretion in the isolated perfused human pancreas. Int J Pancreatol 18:51-57
67. Koerker DJ, Ruch W, Chideckel E, Palmer J, Goodner CJ, Ensinck J, Gale CC (1974) Somatostatin: hypothalamic inhibitor of the endocrine pancreas. Science 184:482-484
68. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K (1999) Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402:656-660
69. Kolasinski SL, Haines KA, Siegel EL, Cronstein BN, Abramson SB (1992) Neuropeptides and inflammation. A somatostatin analog as a selective antagonist of neutrophil activation by substance P. Arthritis Rheum 35:369-375
70. Komorowski J, Jankiewicz-Wika J, Stepien T, Kuzdak K, Stepien H (2001) Octreotide inhibits the secretion of interleukin-12 from mononuclear cells in human peripheral blood (PBMC S) in vitro. Horm Metab Res 33:689-690
71. Koo GC, Huang C, Camacho R, Trainor C, Blake JT, Sirotina-Meisher A, Schleim KD, Wu TJ, Cheng K, Nargund R, Mc Kissick G (2001) Immune enhancing effect of a growth hormone secretagogue. J Immunol 166:4195-4201
72. Koseoglu F, Koseoglu T (2002) Long acting somatostatin analogue for the treatment of refractory RA. Ann Rheum Dis 61:573, author reply 573-574
73. Koti RS, Gurusamy KS, Fusai G, Davidson BR (2010) Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of somatostatin analogues for pancreatic surgery: a Cochrane review. HPB (Oxford) 12:155-65
74. Krantic S (2000) Peptides as regulators of the immune system: emphasis on somatostatin. Peptides 21:1941-1964
75. Krenning EP, Bakker WH, Breeman WA, Koper JW, Kooij PP, Ausema L, Lameris JS, Reubi JC, Lamberts SW (1989) Localisation of endocrine-related tumours with radioiodinated analogue of somatostatin. Lancet 1:242-244
76. Kumar SS, Ayuk J, Murray RD (2009) Current therapy and drug pipeline for the treatment of patients with acromegaly. Adv Ther 26:383-403
77. Kwekkeboom DJ, de Herder WW, van Eijck CH, Kam BL, van Essen M, Teunissen JJ, Krenning EP (2010). Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Semin Nucl Med 40(2):78-88
78. Lattuada D, Casnici C, Crotta K, Mastrotto C, Franco P, Schmid HA, Marelli O (2007) Inhibitory effect of pasireotide and octreotide on lymphocyte activation. J Neuroimmunol 182:153-159
79. Lembeck F, Donnerer J, Bartho L (1982) Inhibition of neurogenic vasodilation and plasma extravasation by substance P antagonists, somatostatin and [D-Met2, Pro5]enkephalinamide. Eur J Pharmacol 85:171-176
80. Leu FP, Nandi M, Niu C (2008) The effect of transforming growth factor beta on human neuroendocrine tumor BON cell proliferation and differentiation is mediated through somatostatin signalling. Mol Cancer Res 6:1029-1042
81. Levite M (1998) Neuropeptides, by direct interaction with T cells, induce cytokine secretion and break the commitment to a distinct T helper phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12544-12549
82. Levite M, Cahalon L, Hershkoviz R, Steinman L, Lider O (1998) Neuropeptides, via specific receptors, regulate T cell adhesion to fibronectin. J Immunol 160:993-1000
83. Liu Z, Christensson M, Forslow A, De Meester I, Sundqvist KG (2009) A CD26-controlled cell surface cascade for regulation of T cell motility and chemokine signals. J Immunol 183:3616-3624
84. Lohof E, Planker E, Mang C, Burkhart F, Dechantsreiter MA, Haubner R, Wester HJ, Schwaiger M, Holzemann G, Goodman SL, Kessler H (2000) Carbohydrate derivatives for use in drug design: cyclic alpha(v)-selective RGD peptides this work was supported by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Sanderstiftung. The authors thank M. Urzinger, B. Cordes, M. Kranawetter, M. Wolff, and A. Zeller for technical assistance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 39:2761-2764
85. Luft R, Efendic S, Hokfelt T, Johansson O, Arimura A (1974) Immunohistochemical evidence for the localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in a cell population of the pancreatic islets. Med Biol 52:428-430
86. Mallbris L, Larsson P, Bergqvist S, Vingard E, Granath F, Stahle M (2005) Psoriasis phenotype at disease onset: clinical characterization of 400 adult cases. J Invest Dermatol 124:499-504
87. Matucci-Cerinic M, Lotti T, Cappugi P, Boddi V, Fattorini L, Panconesi E (1988) Somatostatin treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Int J Dermatol 27:56-58
88. Matt LH, Kingston TP, Lowe NJ (1989). Treatment of severe psoriasis with intravenous somatostatin. J Dermatol Treatm 181:81-82.
89. Melmed S (2006) Medical progress: acromegaly. N Engl J Med 355:2558-2573
90. Melmed S, Colao A, Barkan A, Molitch M, Grossman AB, Kleinberg D, Clemmons D, Chanson P, Laws E, Schlechte J, Vance ML, Ho K, Giustina A (2009) Guidelines for acromegaly management: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1509-1517
91. Moitinho E, Planas R, Banares R, Albillos A, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, Galvez C, Bosch J (2001) Multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing different schedules of somatostatin in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 35:712-718
92. Murray RD, Melmed S (2008) A critical analysis of clinically available somatostatin analog formulations for therapy of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2957-2968
93. Nelson-Piercy C, Hammond PJ, Gwilliam ME, Khandan-Nia N, Myers MJ, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (1994) Effect of a new oral somatostatin analog (SDZ CO 611) on gastric emptying, mouth to cecum transit time, and pancreatic and gut hormone release in normal male subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:329-336
94. O’Carroll AM, Lolait SJ, Konig M, Mahan LC (1992) Molecular cloning and expression of a pituitary somatostatin receptor with preferential affinity for somatostatin-28. Mol Pharmacol 42:939-946
95. O’Connor TM, O’Connell J, O’Brien DI, Goode T, Bredin CP, Shanahan F (2004) The role of substance P in inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol 201:167-180
96. Oberg K, Kvols L, Caplin M, Delle Fave G, de Herder W, Rindi G, Ruszniewski P, Woltering EA, Wiedenmann B (2004) Consensus report on the use of somatostatin analogs for the management of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system. Ann Oncol 15:966-973
97. Oberg KE, Reubi JC, Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP (2010) Role of somatostatins in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor development and therapy. Gastroenterology 139:742-753, 753 e741
98. Olias G, Viollet C, Kusserow H, Epelbaum J, Meyerhof W (2004) Regulation and function of somatostatin receptors. J Neurochem 89:1057-1091
99. Orci L, Baetens D, Dubois MP, Rufener C (1975) Evidence for the D-cell of the pancreas secreting somatostatin. Horm Metab Res 7:400-402
100. Panetta R, Greenwood MT, Warszynska A, Demc Hyshyn LL, Day R, Niznik HB, Srikant CB, Patel YC (1994) Molecular cloning, functional characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human somatostatin receptor (somatostatin receptor type 5) with preferential affinity for somatostatin-28. Mol Pharmacol 45:417-427
101. Paran D, Elkayam O, Mayo A, Paran H, Amit M, Yaron M, Caspi D (2001) A pilot study of a long acting somatostatin analogue for the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 60:888-891
102. Paran D, Kidron D, Mayo A, Ziv O, Chowers Y, Caspi D, Yaron M, Paran H (2005) Somatostatin analogue treatment attenuates histological findings of inflammation and increases mRNA expression of interleukin-1 beta in the articular tissues of rats with ongoing adjuvant-induced arthritis. Rheumatol Int 25:350-356
103. Patel YC, Reichlin S (1978) Somatostatin in hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain, and peripheral tissues of the rat. Endocrinology 102:523-530
104. Patel YC, Papachristou DN, Zingg HH, Farkas EM (1991) Regulation of islet somatostatin secretion and gene expression: selective effects of adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate and phorbol esters in normal islets of Langerhans and in a somatostatin-producing rat islet clonal cell line 1027 B2. Endocrinology 128:1754-1762
105. Patel YC, Greenwood MT, Panetta R, Demc Hyshyn L, Niznik H, Srikant CB (1995) The somatostatin receptor family. Life Sci 57:1249-1265
106. Patel YC, Greenwood M, Panetta R, Hukovic N, Grigorakis S, Robertson LA, Srikant CB (1996) Molecular biology of somatostatin receptor subtypes. Metabolism 45:31-38
107. Payan D, Hess C, Goetzl EJ (1983) Inhibition by somatostatin of the proliferation of T-lymphocytes and Molt-4 lymphoblasts. Cell Immunol 84:433-438
108. Pelletier G, Leclerc R, Arimura A, Schally AV (1975) Letter: immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin in the rat pancreas. J Histochem Cytochem 23:699-702
109. Pfeiffer M, Koch T, Schroder H, Klutzny M, Kirscht S, Kreienkamp HJ, Hollt V, Schulz S (2001) Homo-and heterodimerization of somatostatin receptor subtypes. Inactivation of sst(3) receptor function by heterodimerization with sst(2A). J Biol Chem 276:14027-14036
110. Pfeiffer M, Koch T, Schroder H, Laugsch M, Hollt V, Schulz S (2002) Heterodimerization of somatostatin and opioid receptors cross-modulates phosphorylation, internalization, and desensitization. J Biol Chem 277:19762-19772
111. Philippe J (1993) Somatostatin inhibits insulin-gene expression through a posttranscriptional mechanism in a hamster islet cell line. Diabetes 42:244-249
112. Pinter E, Helyes Z, Nemeth J, Porszasz R, Petho G, Than M, Keri G, Horvath A, Jakab B, Szolcsanyi J (2002) Pharmacological characterisation of the somatostatin analogue TT-232: effects on neurogenic and non-neurogenic inflammation and neuropathic hyperalgesia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 366:142-150
113. Pinter E, Helyes Z, Szolcsanyi J (2006) Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on inflammation and nociception. Pharmacol Ther 112:440-456
114. Polak JM, Pearse AG, Grimelius L, Bloom SR (1975) Growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone in gastrointestinal and pancreatic D cells. Lancet 1:1220-1222
115. Pradayrol L, Jornvall H, Mutt V, Ribet A (1980) N-terminally extended somatostatin: the primary structure of somatostatin-28. FEBS Lett 109:55-58
116. Pyronnet S, Bousquet C, Najib S, Azar R, Laklai H, Susini C (2008) Antitumor effects of somatostatin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 286:230-237
117. Quintela M, Senaris RM, Dieguez C (1997) Transforming growth factor-betas inhibit somatostatin messenger ribonucleic acid levels and somatostatin secretion in hypothalamic cells in culture. Endocrinology 138:4401-4409
118. Reisine T, Bell GI (1995) Molecular biology of somatostatin receptors. Endocr Rev 16:427-442
119. Reubi JC (2003) Peptide receptors as molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Endocr Rev 24:389-427
120. Reubi JC (2007) Peptide receptor expression in GEP-NET. Virchows Arch 451(Suppl 1):S47-S50
121. Reubi JC, Horisberger U, Waser B, Gebbers JO, Laissue J (1992) Preferential location of somatostatin receptors in germinal centers of human gut lymphoid tissue. Gastroenterology 103:1207-1214
122. Reubi JC, Mazzucchelli L, Laissue JA (1994a) Intestinal vessels express a high density of somatostatin receptors in human inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 106:951-959
123. Reubi JC, Waser B, Markusse HM, Krenning EP, VanHagen M, Laissue JA (1994b) Vascular somatostatin receptors in synovium from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 271:371-378
124. Reubi JC, Horisberger U, Kappeler A, Laissue JA (1998) Localization of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, and substance P in distinct compartments of human lymphoid organs. Blood 92:191-197
125. Reubi JC, Waser B, Schaer JC, Laissue JA (2001) Somatostatin receptor sst1-sst5 expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues using receptor autoradiography with subtype-selective ligands. Eur J Nucl Med 28:836-846
126. Reubi JC, Eisenwiener KP, Rink H, Waser B, Macke HR (2002) A new peptidic somatostatin agonist with high affinity to all five somatostatin receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 456:45-49
127. Rocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, Patel SC, Patel RC, Patel YC (2000a) Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity. Science 288:154-157
128. Rocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, Sasi R, Patel RC, Patel YC (2000b) Subtypes of the somatostatin receptor assemble as functional homo-and heterodimers. J Biol Chem 275:7862-7869
129. Rohrer SP, Birzin ET, Mosley RT, Berk SC, Hutchins SM, Shen DM, Xiong Y, Hayes EC, Parmar RM, Foor F, Mitra SW, Degrado SJ, Shu M, Klopp JM, Cai SJ, Blake A, Chan WW, Pasternak A, Yang L, Patchett AA, Smith RG, Chapman KT, Schaeffer JM (1998) Rapid identification of subtype-selective agonists of the somatostatin receptor through combinatorial chemistry. Science 282:737-740
130. Rosskopf D, Schurks M, Manthey I, Joisten M, Busch S, Siffert W (2003) Signal transduction of somatostatin in human B lymphoblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 284:C179-C190
131. Scarborough DE, Lee SL, Dinarello CA, Reichlin S (1989) Interleukin-1 beta stimulates somatostatin biosynthesis in primary cultures of fetal rat brain. Endocrinology 124:549-551
132. Schneider H, Downey J, Smith A, Zinselmeyer BH, Rush C, Brewer JM, Wei B, Hogg N, Garside P, Rudd CE (2006) Reversal of the TCR stop signal by CTLA-4. Science 313:1972-1975
133. Schonbrunn A (2008) Selective agonism in somatostatin receptor signaling and regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 286:35-39
134. Schonbrunn A, Tashjian H Jr (1978) Characterization of functional receptors for somatostatin in rat pituitary cells in culture. J Biol Chem 253:6473-6483
135. Sharma K, Srikant CB (1998) Induction of wild-type p53, Bax, and acidic endonuclease during somatostatin-signaled apoptosis in MC F-7 human breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 76:259-266
136. Solomou K, Ritter MA, Palmer DB (2002) Somatostatin is expressed in the murine thymus and enhances thymocyte development. Eur J Immunol 32:1550-1559
137. Stanisz AM, Befus D, Bienenstock J (1986) Differential effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and somatostatin on immunoglobulin synthesis and proliferation by lymphocytes from Peyer’s patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. J Immunol 136:152-156
138. Szolcsanyi J, Helyes Z, Oroszi G, Nemeth J, Pinter E (1998) Release of somatostatin and its role in the mediation of the anti-inflammatory effect induced by antidromic stimulation of sensory fibres of rat sciatic nerve. Br J Pharmacol 123:936-942
139. Takami Y, Mantyh CR, Pappas TN, Takahashi T, Koda K, Miyazaki M (2009) Extrinsic surgical denervation ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Hepatogastroenterology 56:682-686
140. Takeba Y, Suzuki N, Takeno M, Asai T, Tsuboi S, Hoshino T, Sakane T (1997) Modulation of synovial cell function by somatostatin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 40:2128-2138
141. Talme T, Schultzberg M, Sundqvist KG, Marcusson JA (1997) Colocalization of somatostatin-and HLA-DR-like immunoreactivity in dendritic cells of psoriatic skin. Acta Derm Venereol 77:338-342
142. Talme T, Schultzberg M, Sundqvist KG, Marcusson JA (1999) Somatostatin-and factor XIIIa-immunoreactive cells in psoriasis during clobetasol propionate and calciprotriol treatment. Acta Derm Venereol 79:44-48
143. Talme T, Ivanoff J, Hagglund M, Van Neerven RJ, Ivanoff A, Sundqvist KG (2001) Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) expression and function in normal and leukaemic T-cells. Evidence for selective effects on adhesion to extracellular matrix components via SSTR2 and/or 3. Clin Exp Immunol 125:71-79
144. Talme T, Ivanoff J, Sundqvist KG (2004) Somatostatin is a specific inhibitor of SDF-1alpha-induced T cell infiltration. Clin Exp Immunol 135:434-439
145. Taquet N, Dumont S, Vonesch JL, Hentsch D, Reimund JM, Muller CD (2009) Differential between protein and mRNA expression of CCR7 and SSTR5 receptors in Crohn’s disease patients. Mediators Inflamm 2009:285-812
146. Taylor AW, Yee DG (2003) Somatostatin is an immunosuppressive factor in aqueous humor.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:2644-2649
147. Tostivint H, Lihrmann I, Bucharles C, Vieau D, Coulouarn Y, Fournier A, Conlon JM, Vaudry H (1996) Occurrence of two somatostatin variants in the frog brain: characterization of the cDNAs, distribution of the mRNAs, and receptor-binding affinities of the peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12605-12610
148. Tostivint H, Joly L, Lihrmann I, Ekker M, Vaudry H (2004) Chromosomal localization of three somatostatin genes in zebrafish. Evidence that the [Pro2]-somatostatin-14 isoform and cortistatin are encoded by orthologous genes. J Mol Endocrinol 33:R1-R8
149. van Essen M, Krenning EP, Kam BL, de Jong M, Valkema R, Kwekkeboom DJ (2009) Peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy for endocrine tumors. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5:382-393
150. van Hagen PM, Dalm VA, Staal F, Hofland LJ (2008) The role of cortistatin in the human immune system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 286:141-147
151. Van Op den bosch J, Van Nassauw L, Van Marck E, Timmermans J P (2009) Somatostatin modulates mast cell-induced responses in murine spinal neurons and satellite cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 297:G406-G417
152. Vanhagen PM, Markusse HM, Lamberts SW, Kwekkeboom DJ, Reubi JC, Krenning EP (1994) Somatostatin receptor imaging. The presence of somatostatin receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 37:1521-1527
153. Venier A, De Simone C, Forni L, Ghirlanda G, Uccioli L, Serri F, Frati L (1988) Treatment of severe psoriasis with somatostatin: four years of experience. Arch Dermatol Res 280(Suppl): S51-S54
154. Watanabe T, Kubota Y, Sawada T, Muto T (1992) Distribution and quantification of somatostatin in inflammatory disease. Dis Colon Rectum 35:488-494
155. Watt HL, Kharmate GD, Kumar U (2009) Somatostatin receptors 1 and 5 heterodimerize with epidermal growth factor receptor: agonist-dependent modulation of the downstream MAPK signalling pathway in breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 21:428-439
156. Weber G, Klughardt G, Neidhardt M, Galle K, Frey H, Geiger A (1982) Treatment of psoriasis with somatostatin. Arch Dermatol Res 272:31-36
157. Weckbecker G, Briner U, Lewis I, Bruns C (2002) SOM230: a new somatostatin peptidomimetic with potent inhibitory effects on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in rats, primates, and dogs. Endocrinology 143:2123-2130
158. Weinstock JV, Elliott D (1998) The substance P and somatostatin interferon-gamma immunoreg-ulatory circuit. Ann N Y Acad Sci 840:532-539
159. Wollina U, Mahrle G (1992) Epidermal Merkel cells in psoriatic lesions: immunohistochemical investigations on neuroendocrine antigen expression. J Dermatol Sci 3:145-150
160. Woltering EA (2003) Development of targeted somatostatin-based antiangiogenic therapy: a review and future perspectives. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 18:601-609
161. Wu R, Dong W, Cui X, Zhou M, Simms HH, Ravikumar TS, Wang P (2007) Ghrelin down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis through activation of the vagus nerve. Ann Surg 245:480-486
162. Yamada Y, Post SR, Wang K, Tager HS, Bell GI, Seino S (1992) Cloning and functional characterization of a family of human and mouse somatostatin receptors expressed in brain, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:251-255
163. Zatelli MC, Piccin D, Vignali C, Tagliati F, Ambrosio MR, Bondanelli M, Cimino V, Bianchi A, Schmid HA, Scanarini M, Pontecorvi A, De Marinis L, Maira G, degli Uberti EC (2007) Pasireotide, a multiple somatostatin receptor subtypes ligand, reduces cell viability in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. Endocr Relat Cancer 14:91-102
164. Zhang HJ, Redmon JB, Andresen JM, Robertson RP (1991) Somatostatin and epinephrine decrease insulin messenger ribonucleic acid in HIT cells through a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. Endocrinology 129:2409-2414