Bridging the valley of death: Lessons learned from 14 years of commercialization of technology education

Academy of Management Learning and Education

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 370-388

  Barr, Steve ^a   Baker, Ted ^a   Markham, Stephen ^a   Kingon, Angus ^b  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349789736     PISSN: 1537260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMLE.2009.44287937     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Agrawal, A. 2006. Engaging the inventor: Exploring licensing strategies for university inventions and the role of latent knowledge. Strategic Management Journal, 27: 63-79.
2. Ajzen, I. 1987. Attitudes, traits and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 20, 1-61.
3. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. 1977. Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84: 888-918.
4. Aldrich, H. E. 1999. Organizations evolving. London: Sage.
5. Aldrich, H. E., & Baker, T. 1997. Blinded by the cities? Has there been progress in entrepreneurship research? In D. L. Sexton, & R.W. Smilor (Eds.), Entrepreneurship 2000. Chicago: Upstart.
6. Aldrich, H. E., & Cliff, J. E. 2003. The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: Toward a family embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5): 573-596.
7. Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, C. M. 1994. Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Journal, 19(4): 645-670.
8. Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. 2007. Discovery and creation: Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1: 1-6.
9. Auerswald, P. E., & Branscomb, L. M. 2003. Valleys of death and Darwinian seas: Financing the invention and innovation transition in the United States. Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(3-4): 227.
10. Baker, T., & Nelson, R. E. 2005. Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50: 329-366.
11. Baker, T., & Pollock, T. 2007. Making the marriage work: The benefits of strategies takeover of entrepreneurship for strategic organization. Strategic Organization, 5(3): 297-312.
12. Bandura, A. 1977. Social learning theory. General Learning Press.
13. Bandura, A. 1982. Self-efficacy mechanisms in human agency. American Psychologist, 37: 122-147.
14. Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
15. Bandura, A. 1997. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. NY: W.H. Freeman.
16. Bandura, A. 2000. Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. In E. A. Locke (Ed.), Handbook of principles of organizational behavior: 120-136. Oxford: Blackwell.
17. Barczak, G., Griffin, A., & Kahn, K. B. 2009. Trends and drivers of success in NPD practices: Results of the 2003 PDMA best practices study. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 26(1): 3-23.
18. Bechard, J.-P., & Toulouse, J.-M. 1998. Validation of a didactic model for the analysis of training objectives in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4): 317-332.
19. Bhidé , A. 1992. Bootstrap finance: The art of start-ups. Harvard Business Review, 70(6): 109.
20. Bhidé , A. 2000. The origin and evolution of new businesses. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Bird, B., Hayward, D. J., & Allen, D. N. 1993. Conflicts in the commercialization of knowledge: Perspectives from science and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17(4): 57-79.
22. Blumenstyk, G. 2007. Universities report more licensing income but fewer start-ups in 2005. The Chronicle of Higher Education, March Issue: A-29.
23. Bobocei, D. R., & Meyer, J. P. 1994. The escalation of commitment to a course of action: Separating the roles of choice and justification. Journal of Applied Psychology, June: 360-363.
24. Boocock, G., Frank, R., & Warren, L. 2009. Technology-based entrepreneurship education: Meeting education and business objectives. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 10(1): 43-53.
25. Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. 1994. The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4): 63-77.
26. Bretz, R. D., Milkovich, G. T., & Read, W. 1992. The current state of performance appraisal research and practice: Concerns, directions and implications. Journal of Management, June: 326.
27. Breznitz, S., O'Shea, R., & Allen, T. 2008. University commercialization strategies in the development of regional bioclusters. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 25: 129-142.
28. Busenitz, L. W., & Barney, J. B. 1997. Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1): 9-30.
29. Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. 1998. Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13: 295-316.
30. Clark, B. R. 1998. Creating entrepreneurial universities. Organizational Pathways of Transformation. Oxford: IAU Press.
31. Crick, F. 1996. The impact of Linus Pauling on molecular biology. Retrieved from http://oregonstate.edu/dept/Special-Collections/subpages/ahp/ 1995symposium/crick.html Oregon State Library, Corvallis, OR
32. Cooper, R. G. 1983. The new product process: An empiricallybased classification scheme. R&D Management, 13(1): 1-14.
33. Cooper, R. G. 1994. Third-generation new product processes. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 11(1): 3-14.
34. de Meza, D., & Southey, C. 1996. The borrower's curse: Optimism, finance and entrepreneurship. The Economic Journal, 106: 375-386.
35. Debackere, K., & Vengelers, R. 2005. The role of academic technology transfer organizations in improving industry science links. Research Policy, 34(3): 321-342.
36. Di Gregorio, D., & Shane, S. 2003. Why do some universities generate more start-ups than others? Research Policy, 32(2): 209-227.
37. Drucker, P. 1985. Innovation and entrepreneurship. New York: Harper and Row.
38. Eckhardt, J. T., & Shane, S. A. 2003. Opportunities and entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29(3): 333-349.
39. European Commission. 2008. Best procedure project: Entrepreneurship in higher education, especially in non-business studies. Report of the expert group. Final version. European Commission: Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry.
40. Fiet, J. O. 2001. The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1): 1-24.
41. Finkle, T. A., & Deeds, D. 2001. Trends in the market for entrepreneurship faculty, 1989-1998. Journal of Business Venturing, 16: 613-630.
42. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. 1975. Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
43. Gibb, A. 1987. Enterprise culture - Its meaning and implications for education and training. The Journal of European Industrial Training, 11(2): 3-38.
44. Gibbs, A. 2002. In pursuit of a new enterprise and entrepreneurship paradigm for learning: Creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(3): 233-269.
45. Griffin, A., & Hauser, J. R. 1993. The voice of the customer. Marketing Science, 12(1): 1-27.
46. Hayek, F. A. V. 1945. The use of knowledge in society. American Economic Review, 35(4): 519-530.
47. Jelenek, M., & Markham, S. K. 2007. Industry-university IP relations: Integrating perspectives and policy solutions. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 54(2): 257-267.
48. Kingon, A. I., Markham, S. K., & Zapata, M. 1999. Technology, education, and commercialization: Development of new concepts in integrated education. Final Report to the National Science Foundation for project EEC-9528410.
49. Kingon, A. I., Thomas, R., Markham, S. K., Aiman-Smith, L., & Debo, R. 2001. An integrated approach to teaching high technology entrepreneurship at the graduate level. Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.
50. Kirby, D. A. 2005. Creating entrepreneurial universites in the UK. Journal of European Industrial Training, 14(2): 27-32.
51. Kirby, D. A. 2006. Creating entrepreneurial universities in the UK: Applying entrepreneurship theory to practice. Journal of Technology Transfer, 31(5): 599-603.
52. Kirzner, I. 1997. Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market porcess: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35: 65-80.
53. Knight, F. H. 1921. Risk, uncertainty and profit. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
54. Kondo, M. 2004. University spinoffs in Japan: From universityindustry crossover. Report by National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP). Tokyo: Yokohama National University.
55. Latham, G. P., & Wexley, K. N. 1981. Increasing productivity through performance appraisal. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
56. Litan, R. E., Mitchell, L., & Reedy, E. J. 2007. Commercializing university innovations. Working paper, National Bureau of Economic Research.
57. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. 1990. A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
58. Lockett, A., & Wright, M. 2005. Resources, capabilities, risk capital and the creation of university spin-out companies. Research Policy, 34: 1043-1057.
59. Luthje, C., & Franke, N. 2003. The making of an entrepreneur: Testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&D Management, 33(2): 135-147.
60. Marczewski, R.W. 1997. Bridging the virtual valley of death for technology. R&D Scientist, 11(2): 11-111
61. Markham, S. K. 2002. Moving technologies from lab to market. Research-Technology Management, 45(6): 31-42.
62. Markham, S. K., & Griffin, A. 1998. The breakfast of champions: Associations between champions and product development environments, practices and performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15: 436-454.
63. Markham, S. K., Baumer, D. L., Aimam-Smith, L., Kingon, A. I., & Zapata, M. III. 2000. An algorithm for high technology. Engineering and Management Education, Journal of Engineering Education: 209-218.
64. Markham, S. K., Kingon, A. I., Lewis, R. J., Zapata, M., III. 2002. The university's role in creating radically new products. International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, 1(1-2): 163-172.
65. Mitchell, T. 2007. The academic life: Realistic changes needed for business school students and faculty. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(2): 236-251.
66. Nicolaou, N., & Birley, S. 2003. Academic networks in a trichotomous catergorisation of university spinouts. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3): 333-359.
67. Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Cherkas, L., Hunkin, J., & Spector, T. D. 2008. Is the tendency to engage in self-employment genetic? Management Science, 54(1): 167-179.
68. O'Shea, R., Allen, T. J., O'Gorman, C., & Roche, F. 2004. Universities and technology transfer: A review of academic entrepreneurship literature. Irish Journal of Management, 25(2): 11-29.
69. Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press.
70. Porter, M. E. 1985. Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press.
71. Ronstadt, R. 1990. The educated entrepreneurs: A new era of entrepreneurial education is beginning. In C. A. Kent, (Ed.), Entrepreneurship education: Current developments, future directions: 69-88. New York, Quorum Books.
72. Sarasvathy, S., Dew, N., Ramakrishna Velamuri, S., & Venkataraman, S. 2003. Three views of entrepreneurial opportunity. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: 141-160. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
73. Shane, S. 2000. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4): 448-469.
74. Shane, S. 2001. Technology opportunity and firm formation. Management Science, 47: 205-220.
75. Shane, S. 2005. Finding fertile ground. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing.
76. Shane, S., & Delmar, F. 2004. Planning for the market: Business planning before marketing and the continuation of organizing efforts. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(6): 767-786.
77. Shane, S., & Stuart, T. 2002. Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups. Management Science, 48: 154-171.
78. Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1): 217-226.
79. Siegel, D., Waldman, D., & Link, A. 2003. Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the productivity of university technology transfer offices: An exploratory study. Research Policy, 32(1): 27-48.
80. Siegel, D., Waldman, D., Atwater, L., & Link, A. 2003. Commercial knowledge transfers from universities to firms: Improving the effectiveness of university-industry collaboration. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 14: 111-133.
81. Sorensen, J. B. 2007. Bureaucracy and entrepreneurship: Workplace effects on entrepreneurial entry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(3): 387-412.
82. Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. 2007. Do entrepreneurship programs raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22: 566-591.
83. Staw, B. M. 1981. The escalation of commitment to a course of action. Academy of Management Review, October, 577-587.
84. Tabak, F., & Barr, S. H. 1999. Propensity to adopt technological innovations: The impact of personal characteristics and organizational context. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 16(3-4): 247-270.
85. Thursby, D. 2004. Are faculty critical? Their role in universityindustry licensing. Contemporary Economics Policy, 22: 162-178.
86. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. 2004. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Preference, Belief, and Similarity: Selected Writings. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
87. van Burg, E. A., Gilsing, V., & Reymen, I. 2008. Creating university spin-offs: A science-based design perspective. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 25: 114-128.
88. Van de Ven, A. H. 2007. Engaged scholarship: A guide for organizational and social research. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
89. von Hippel, E. 1986. Lead users: A source of novel product concepts. Management Science 32(7): 791-805.
90. Wessner, C. W. 2005. Driving innovations across the valley of death. Research-Technology Management, 48(1): 9-12.
91. Whittington, R. 2003. The work of strategizing and organizing: For a practice perspective. Strategic Organization 1(1): 117-125
92. Wright, M., Piva, E., Mosey, S., & Lockett, A. 2008. Academic entrepreneurship and business schools. Working paper.