'Reading the Mind in the Eyes': An fMRI study of adolescents with autism and their siblings

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 44, Issue 15, 2014, Pages 3215-3227

  Holt, R J ^a,b   Chura, L R ^a   Lai, M C ^a,c   Suckling, J ^b,e   Von Dem Hagen, E ^d   Calder, A J ^d   Bullmore, E T ^b,e   Baron Cohen, S ^a,e   Spencer, M D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

^e CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND PETERBOROUGH NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autism; emotion recognition; endophenotypes; fMRI

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AUTISM; BRAIN; ENDOPHENOTYPE; EYE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIBLING; THEORY OF MIND;

ADOLESCENT; BRAIN; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; ENDOPHENOTYPES; EYE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; SEX FACTORS; SIBLINGS; THEORY OF MIND;

EID: 84927695442     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291714000233     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Adams RB, Rule NO, Franklin RG, Wang E, Stevenson MT, Yoshihawa S, Nomura M, Sato W, Kveraga K, Ambady N (2010). Cross-cultural reading the mind in the eyes: an fMRI investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, 97-108.
2. Baron-Cohen S, Hammer J (1997). Parents of children with Asperger syndrome: what is the cognitive phenotype? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, 548-554.
3. Baron-Cohen S, Jolliffe T, Mortimore C, Robertson M (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38, 813-822.
4. Baron-Cohen S, Knickmeyer RC, Belmonte MK (2005). Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. Science 310, 819-823.
5. Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Auyeung B, Ashwin E, Chakrabarti B, Knickmeyer R (2011). Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males? PLoS Biology 9, e1001081.
6. Baron-Cohen S, Ring H, Chitnis X, Wheelwright S, Gregory L, Williams S, Brammer M, Bullmore E (2006). fMRI of parents of children with Asperger syndrome: a pilot study. Brain and Cognition 61, 122-130.
7. Baron-Cohen S, Ring HA, Moriarty J, Schmitz B, Costa D, Ell P (1994). Recognition of mental state terms. Clinical findings in children with autism and a functional neuroimaging study of normal adults. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 640-649.
8. Baron-Cohen S, Ring HA, Wheelwright S, Bullmore ET, Brammer MJ, Simmons A, Williams SC (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience 11, 1891-1898.
9. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill J, Raste Y, Plumb I (2001a). The 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42, 241-251.
10. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Scahill V, Lawson J, Spong A (2001b). Are intuitive physics and intuitive psychology independent? A test with children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Learning Disorders 5, 47-78.
11. Beacher FD, Minati L, Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Lai MC, Gray MA, Harrison NA, Crichley HD (2012a). Autism attenuates sex differences in brain structure: a combined voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Neuroradiology 33, 83-89.
12. Beacher FD, Radulescu E, Minati L, Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Lai MC, Walker A, Howard D, Gray MA, Harrison NA, Crichley HD (2012b). Sex differences and autism: brain function during verbal fluency and mental rotation. PLoS One 7, e38355.
13. Bloss CS, Courchesne E (2007). MRI neuroanatomy in young girls with autism: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 46, 515-523.
14. Brothers L (1990). The social brain: a project for integrating primate behaviour and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts in Neuroscience 1, 27-51.
15. Chumbley JR, Friston KJ (2009). False discovery rate revisited: FDR and topological inference using Gaussian random fields. Neuro Image 44, 62-70.
16. Di Martino A, Ross K, Uddin LQ, Sklar AB, Castellanos FX, Milham MP (2009). Functional brain imaging correlates of social and nonsocial processes in autism spectrum disorders: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry 65, 63-74.
17. Dorris L, Espie CA, Knott F, Salt J (2004). Mind-reading difficulties in the siblings of people with Asperger's syndrome: evidence for a genetic influence in the abnormal development of a specific cognitive domain. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45, 412-418.
18. Evans AC, Marrett S, Neelin P, Collins L, Worsley K, Dai W, Milot S, Meyer E, Bub D (1992). Anatomical mapping of functional activation in stereotactic coordinate space. Neuro Image 1, 43-53.
19. Floris DL, Chura LR, Holt RJ, Suckling J, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S, Spencer MD (2013). Psychological correlates of handedness and corpus callosum asymmetry in autism: the left hemisphere dysfunction theory revisited. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, 1758-1772.
20. Frith U, Frith CD (2003). Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 358, 459-473.
21. Goken M, Bora E, Erermis S, Kesikci H, Aydin C (2009). Theory of mind and verbal working memory deficits in parents of autistic children. Psychiatry Research 166, 46-53.
22. Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic interventions. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 636-645.
23. Greimel E, Schulte-Ruther M, Kircher T, Kamp-Becker I, Remschmidt H, Fink GR, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K (2010). Neural mechanisms of empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their fathers. Neuro Image 49, 1055-1065.
24. Huang J, Zhu Z, Zhang JX, Wu M, Chen HC, Wang S (2012). The role of left inferior frontal gyrus in explicit and implicit semantic processing. Brain Research 1440, 56-64.
25. Kaiser MD, Hudac CM, Shultz S, Lee SM, Cheung C, Berken AM, Deen B, Pitskel NB, Sugrue DR, Voos AC, Saulnier CA, Ventola P, Wolf JM, Klin A, Vander Wyk BC, Pelphrey KA (2010). Neural signatures of autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107, 21223-21228.
26. Kaland N, Callesen K, Moller-Nielsen A, Mortensen EL, Smith L (2008). Performance of children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism on advanced theory of mind tasks. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38, 1112-1123.
27. Kirkovski M, Enticott PG, Fitzgerald PB (2013). A review of the role of female gender in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, 2584-2603.
28. Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Baron-Cohen S (2013a). Autism. Lancet. Published online: 25 September 2013. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61539-1.
29. Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Baron-Cohen S (2013b). Subgrouping the autism 'spectrum': reflections on DSM-5. PLoS Biology 11, e1001544.
30. Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Ruigrok AN, Chakrabarti B, Wheelwright SJ, Auyeung B, Allison C;MRC AIMS Consortium, Baron-Cohen S (2012). Cognition in males and females with autism: similarities and differences. PLoS One 7, e47198.
31. Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Suckling J, Ruigrok AN, Chakrabarti B, Ecker C, Deoni SC, Craig MC, Murphy DG, Bullmore ET; MRC AIMS Consortium, Baron-Cohen S (2013c). Biological sex affects the neurobiology of autism. Brain 136, 2799-2815.
32. Le Couteur A, Lord C, Rutter M (2003). Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised. Western Psychological Services: Los Angeles, CA.
33. Lombardo MV, Ashwin E, Auyeung B, Chakrabarti B, Taylor K, Hackett G, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S (2012). Fetal testosterone influences sexually dimorphic gray matter in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 32, 674-680.
34. Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L (2001). The Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule - Generic. Western Psychological Services: Los Angeles, CA.
35. Lord C, Schopler E (1985). Differences in sex ratios in autism as a function of measured intelligence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 15, 185-193.
36. Lord C, Schopler E, Revicki D (1982). Sex differences in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 12, 317-330.
37. Losh M, Adolphs R, Poe MD, Couture S, Penn D, Baranek GT, Piven J (2009). Neuropsychological profile of autism and the broad autism phenotype. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 518-526.
38. Losh M, Piven J (2007). Social-cognition and the broad autism phenotype: identifying genetically meaningful phenotypes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48, 105-112.
39. Nichols T, Brett M, Anderson J, Wager T, Poline JB (2005). Valid conjunction inference with the minimum static. Neuro Image 25, 653-660.
40. Nordahl CW, Lange N, Li DD, Barnett LA, Lee A, Buonocore MH, Simon TJ, Rogers S, Ozonoff S, Amaral DG (2011). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108, 20195-10200.
41. Peterson E, Miller SF (2012). The Eyes Test as a measure of individual differences: how much of the variance reflects verbal IQ? Frontiers in Psychology 3, 220.
42. Philip RC, Dauvermann MR, Whalley HC, Baynham K, Lawrie SM, Stanfield AC (2012). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the fMRI investigation of autism spectrum disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 36, 901-942.
43. Pironti VA, Lai MC, Müller U, Dodds CM, Suckling J, Bullmore ET, Sahakian BJ (2013). Neuroanatomical abnormalities and cognitive impairments are shared by adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected first degree relatives. Biological Psychiatry. Published online: 5 October 2013. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych. 2013.09.025.
44. Piven J, Palmer P, Jacobi D, Childress D, Arndt S (1997). Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 185-190.
45. Rutter M, Bailey A, Berument SK, Lord C, Pickles A (2003). Social Communication Scale (SCQ). Western Psychological Services: Los Angeles, CA.
46. Spencer MD, Chura LR, Holt RJ, Suckling J, Calder AJ, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S (2012a). Failure to deactivate the default mode network indicates a possible endophenotype of autism. Molecular Autism 3, 15.
47. Spencer MD, Holt RJ, Chura LR, Calder AJ, Suckling J, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S (2012b). Atypical activation during the Embedded Figures Task as a functional magnetic resonance imaging endophenotype of autism. Brain 135, 3469-3480.
48. Spencer MD, Holt RJ, Chura LR, Suckling J, Calder AJ, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S (2011). A novel functional brain imaging endophenotype of autism: the neural response to facial expression of emotion. Translational Psychiatry 1, e19.
49. Sucksmith E, Roth I, Hoekstra RA (2011). Autistic traits below the clinical threshold: re-examining the broader autism phenotype in the 21st century. Neuropsychology Review 21, 360-389.
50. Tsai L, Beisler J (1983). The development of sex differences in infantile autism. British Journal of Psychiatry 142, 373-378.
51. Tsai L, Stewart MA, August G (1981). Implication of sex differences in the familial transmission of infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 11, 165-173.
52. Viding E, Blakemore S-J (2007). Endophenotype approach to developmental psychopathology: implications for autism research. Behavior Genetics 37, 51-60.
53. Wechsler D (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. The Psychological Corporation: London.
54. Werling DM, Geschwind DH (2013a). Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders. Current Opinion in Neurology 26, 146-153.
55. Werling DM, Geschwind DH (2013b). Understanding sex bias in autism spectrum disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110, 4868-4869.
56. Wheelwright S, Auyeung B, Alison C, Baron-Cohen S (2010). Defining the broader, medium and narrow autism phenotype among parents using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Molecular Autism 1, 10.
57. Yoder P, Stone WL, Walden T, Malesa E (2009). Predicting social impairment and ASD diagnosis in younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39, 1381-1391.