Action and action-regulation in entrepreneurship: Evaluating a student training for promoting entrepreneurship

Academy of Management Learning and Education

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 69-94

  Gielnik, Michael M ^a   Frese, Michael ^a,b   Kahara Kawuki, Audrey ^c   Katono, Isaac Wasswa ^d   Kyejjusa, Sarah ^e   Ngoma, Muhammed ^e   Munene, John ^e   Namatovu Dawa, Rebecca ^e   Nansubuga, Florence ^e   Orobia, Laura ^e   Oyugi, Jacob ^f   Sejjaaka, Samuel ^e   Sserwanga, Arthur ^e   Walter, Thomas ^g   Bischoff, Kim Marie ^a   Dlugosch, Thorsten J ^a  

^a LEUPHANA UNIVERSITY OF LÜNEBURG   (Germany)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^c MAKERERE UNIVERSITY   (Uganda)

^d UGANDA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY   (Uganda)

^e MAKERERE UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SCHOOL   (Uganda)

^f KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY   (Uganda)

^g GIZ   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926678948     PISSN: 1537260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/amle.2012.0107     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Acul-Ocoro. 2008. Taxpayer registration: An easy guide to understanding my taxes. Uganda Revenue Authority, 5.
2. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S.-W. 2002. Social capital: Prospects for a new Concept. Academy of Management Review, 27:17-40.
3. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
4. Ajzen, I. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50:179-211.
5. Ajzen, I., Czasch, C., & Flood, M. G. 2009. From intentions to behavior: Implementation intention, commitment, and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39:1356-1372.
6. Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. 2003. A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18:105-123.
7. Arnett, J. J. 2008. The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. American Psychologist, 63:602-614.
8. Asvoll, H., & Jacobsen, P. J. 2012. A case study: Action based entrepreneurship education how experience problems can be overcome and collaboration problems mitigated. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 15:75-97.
9. Baker, T., Miner, A. S., & Eesley, D. T. 2003. Improvising firms: Bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process. Research Policy, 32:255-276.
10. Baker, T., & Nelson, R. E. 2005. Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50:329-366.
11. Bandura, A. 1989. Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44:1175-1184.
12. Baron, R. A. 2007a. Behavioral and cognitive factors in entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs as the active element in new venture creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1:167-182.
13. Baron, R. A. 2007b. Entrepreneurship: A process perspective. In J. R. Baum, M. Frese, & R. A. Baron (Eds.), The psychology of entrepreneurship: 19-39. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
14. Baron, R. A., & Ensley, M. D. 2006. Opportunity recognition as the detection of meaningful patterns: Evidence from comparisons of novice and experienced entrepreneurs. Management Science, 52:1331-1344.
15. Barr, S. H., Baker, T., & Markham, S. K. 2009. Bridging the valley of death: Lessons learned from 14 years of commercialization of technology education. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 8:370-388.
16. Baum, J. R., & Bird, B. J. 2010. The successful intelligence of high-growth entrepreneurs: Links to new venture growth. Organization Science, 21:397-412.
17. Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. 2004. The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89:587-598.
18. Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Kirkpatrick, S. A. 1998. A longitudinal study of the relation of vision and vision communication to venture growth in entrepreneurial firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83:43-54.
19. Bechard, J. P., & Gregoire, D. A. 2005. Entrepreneurship education research revisited: The case of higher education. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 4:22-43.
20. Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. 2008. Active learning: Effects of core training design elements on self-regulatory processes, learning, and adaptability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93:296-316.
21. Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. 2010. Toward a theory of learnercentered training design: An integrative framework of active learning. In S. W. J. Kozlowski & E. Salas (Eds.), Learning, training, and development in organizations: 263-300. New York: Routledge.
22. Bird, B. J. 1988. Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13:442-453.
23. Bird, B. J., & Schjoedt, L. 2009. Entrepreneurial behavior: Its nature, scope, recent research, and agenda for future research. In A. L. Carsrud & M. Braennback (Eds.), Understanding the entrepreneurial mind: Opening the black box: 327-358. New York: Springer.
24. Bohrnstedt, G. W., & Marwell, G. 1978. The reliability of products of two random variables. In K. F. Schuessler (Ed.), Sociological methodology: 254-273. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
25. Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. 1994. The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practitioners, 18:63-77.
26. Brandstatter, V., Heimbeck, D., Malzacher, J. T., & Frese, M. 2003. Goals need implementation intentions: The model of action phases tested in the applied setting of continuing education. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12:37-59.
27. Brandstatter, V., Lengfelder, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. 2001. Implementation intentions and efficient action initiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81:946-960.
28. Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Obloj, K. 2008. Entrepreneurship in emerging economies: Where are we today and where should the research go in the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practitioners, 32:1-14.
29. Burke, M. J., Sarpy, S. A., Smith-Crowe, K., Chan-Serafin, S., Salvador, R. O., & Islam, G. 2006. Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. American Journal of Public Health, 96:315-324.
30. Campbell, D. T. 1957. Factors relevant to the validity of experiments in social settings. Psychological Bulletin, 54:297-312.
31. Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. 2003. The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research: 437-471. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
32. Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. 2008. The lag structure of the impact of business ownership on economic performance in OECD countries. Small Business Economics, 30:101-110.
33. Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., & Reynolds, P. D. 1996. Exploring start-up event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing, 11:151-166.
34. Cassar, G. 2010. Are individuals entering self-employment overly optimistic? An empirical test of plans and projections on nascent entrepreneur expectations. Strategic Management Journal, 31:822-840.
35. Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. 1998. Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13:295-316.
36. Choi, Y. R., & Shepherd, D. A. 2004. Entrepreneurs' decisions to exploit opportunities. Journal of Management, 30:377-395.
37. Colom, R., Rebollo, I., Palacios, A., Juan-Espinosa, M., & Kyllonen, P. C. 2004. Working memory is (almost) perfectly predicted by g. Intelligence, 32:277-296.
38. Cortina, J. M. 1993. What is coefficient Alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78:98-104.
39. Cortina, J. M., Chen, G., & Dunlap, W. P. 2001. Testing interaction effects in LISREL: Examination and illustration of available procedures. Organizational Research Methods, 4:324-360.
40. Crant, J. M. 1996. The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34:42-49.
41. Cruz, N. M., Escudero, I. R, Barahona, J. H., & Leitao, F. S. 2009. The effect of entrepreneurship education programmes on satisfaction with innovation behaviour and performance. Journal of European Industrial Training, 33:198-214.
42. Davidsson, P. 2007. Method challenges and opportunities in the psychological study of entrepreneurship. In J. R. Baum, M. Frese & R. A. Baron (Eds.), The psychology of entrepreneurship: 287-323. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
43. Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. 2003. The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18:301-331.
44. De Clercq, D., & Arenius, P. 2006. The role of knowledge in business start-up activity. International Small Business Journal, 24:339-358.
45. Dimov, D. 2007. Beyond the single-person, single-insight attribution in understanding entrepreneurial opportunities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practitioners, 31:713-731.
46. Drexler, A., Fischer, G., & Schoar, A. 2014. Keeping it simple: Financial literacy and rules of thumb. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 6:1-31.
47. Edelman, L. F., Manolova, T. S., & Brush, C. G. 2008. Entrepreneurship education: Correspondence between practices of nascent entrepreneurs and textbook prescriptions for success. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7:56-70.
48. Edelman, L. F., & Yli-Renko, H. 2010. The impact of environment and entrepreneurial perceptions on venture-creation efforts: Bridging the discovery and creation views of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practitioners, 34:833-856.
49. Eden, D. 1990. Pygmalion without interpersonal contrast effects: Whole groups gain from raising manager expectations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75:394-398.
50. Fiet, J. O. 2001a. The pedagogical side of entrepreneurship theory. Journal of Business Venturing, 16:101-117.
51. Fiet, J. O. 2001b. The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 16:1-24.
52. Fiet, J. O. 2002. Systematic search for entrepreneurial discoveries. Westport, CN: Praeger.
53. Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B. 1991. Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in. New York: Penguin.
54. Frese, M. 2009. Toward a psychology of entrepreneurship-An action theory perspective. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 5:437-496.
55. Frese, M., Bausch, A., Schmidt, P., Rauch, A., & Kabst, R. 2012. Evidence-based entrepreneurship: Cumulative science, action principles, and bridging the gap between science and practice. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 8:1-62.
56. Frese, M., Beimel, S., & Schoenborn, S. 2003. Action training for charismatic leadership: Two evaluations of studies of a commercial training module on inspirational communication of a vision. Personnel Psychology, 56:671-698.
57. Frese, M., & Fay, D. 2001. Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23:133-187.
58. Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. 1997. The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70:139-161.
59. Frese, M., Krauss, S. I., Keith, N., Escher, S., Grabarkiewicz, R., Luneng, S. T., & Friedrich, C. 2007. Business owners' action planning and its relationship to business success in three African countries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92:1481-1498.
60. Frese, M., Van Gelderen, M., & Ombach, M. 2000. How to plan as a small scale business owner: Psychological process characteristics of action strategies and success. Journal of Small Business Management, 38:1-18.
61. Frese, M., & Zapf, D. 1994. Action as the core of work psychology: A German approach. In H Triandis. et al. (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 4):271-340. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
62. Gartner, W. B. 1985. A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, 10:696-706.
63. Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., & Gartner, W. B. 1995. A longitudinal study of cognitive factors influencing start-up behaviors and success at venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 10:371-391.
64. Gianforte, G., & Gibson, M. 2005. Bootstrapping your business: Start and grow a successful company with almost no money. Avon, MA: Adams Media.
65. Gielnik, M. M., Krämer, A.-C., Kappel, B., & Frese, M. 2014. Antecedents of business opportunity identification and innovation: Investigating the interplay of information processing and information acquisition. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 63(2):344-381.
66. Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. 1992. Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17:183-211.
67. Glaub, M., & Frese, M. 2012. A critical review of the effects of entrepreneurship training in developing countries. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 22:335-353.
68. Gollwitzer, P. M. 1999. Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54:493-503.
69. Gorman, G., Hanlon, D., & King, W. 1997. Some research perspectives on entrepreneurship education, enterprise education and education for small business management: A tenyear literature review. International Small Business Journal, 15:56-77.
70. Heide, J. B., & John, G. 1992. Do norms matter in marketing relationship? Journal of Marketing, 56:32-44.
71. Henry, C. 2004. The effectiveness of training for new business creation: A longitudinal study. International Small Business Journal, 22:249-271.
72. Hills, G. E., Lumpkin, G. T., & Singh, R. P. 1997. Opportunity recognition: Perceptions and behaviors of entrepreneurs. In P. D. Reynolds, W. D. Bygrave, N. M. Carter, P. Davidsson, W. B. Gartner, C. M. Mason & P. P. McDougall (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research: 168-182. Babson Park, MA: Babson College.
73. Hisrich, R. D., Peters, R. P., & Shepherd, D. A. 2005. Entrepreneurship. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
74. Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. 2003. Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18:165-187.
75. Hoeber, R. C., Reitzel, J. D., Lyden, D. P., Roberts, N. J., & Severance, G. B. 1982. Contemporary business law: Principles and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill Book, Co.
76. Holcomb, T. R., Ireland, R. D., Holmes, R. M., Jr., & Hitt, M. A. 2009. Architecture of entrepreneurial learning: Exploring the link among heuristics, knowledge, and action. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practitioners, 33:167-192.
77. Honig, B. 2004. Entrepreneurship education: Toward a model of contingency-based business planning. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3:258-273.
78. Honig, B., & Karlsson, T. 2004. Institutional forces and the written business plan. Journal of Management, 30:29-48.
79. Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6:1-55.
80. Kabongo, J. D., & Okpara, J. O. 2010. Entrepreneurship education in sub-Saharan African universities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 16:296-308.
81. Karoly, P. 1993. Mechanisms of self-regulation: A systems view. Annual Review of Psychology, 44:23-52.
82. Katz, J. A. 1990. Longitudinal analysis of self-employment follow-through. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2:15-25.
83. Katz, J. A. 2003. The chronology and intellectual trajectory of American entrepreneurship education 1876-1999. Journal of Business Venturing, 18:283-300.
84. Keith, N., & Frese, M. 2008. Effectiveness of error management training: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93:59-69.
85. Kessler, A., & Frank, H. 2009. Nascent entrepreneurship in a longitudinal perspective the impact of person, environment, resources and the founding process on the decision to start business activities. International Small Business Journal, 27:720-742.
86. Klandt, H. 2004. Entrepreneurship education and research in German-speaking Europe. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3:293-301.
87. Koellinger, P., Minniti, M., & Schade, C. 2007. "I think I can, I think I can": Overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28:502-527.
88. Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. 2006. New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21:866-885.
89. Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. 1996. Principles of marketing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
90. Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., & Salas, E. 1993. Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78:311-328.
91. Krauss, S. I., Frese, M., Friedrich, C., & Unger, J. M. 2005. Entrepreneurial orientation: A psychological model of success among southern African small business owners. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14:315-344.
92. Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. 2000. Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15:411-432.
93. Kuratko, D. F. 2005. The emergence of entrepreneurship education: Development, trends, and challenges. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practitioners, 29:577-597.
94. Ladzani, W. M., & Van Vuuren, J. J. 2002. Entrepreneurship training for emerging SMEs in South Africa. Journal of Small Business Management, 40:154-161.
95. Latham, G. P., Saari, L. M., Pursell, E. D., & Campion, M. A. 1980. The situational interview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65:422-427.
96. Lee, S. M., Chang, D., & Lim, S.-B. 2005. Impact of entrepreneurship education: A comparative study of the U. S.and Korea. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1:27-43.
97. Lichtenstein, B. B., Carter, N. M., Dooley, K. J., & Gartner, W. B. 2007. Complexity dynamics of nascent entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22:236-261.
98. Lichtenstein, B. B., Dooley, K. J., & Lumpkin, G. T. 2006. Measuring emergence in the dynamics of new venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 21:153-175.
99. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. 1990. A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
100. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. 2002. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation-A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57:705-717.
101. Lord, R. G., Diefendorff, J. M., Schmidt, A. M., & Hall, R. J. 2010. Self-regulation at work. Annual Review of Psychology, 61:543-568.
102. Malhotra, D., & Bazerman, M. H. 2008. Psychological influence in negotiation: An introduction long overdue. Journal of Management, 34:509-531.
103. Martin, B. C., McNally, J. J., & Kay, M. J. 2013. Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A metaanalysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. Journal of Business Venturing, 28:211-224.
104. McKelvie, A., Haynie, J. M., & Gustavsson, V. 2011. Unpacking the uncertainty construct: Implications for entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing, 26:273-292.
105. McMullan, E., Chrisman, J. J., & Vesper, K. H. 2001. Some problems in using subjective measures of effectiveness to evaluate entrepreneurial assistance programs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practitioners, 26:37-54.
106. McMullen, J. S., & Shepherd, D. A. 2006. Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review, 31:132-152.
107. Mead, D. C., & Liedholm, C. 1998. The dynamics of micro and small enterprises in developing countries. World Development, 26:61-74.
108. Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H. 1960. Plans and the structure of behavior. London: Holt.
109. Mitchell, J. R., & Shepherd, D. A. 2010. To thine own self be true: Images of self, images of opportunity, and entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing, 25:138-154.
110. Mumford, M. D., Schultz, R. A., & Van Doorn, J. R. 2001. Performance in planning: Processes, requirements, and errors. Review of General Psychology, 5:213-240.
111. Namatovu, R., Balunywa, W., Kyejjusa, S., & Dawa, S. 2011. GEM Uganda 2010 executive report. Kampala: Makerere University Business School.
112. Neck, H. M., & Greene, P. G. 2011. Entrepreneurship education: Known worlds and new frontiers. Journal of Small Business Management, 49:55-70.
113. Nelson, R. E., & Johnson, S. D. 1997. Entrepreneurship education as a strategic approach to economic growth in Kenya. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 35:7-21.
114. Newbert, S. L. 2005. New firm formation: A dynamic capability perspective. Journal of Small Business Management, 43:55-77.
115. Nkirina, S. P. 2010. The challenges of integrating entrepreneurship education in the vocational training system: An insight from Tanzania's Vocational Education Training Authority. Journal of European Industrial Training, 34:153-166.
116. Nzomo, N. D. 2002. Basic accounting. Nairobi, Kenya: Nairobi University Publishing Group.
117. Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, C. M., & Ijsselstein, A. 2010. The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54:442-454.
118. Padachi, K. 2006. Trends in working capital management and its impact on firms' performance: An analysis of Mauritian small manufacturing firms. International Review of Business Research Papers, 2:45-58.
119. Pandey, I. M. 2009. Financial management. New Delhi: Vikas.
120. Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. 2003. Enterprise education: Influencing students' perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practitioners, 28:129-144.
121. Petty, R. J., Cacioppo, J. T., Strathman, A. J., & Priester, J. R. 1994. To think or not to think: Exploring two routes to persuasion. In S. Ahavitt & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: 113-147. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
122. Pittaway, L., & Cope, J. 2007. Entrepreneurship education: A systematic review of the evidence. International Small Business Journal, 25:479-510.
123. Pittaway, L., Missing, C., Hudson, N., & Maragh, D. 2009. Entrepreneurial learning through action: A case study of the six-squared program. Action Learning: Research and Practice, 6:265-288.
124. Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive strategy. New York: Free Press.
125. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. 2004. SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 36:717-731.
126. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. 2008. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40:879-891.
127. Rae, D. 2009. Connecting entrepreneurial and action learning in student-initiated new business ventures: The case of SPEED. Action Learning: Research and Practice, 6:289-303.
128. Rasmussen, E. A., & Sorheim, R. 2006. Action-based entrepreneurship education. Technovation, 26:185-194.
129. Rauch, A., & Frese, M. 2007. Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16:353-385.
130. Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Sonnentag, S. 2000. Cultural differences in planning/success relationships: A comparison of small enterprises in Ireland, West Germany, and East Germany. Journal of Small Business Management, 38:28-41.
131. Reynolds, P. D. 2007. New firm creation in the United States: A PSED I overview. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 3:1-149.
132. Rosenthal, R. 1994. Interpersonal expectancy effects: A 30-year perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3:176-179.
133. Saks, N. T., & Gaglio, C. M. 2002. Can opportunity identification be taught? Journal of Enterprising Culture, 10:313-347.
134. Saleemi, N. A. 1991. Financial accounting simplified. Nairobi, Kenya: Saleemi Publishers.
135. Sarasvathy, S. D. 2001. Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26:243-263.
136. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. 1994. Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Wye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variable analysis: Applications for developmental research: 399-419. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
137. Shane, S. 2000. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11:448-469.
138. Shane, S. 2009. Why encouraging more people to become entrepreneurs is bad public policy. Small Business Economics, 33:141-149.
139. Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. 2003. Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13:257-279.
140. Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25:217-226.
141. Shepherd, D. A., & De Tienne, D. R. 2005. Prior knowledge, potential financial reward, and opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practitioners, 29:91-112.
142. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. 1979. Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86:420-428.
143. Simonton, D. K. 1989. Chance-configuration theory of scientific creativity. In B. Gholson, W. R. Shadish, Jr., R. A. Neimeyer & A. C. Houts (Eds.), Psychology of science: Contributions to metascience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
144. Slater, S. F., & Narver, J. C. 1994. Does competitive environment moderate the market orientation-performance relationship? Journal of Marketing, 58:46-56.
145. Smith, R., & Bertozzi, M. 1998. Principals and agents: An explanatory model for public budgeting. Journal of Publication Budgeting, Accounting, & Financial Management, 10:325-352.
146. Solomon, G. 2007. An examination of entrepreneurship education in the United States. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14:168-182.
147. Sonobe, T., Akoten, J. E., & Otsuka, K. 2011. The growth process of informal enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of a metalworking cluster in Nairobi. Small Business Economics, 36:323-335.
148. Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. 2007. Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22:566-591.
149. Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. 1998. Self-efficacy and workrelated performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124:240-261.
150. The World Bank. 2010. World development indicators database. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
151. Townsend, D. M., Busenitz, L. W., & Arthurs, J. D. 2010. To start or not to start: Outcome and ability expectations in the decision to start a new venture. Journal of Business Venturing, 25:192-202.
152. Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. 2008. Opportunity identification and pursuit: Does an entrepreneur's human capital matter? Small Business Economics, 30:153-173.
153. Van Praag, C. M., & Versloot, P. H. 2007. What is the value of entrepreneurship? A review of recent research. Small Business Economics, 29:351-382.
154. Van Stel, A., Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. 2005. The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth. Small Business Economics, 24:311-321.
155. Van Stel, A., Storey, D. J., & Thurik, A. R. 2007. The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28:171-186.
156. Venkataraman, S., Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., & Forster, W. R. 2012. Reflections on the 2010 AMR decade award: Whither the promise? Moving forward with entrepreneurship as a science of the artificial. Academy of Management Review, 37:21-33.
157. Vesper, K. H., & Gartner, W. B. 1997. Measuring progress in entrepreneurship education. Journal of Business Venturing, 12:403-421.
158. Von Graevenitz, G., Harhoff, D., & Weber, R. 2010. The effects of entrepreneurship education. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 76:90-112.
159. Ward, T. B. 2004. Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 19:173-188.
160. Williams, L. J., Edwards, J. R., & Vandenberg, R. J. 2003. Recent advances in causal modeling methods for organizational and management research. Journal of Management, 29:903-936.
161. Winborg, J., & Landstrom, H. 2001. Financial bootstrapping in small businesses: Examining small business managers' resource acquisition behaviors. Journal of Business Venturing, 16:235-254.
162. Wood, F., & Sangster, A. 2005. Business accounting (Vol I). Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall.
163. Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. 2005. The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90:1265-1272.
164. Zhao, X. Y., Frese, M., & Giardini, A. 2010. Business owners' network size and business growth in China: The role of comprehensive social competency. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 22:675-705.