The legitimacy of (some) federal common law

Virginia Law Review

Volumn 101, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-64

  Nelson, Caleb ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF LAW   (United States)

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EID: 84926505522     PISSN: 00426601     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (277)

1. Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 79 (1938).
2. Chi., Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Co. v. Solan, 169 U.S. 133, 136 (1898)
3. Caleb Nelson, A Critical Guide to Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 54 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 921, 927-29 (2013) (discussing Solan)
4. Michael G. Collins, Justice Iredell, Choice of Law, and the Constitution - A Neglected Encounter, 23 Const. Comment. 163, 171 (2006)
5. Justice Iredell's opinion in United States v. Mundell, 27 F. Cas. 23 (C.C.D. Va. 1795) (No. 15,834)
6. Michael Steven Green, Law's Dark Matter, 54 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 845, 856-57 (2013)
7. Swift v. Tyson, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 1 (1842)
8. Erie, 304 U.S. at 78-80.
9. Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co., 304 U.S. 92, 110 (1938).
10. Henry J. Friendly, In Praise of Erie - and of the New Federal Common Law, 39 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 383, 405-17, 421-22 (1964);
11. Richard H. Fallon, Jr. et al., Hart and Wechsler's The Federal Courts and the Federal System 607 (6th ed. 2009)
12. Illinois v. Milwaukee, 406 U.S. 91, 103-07 (1972);
13. Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills of Ala., 353 U.S. 448, 456-57 (1957);
14. Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States, 318 U.S. 363, 366-67 (1943).
15. Wheeldin v. Wheeler, 373 U.S. 647, 651 (1963).
16. Tex. Indus. v. Radcliff Materials, 451 U.S. 630, 640 (1981).
17. Alfred Hill, The Law-Making Power of the Federal Courts: Constitutional Preemption, 67 Colum. L. Rev. 1024, 1028, 1030-68 (1967)
18. U.S. Const. art. VI;
19. Bradford R. Clark, Separation of Powers as a Safeguard of Federalism, 79 Tex. L. Rev. 1321, 1338 (2001).
20. Henry M. Hart, Jr., The Relations Between State and Federal Law, 54 Colum. L. Rev. 489, 500 (1954)
21. Martha A. Field, Sources of Law: The Scope of Federal Common Law, 99 Harv. L. Rev. 881, 897 n.64 (1986)
22. Henry Paul Monaghan, Supremacy Clause Textualism, 110 Colum. L. Rev. 731 (2010).
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24. Garrick Pursley, Dormancy, 100 Geo. L.J. 497, 568-70 (2012);
25. United States v. Standard Oil Co., 332 U.S. 301, 308 (1947)
26. Chi., Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Co. v. Coogan, 271 U.S. 472, 474 (1926)
27. Paul Lund, The Decline of Federal Common Law, 76 B.U. L. Rev. 895, 914 (1996).
28. Milwaukee v. Illinois, 451 U.S. 304, 312-14 (1981).
29. Curtis A. Bradley & Jack L. Goldsmith, Customary International Law as Federal Common Law: A Critique of the Modern Position, 110 Harv. L. Rev. 815, 856 (1997)
30. Thomas W. Merrill, The Common Law Powers of Federal Courts, 52 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1, 36-37, 41, 46-47 (1985);
31. Martin H. Redish, Federal Common Law, Political Legitimacy, and the Interpretive Process: An "Institutionalist" Perspective, 83 Nw. U. L. Rev. 761, 790 n.115 (1989)
32. Amy Coney Barrett, Procedural Common Law, 94 Va. L. Rev. 813 (2008).
33. Antonin Scalia, Common-Law Courts in a Civil-Law System: The Role of United States Federal Courts in Interpreting the Constitution and Laws, in A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law 3, 13 (Amy Gutmann ed., 1997).
34. Louise Weinberg, Federal Common Law, 83 Nw. U. L. Rev. 805, 833-34 (1989)
35. Larry Kramer, The Lawmaking Power of the Federal Courts, 12 Pace L. Rev. 263, 265 (1992)
36. John Gardner, Some Types of Law, in Common Law Theory 51, 51-72 (Douglas E. Edlin ed., 2007)
37. Kenneth Culp Davis, Official Notice, 62 Harv. L. Rev. 537, 549 (1949)
38. John Harrison, The Power of Congress over the Rules of Precedent, 50 Duke L.J. 503, 508, 526, n.17 n.71 (2000);
39. John Harrison, The Power of Congress over the Rules of Precedent, 50 Duke L.J. 503, 508 n.17, 526 n.71 (2000);
40. George P. Fletcher, Paradoxes in Legal Thought, 85 Colum. L. Rev. 1263, 1275 (1985)
41. Anthony J. Bellia Jr., State Courts and the Making of Federal Common Law, 153 U. Pa. L. Rev. 825, 909-10 (2005)
42. Daniel A. Farber & Brett H. McDonnell, "Is There a Text in this Class?": The Conflict Between Textualism and Antitrust, 14 J. Contemp. Legal Issues 619, 658 (2005)
43. Jeffrey A. Meyer, Extraterritorial Common Law: Does the Common Law Apply Abroad?, 102 Geo. L.J. 301, 342-43 (2014)
44. Diarmuid F. O'Scannlain, Rediscovering the Common Law, 79 Notre Dame L. Rev. 755, 757, 761 (2004)
45. Kent Greenawalt, Statutory and Common Law Interpretation 179 (2013)
46. Jeffrey A. Pojanowski, Private Law in the Gaps, 82 Fordham L. Rev. 1689, 1702 n.72 (2014)
47. Caleb Nelson, State and Federal Models of the Interaction Between Statutes and Unwritten Law, 80 U. Chi. L. Rev. 657 (2013)
48. Stephen E. Sachs, The "Unwritten Constitution" and Unwritten Law, 2013 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1797, 1845
49. 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries ∗63-64
50. Matthew Hale, The History of the Common Law of England 24 (London 1713)
51. Harold J. Berman, The Origins of Historical Jurisprudence: Coke, Selden, Hale, 103 Yale L.J. 1651, 1655 (1994)
52. Theodore F.T. Plucknett, A Concise History of the Common Law 347-50 (5th ed. 1956)
53. Frederick G. Kempin, Jr., Precedent and Stare Decisis: The Critical Years, 1800 to 1850, 3 Am. J. Legal Hist. 28, 50 (1959)
54. 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries ∗74
55. David J. Bederman, Public Law and Custom, 61 Emory L.J. 949, 949-50 (2012)
56. J.G.A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century 32-34 (1957);
57. F.A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty 54-70 (1960)
58. Todd J. Zywicki, A Unanimity-Reinforcing Model of Efficiency in the Common Law: An Institutional Comparison of Common Law and Legislative Solutions to Large-Number Externality Problems, 46 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 961, 989-1007 (1996)
59. Daniel Defoe, The Complete English Tradesman 433 (London, Charles Rivington 1726)
60. Gerald J. Postema, Bentham and the Common Law Tradition 3-13 (1986)
61. Gerald J. Postema, Classical Common Law Jurisprudence (pts. 1 & 2), 2 Oxford U. Commonwealth L.J. 155 (2002)
62. 3 Oxford U. Commonwealth L.J. 1 (2003)
63. Allan Beever, The Declaratory Theory of Law, 33 Oxford J. Legal Stud. 421 (2013)
64. Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 725 (2004).
65. John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined 27-28 (London, John Murray 1832);
66. John Chipman Gray, The Nature and Sources of the Law 82 (1909).
67. H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law 43-48 (1961)
68. Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co., 276 U.S. 518, 533 (1928) (Holmes, J., dissenting)
69. David J. Bederman, Custom as a Source of Law (2010).
70. At a minimum, the judge has participated in "making law" for the case at hand. Depending upon the nature of the judge's court and the applicable doctrines of stare decisis, the judge's formulation of the rule may also have precedential effect in future cases.
71. Chevron U.S.A. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837, 842-45 (1984)
72. Timothy Walker, Introduction to American Law 53 (Philadelphia, P.H. Nicklin & T. Johnson 1837)
73. Caleb Nelson, The Persistence of General Law, 106 Colum. L. Rev. 503, 506-07 (2006).
74. Stanley Reed, Stare Decisis and Constitutional Law, 9 Pa. B. Ass'n Q. 131, 133 (1938)
75. Caleb Nelson, Stare Decisis and Demonstrably Erroneous Precedents, 87 Va. L. Rev. 1, 21-48 (2001)
76. The Federalist No. 78, at 471 (Alexander Hamilton) (Clinton Rossiter ed., 1961).
77. S. Pac. Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205, 221 (1917) (Holmes, J., dissenting)
78. Thomas C. Grey, Molecular Motions: The Holmesian Judge in Theory and Practice, 37 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 19, 32 (1995);
79. Jeremy Bentham, An Introductory View of the Rationale of Evidence, in 6 The Works of Jeremy Bentham 1, 100 (John Bowring ed., Edinburgh, William Tait 1843);
80. Jeremy Bentham, Supplement to Papers Relative to Codification and Public Instruction: Including Correspondence with the Russian Emperor, and Divers Constituted Authorities in the American United States 108 (London, J. M'Creery 1817) [hereinafter Bentham, Supplement]
81. Jeremy Waldron, Custom Redeemed by Statute, 51 Current Legal Probs. 93, 107 (1998)
82. Jeremy Bentham, Of the Limits of the Penal Branch of Jurisprudence 161-62, 185-86 (Philip Schofield ed., 2010)
83. Jeremy Bentham, Bentham on Humphreys' Property Code, 6 Westminster Rev. 446, 463 n.d (London, Baldwin, Cradock & Joy 1826)
84. Letter from Jeremy Bentham to President James Madison (Oct. 1811), in Jeremy Bentham, Papers Relative to Codification and Public Instruction: Including Correspondence with the Russian Emperor, and Divers Constituted Authorities in the American United States 1, 33 (London, J. M'Creery 1817).
85. Law as It Is, Contrasted with What It Is Said to Be 11 (London, T. Moses 1823).
86. James Bernard Murphy, The Philosophy of Customary Law 68 (2014);
87. Jeremy Waldron, Can There Be a Democratic Jurisprudence?, 58 Emory L.J. 675, 692 (2009) .
88. Judith S. Kaye, State Courts at the Dawn of a New Century: Common Law Courts Reading Statutes and Constitutions, 70 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1, 5 (1995).
89. Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process 125 (1921).
90. Cass R. Sunstein, Justice Scalia's Democratic Formalism, 107 Yale L.J. 529, 541 (1997).
91. Frank H. Easterbrook, Statutes' Domains, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 533, 545 (1983).
92. Robert Rantoul, Oration at Scituate (July 4, 1836), in Kermit L. Hall et al., American Legal History 317, 317-18 (1991)).
93. Antonin Scalia, The Rule of Law as a Law of Rules, 56 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1175, 1177 (1989).
94. F.A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty 86 (1973)
95. Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 741-47 (2004)
96. Sosa, 542 U.S. at 741-43;
97. Tex. Indus. v. Radcliff Materials, 451 U.S. 630, 640-41 (1981)
98. 304 U.S. 64 (1938).
99. Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co., 276 U.S. 518, 533 (1928).
100. Black & White Taxicab, 276 U.S. at 535
101. Black & White Taxicab, 276 U.S. at 535
102. Paul J. Mishkin, Some Further Last Words on Erie - The Thread, 87 Harv. L. Rev. 1682, 1682-83 (1974);
103. Suzanna Sherry, Wrong, Out of Step, and Pernicious: Erie as the Worst Decision of All Time, 39 Pepp. L. Rev. 129, 144 (2011).
104. Craig Green, Repressing Erie's Myth, 96 Calif. L. Rev. 595, 599-622 (2008).
105. George D. Brown, Of Activism and Erie - The Implication Doctrine's Implications for the Nature and Role of the Federal Courts, 69 Iowa L. Rev. 617, 617 (1984)
106. Milwaukee v. Illinois, 451 U.S. 304, 312 (1981).
107. Anthony J. Bellia Jr. & Bradford R. Clark, General Law in Federal Court, 54 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 655, 707 (2013);
108. Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. P'ship, 131 S. Ct. 2238, 2253-54 (2011).
109. Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 741 (2004).
110. Daniel J. Meltzer, Customary International Law, Foreign Affairs, and Federal Common Law, 42 Va. J. Int'l L. 513, 541 (2002);
111. Stewart Org. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 38 (1988);
112. E. Associated Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers, 531 U.S. 57, 68 (2000).
113. Al-Bihani v. Obama, 619 F.3d 1, 17 (D.C. Cir. 2010);
114. Jansen v. Packaging Corp. of Am., 123 F.3d 490, 553 (7th Cir. 1997).
115. Burlington Indus. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742 (1998);
116. J. Harvie Wilkinson III, Our Structural Constitution, 104 Colum. L. Rev. 1687, 1694 (2004)
117. Erie, 304 U.S. at 78.
118. Allison v. Boeing Laser Technical Servs., 689 F.3d 1234, 1240 (10th Cir. 2012).
119. Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 287 (2001)
120. Lampf, Pleva, Lipkind, Prupis & Petigrow v. Gilbertson, 501 U.S. 350, 365 (1991);
121. United States v. Price, 523 F. Supp. 1055, 1069 (D.N.J. 1981);
122. Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 109 (2012).
123. Jeffrey A. Pojanowski, Statutes in Common Law Courts, 91 Tex. L. Rev. 479, 496 & n.113 (2013).
124. Curtis A. Bradley & Jack L. Goldsmith, III, The Current Illegitimacy of International Human Rights Litigation, 66 Fordham L. Rev. 319, 347 & n.162 (1997)
125. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860, at 2 (1977),
126. R. Randall Bridwell, Theme v. Reality in American Legal History: A Commentary on Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860,
127. Common Law in America, 53 Ind. L.J. 449 (1978).
128. Thomas W. Merrill, The Judicial Prerogative, 12 Pace L. Rev. 327, 346-47 (1992).
129. Elizabeth Gaspar Brown, British Statutes in American Law, 1776-1836, at 1-22 (1964)
130. Ordinance of July 3, 1776, in Ordinances Passed at a General Convention, of Delegates and Representatives, from the Several Counties and Corporations of Virginia 9, 10 (Richmond, Ritchie, Trueheart & Du-Val 1816);
131. Act of Nov. 25, 1789, in 13 The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia 23, 24 (William Waller Hening ed., Philadelphia, Thomas DeSilver 1823).
132. Ford W. Hall, The Common Law: An Account of Its Reception in the United States, 4 Vand. L. Rev. 791, 797-804 (1951).
133. Steven M. Wise, The Entitlement of Chimpanzees to the Common Law Writs of Habeas Corpus and de Homine Replegiando, 37 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 219, 249 n.134 (2007).
134. Wheaton v. Peters, 33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 591, 658 (1834).
135. Peter S. Du Ponceau, A Dissertation on the Nature and Extent of the Jurisdiction of the Courts of the United States 88 (Philadelphia, Abraham Small 1824).
136. Carroll v. Olmsted's Lessee, 16 Ohio 251, 259 (1847).
137. Livingston v. Jefferson, 15 F. Cas. 660, 665 (C.C.D. Va. 1811) (No. 8,411);
138. Stephen E. Sachs, Constitutional Backdrops, 80 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1813, 1822 (2012)
139. Livingston, 15 F. Cas. at 665
140. Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co., 276 U.S. 518, 533 (1928).
141. Ernest A. Young, Sorting Out the Debate over Customary International Law, 42 Va. J. Int'l L. 365, 492-96 (2002)
142. Vasan Kesavan, The Three Tiers of Federal Law, 100 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1479, 1480 (2006)
143. Bradford R. Clark, Erie's Constitutional Source, 95 Calif. L. Rev. 1289, 1302 (2007)
144. United States v. Worrall, 28 F. Cas. 774, 779 (C.C.D. Pa. 1798) (No. 16,766).
145. 8 Annals of Cong. 2137 (1798);
146. Stewart Jay, Origins of Federal Common Law (pt. 1), 133 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1003, 1075-83 (1985).
147. Supreme Court in Wheaton v. Peters, 33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 591 (1834).;
148. Stewart Jay, Origins of Federal Common Law (pt. 2), 133 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1231, 1318 (1985)
149. 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 1 (1842).
150. William A. Fletcher, The General Common Law and Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789: The Example of Marine Insurance, 97 Harv. L. Rev. 1513 (1984);
151. Swift, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) at 19;
152. Wabash, St. Louis & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Illinois, 118 U.S. 557, 570-77 (1886);
153. Barry Cushman, Formalism and Realism in Commerce Clause Jurisprudence, 67 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1089, 1101-24 (2000);
154. James W. Ely, Jr., "The Railroad System Has Burst Through State Limits": Railroads and Interstate Commerce, 1830-1920, 55 Ark. L. Rev. 933, 937-61 (2003).
155. Compare Swift v. Phila. & Reading R.R. Co., 58 F. 858, 859 (C.C.N.D. Ill. 1893),
156. Gatton v. Chi., Rock Island & Pac. Ry. Co., 63 N.W. 589, 601 (Iowa 1895),
157. Murray v. Chi. & Nw. Ry. Co., 62 F. 24, 36 (C.C.N.D. Iowa 1894).
158. W. Union Tel. Co. v. Call Publ'g Co., 181 U.S. 92, 100-03 (1901).
159. Smith v. Alabama, 124 U.S. 465, 478 (1888).
160. W. Union, 181 U.S. at 101.
161. United Copper Sec. Co. v. Amalgamated Copper Co., 232 F. 574, 577 (2d Cir. 1916);
162. 2B Norman J. Singer & J.D. Shambie Singer, Statutes and Statutory Construction § 50:4 (7th ed. 2012).
163. New Orleans & Ne. R.R. Co. v. Harris, 247 U.S. 367, 371 (1918);
164. Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 70 & n.9 (1995);
165. Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730, 739-41 (1989).
166. W. Noel Keyes, Government Contracts Under the Federal Acquisition Regulation 20-21 & n.80 (3d ed. 2003).
167. Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 496-97 (1996);
168. Agathos v. Starlite Motel, 977 F.2d 1500, 1508-09 (3d Cir. 1992).
169. Compare Rogers v. Baxter Int'l, 521 F.3d 702, 705 (7th Cir. 2008)
170. Rodrigue v. W. & S. Life Ins. Co., 948 F.2d 969, 971 (5th Cir. 1991).
171. United States v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 322 U.S. 174, 183 (1944).
172. Excel Willowbrook, L.L.C. v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 758 F.3d 592, 600 (5th Cir. 2014);
173. Gen. Dynamics Corp. v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 1900, 1906-08 (2011)
174. Dixon v. The Cyrus, 7 F. Cas. 755, 757 (D. Pa. 1789) (No. 3,930).
175. S. Pac. Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205, 216 (1917).
176. Garanti Finansal Kiralama A.S. v. Aqua Marine & Trading, 697 F.3d 59, 71-73 (2d Cir. 2012).
177. In re Frescati Shipping Co., 718 F.3d 184, 198-99 (3d Cir. 2013).
178. Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. James N. Kirby, Pty Ltd., 543 U.S. 14, 23 (2004);
179. Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 376 U.S. 398, 426 (1964);
180. Jay Tidmarsh & Brian J. Murray, A Theory of Federal Common Law, 100 Nw. U. L. Rev. 585, 594-614 (2006).
181. Fitzgerald v. U.S. Lines Co., 374 U.S. 16, 20-21 (1963);
182. Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States, 318 U.S. 363, 366-67 (1943);
183. Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills of Ala., 353 U.S. 448, 456-57 (1957).
184. U.S. Const. art. III, § 2.
185. 28 U.S.C. § 1333 (2012).
186. Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 742 (2004);
187. Jonathan M. Gutoff, Federal Common Law and Congressional Delegation: A Reconceptualization of Admiralty, 61 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 367, 403-06 (2000).
188. Frank H. Easterbrook, Judicial Discretion in Statutory Interpretation, 57 Okla. L. Rev. 1, 6 (2004);
189. Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills of Ala., 353 U.S. 448, 460-61 (1957).
190. 41 U.S.C. §§ 101-8707 (2012);
191. C.F.R. §§ 1.000-9905.506-63 (2013).
192. XTRA Lease v. United States, 50 Fed. Cl. 612, 621 (2001).
193. Ernest A. Young, Preemption at Sea, 67 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 273 (1999).
194. Bradford R. Clark, Federal Common Law: A Structural Reinterpretation, 144 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1245, 1251 (1996);
195. Anthony J. Bellia Jr. & Bradford R. Clark, The Law of Nations as Constitutional Law, 98 Va. L. Rev. 729 (2012)
196. Nat'l Trust for Historic Pres. v. City of Albuquerque, 874 P.2d 798, 801 (N.M. Ct. App. 1994).
197. Taylor v. Virginia, 710 S.E.2d 518, 523 (Va. Ct. App. 2011).
198. 487 U.S. 500 (1988).
199. David G. Owen, Special Defenses in Modern Products Liability Law, 70 Mo. L. Rev. 1, 3-6 (2005).
200. Richard C. Ausness, Surrogate Liability: The Government Contract Defense and Products Liability, 47 Ohio St. L.J. 985, 992-93 (1986).
201. Richard C. Ausness, Risky Business: Liability of Product Sellers Who Offer Safety Devices as Optional Equipment, 39 Hofstra L. Rev. 807, 822 (2011).
202. Boyle v. United Techs. Corp., 792 F.2d 413, 414-15 (4th Cir. 1986), vacated, 487 U.S. 500 (1988).
203. Raymond A. Pelletier, Jr., Note, Liability of a Manufacturer for Products Defectively Designed by the Government, 23 B.C. L. Rev. 1025, 1034-39 (1982)
204. Boyle, 487 U.S. at 504.
205. Yearsley v. W.A. Ross Constr. Co., 309 U.S. 18 (1940);
206. 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a).
207. O'Melveny & Myers v. FDIC, 512 U.S. 79, 84 (1994).
208. Sherman Act, ch. 647, § 1, 26 Stat. 209, 209 (1890).
209. Newell v. Meyendorff, 23 P. 333, 333 (Mont. 1890);
210. Elisha Greenhood, The Doctrine of Public Policy in the Law of Contracts 683-770 (1886).
211. Robert H. Bork, Legislative Intent and the Policy of the Sherman Act, 9 J.L. & Econ. 7, 36-37 (1966);
212. Phillip E. Areeda & Herbert Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law ¶ 104, at 62 (2d ed. 2000).
213. Peter J. Hammer, Antitrust Beyond Competition: Market Failures, Total Welfare, and the Challenge of Intramarket Second-Best Tradeoffs, 98 Mich. L. Rev. 849, 906 (2000).
214. Margaret H. Lemos, The Other Delegate: Judicially Administered Statutes and the Nondelegation Doctrine, 81 S. Cal. L. Rev. 405, 429 (2008);
215. Neal Kumar Katyal, Judges as Advicegivers, 50 Stan. L. Rev. 1709, 1811 (1998).
216. Richard A. Posner, The Problems of Jurisprudence 289 (1990).
217. Andrew S. Oldham, Sherman's March (In)to the Sea, 74 Tenn. L. Rev. 319, 322-23 (2007).
218. Cont'l T.V. v. GTE Sylvania, 433 U.S. 36, 51-59, 53 n.21 (1977)
219. United States v. Arnold, Schwinn & Co., 388 U.S. 365, 392 (1967);
220. Frank H. Easterbrook, The Supreme Court, 1983 Term - Foreword: The Court and the Economic System, 98 Harv. L. Rev. 4, 59 (1984);
221. Bus. Elecs. Corp. v. Sharp Elecs. Corp., 485 U.S. 717, 731 (1988).
222. Douglas H. Ginsburg, Bork's "Legislative Intent" and the Courts, 79 Antitrust L.J. 941, 943-47 (2014).
223. Frank H. Easterbrook, Vertical Arrangements and the Rule of Reason, 53 Antitrust L.J. 135, 136 (1984);
224. Frank H. Easterbrook, Is There a Ratchet in Antitrust Law?, 60 Tex. L. Rev. 705, 706 (1982);
225. William F. Baxter, Separation of Powers, Prosecutorial Discretion, and the "Common Law" Nature of Antitrust Law, 60 Tex. L. Rev. 661, 663 (1982).
226. Bus. Elecs., 485 U.S. at 732.
227. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105, 127-34 (2008);
228. Samuel L. Bray, The Supreme Court and the New Equity, 68 Vand. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2015)
229. Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, S.A. v. Alliance Bond Fund, Inc., 527 U.S. 308 (1999));
230. Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 65-68 (1983).
231. Bernadette Meyler, Towards a Common Law Originalism, 59 Stan. L. Rev. 551, 582 (2006);
232. United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945, 949-53 (2012);
233. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 54 (2004).
234. Cass R. Sunstein, Nondelegation Canons, 67 U. Chi. L. Rev. 315 (2000).
235. Schreiber v. Sharpless, 110 U.S. 76, 80 (1884).
236. Sullivan v. Associated Billposters & Distribs., 6 F.2d 1000, 1004 (2d Cir. 1925).
237. Monessen Sw. Ry. Co. v. Morgan, 486 U.S. 330, 337-38 (1988).
238. U.S. Const. art. I, § 7.
239. Adrian Vermeule, Judging Under Uncertainty: An Institutional Theory of Legal Interpretation 31 (2006).
240. Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz, Federal Rules of Statutory Interpretation, 115 Harv. L. Rev. 2085, 2140-56 (2002).
241. Abbe R. Gluck, The Federal Common Law of Statutory Interpretation: Erie for the Age of Statutes, 54 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 753, 755-58 (2013)
242. Matthew Bacon, A New Abridgment of the Law 648 (3d ed. 1768).
243. H. Jefferson Powell, The Original Understanding of Original Intent, 98 Harv. L. Rev. 885, 894 (1985).
244. Nicholas R. Parrillo, Leviathan and Interpretive Revolution: The Administrative State, the Judiciary, and the Rise of Legislative History, 1890-1950, 123 Yale L.J. 266, 273 (2013).
245. Robert G. Natelson, The Founders' Hermeneutic: The Real Original Understanding of Original Intent, 68 Ohio St. L.J. 1239, 1262-68 (2007).
246. Stephen Breyer, On the Uses of Legislative History in Interpreting Statutes, 65 S. Cal. L. Rev. 845, 863-64 (1992).
247. Aldridge v. Williams, 44 U.S. (3 How.) 9, 24 (1845).
248. Caleb Nelson, Statutory Interpretation 326-34 (2011);
249. William N. Eskridge, Jr., The New Textualism, 37 UCLA L. Rev. 621, 670-78 (1990).
250. Robert Hill Freeman, The Protection Afforded Against the Retroactive Operation of an Overruling Decision, 18 Colum. L. Rev. 230, 251 (1918);
251. Beryl Harold Levy, Realist Jurisprudence and Prospective Overruling, 109 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1, 7-25 (1960).
252. Mont. Horse Prods. Co. v. Great N. Ry. Co., 7 P.2d 919, 925-26 (Mont. 1932)
253. Great N. Ry. Co. v. Sunburst Oil & Ref. Co., 287 U.S. 358, 364-66 (1932).
254. Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 629 (1965);
255. Toby J. Heytens, Managing Transitional Moments in Criminal Cases, 115 Yale L.J. 922, 973 (2006).
256. Linkletter, 381 U.S. at 629.
257. Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 106-07 (1971);
258. Cipriano v. City of Houma, 395 U.S. 701, 706 (1969).
259. Linkletter, 381 U.S. at 622.
260. James B. Beam Distilling Co. v. Georgia, 501 U.S. 529, 536-37 (1991).
261. Harper v. Va. Dep't of Taxation, 509 U.S. 86, 97 (1993).
262. Compare James B. Beam, 501 U.S. at 544.
263. Robert von Moschzisker, Stare Decisis in Courts of Last Resort, 37 Harv. L. Rev. 409, 426-27 (1924).
264. Note, Prospective Overruling and Retroactive Application in the Federal Courts, 71 Yale L.J. 907, 930-33 (1962);
265. Anastasoff v. United States, 223 F.3d 898, 899 (8th Cir. 2000),
266. 235 F.3d 1054 (8th Cir. 2000).
267. Thomas R. Lee & Lance S. Lehnhof, The Anastasoff Case and the Judicial Power to "Unpublish" Opinions, 77 Notre Dame L. Rev. 135, 151-73 (2001)
268. Anastasoff, 223 F.3d at 899-903.
269. Thomas R. Lee, Stare Decisis in Historical Perspective: From the Founding Era to the Rehnquist Court, 52 Vand. L. Rev. 647, 687-703 (1999).
270. Kent Greenawalt, Reflections on Holding and Dictum, 39 J. Legal Educ. 431, 436 (1989)
271. 496 U.S. 167 (1990).
272. 483 U.S. 266 (1987).
273. Smith, 496 U.S. at 202, 205;
274. Tyler Pipe Indus. v. Wash. State Dep't of Revenue, 483 U.S. 232, 254-55 (1987).
275. Smith, 496 U.S. at 204-05.
276. Great N. Ry. Co. v. Sunburst Oil & Ref. Co., 287 U.S. 358, 366 (1932).
277. Heiser v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 735 F.3d 934, 940 (D.C. Cir. 2013).