Custom as a source of law

Custom as a Source of Law

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-266

  Bederman, David J ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW   (United States)

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EID: 84931333768     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511781971     Document Type: Book

References (569)

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219. Richard Craswell, Do Trade Customs Exist?, in The Jurisprudential Foundations of Corporate and Commercial Law 118, 121, 125 (Jody S. Kraus Steven D. Walts, eds.; Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000).
220. A. I. Ogus, Law and Spontaneous Order: Hayek's Contribution to Legal Theory, 6 J. L.Soc’y 393 (1989).
221. Richard A. Epstein, Confusion About Custom: Disentangling Informal Customs from Standard Contractual Provisions, 66 UCLR 821, 821-23 (1999).
222. Ekkehart Sclicht, On Custom, 149/1 J. Institutional & Theoretical Econ. 178 (1993).
223. Robert Cooter, The Cost of Coase, 11 JLS 1 (1982).
224. Donald Gjerdingen, The Coase Theorem and the Psychology of Common-Law Thought, 56 So. Cal. L. Rev. 711 (1983).
225. Donald H. Regan, The Problem of Social Cost Revisited, 15 JLE 427 (1972).
226. William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, The Economic Structure of Tort Law 132-133 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1987).
227. Vincy Fon & Francesco Parisi, Customary Law and Articulation Theories: An Economic Analysis 4 (George Mason Univ. Sch. of Law, Law and Economics Working Papers Series, Paper No. 02-24, 2002) available at http://www.law.gmu.edu/faculty/papers/docs/02-24.pdf.
228. Francesco Parisi, The Formation of Customary Law 10 (George Mason Univ. Sch. of Law: Law and Econ. Research Paper Series, Paper No. 01-06, 2001), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractid=262032
229. Stephen L. Carter, Custom, Adjudication, and Petrushevsky's Watch: Some Notes from the Intellectual Property Front, 78 VLR 129, 130 (1992).
230. Charles Goetz & Robert E. Scott, The Limits of Expanded Choice: An Analysis of the Interactions Between Express and Implied Contract Terms, 73 Calif. L. Rev. 261, 278 (1985)
231. Jody S. Kraus, Legal Design and the Evolution of Commercial Norms, 26 JLS 377, 382-84 (1997)
232. Clayton P. Gillette, The Law Merchant in the Modern Age: Institutional Design and International Usages Under the CISG, 5 Chi. J. Int’l L. 157 (2004).
233. Lisa Bernstein, Merchant Law in a Merchant Court: Rethinking the Code's Search for Immanent Business Norms, 144 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1765, 1796-1802 (1996).
234. Jennifer E. Rothman, The Questionable Use of Custom in Intellectual Property0 93 VLR 1899, 1931-36 (2007).
235. Sushil Bikchandani et al., A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades, 100 J. Pol. Econ. 992, 994 (1992).
236. Richard A. Posner, Frontiers of Legal Theory 288 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001).
237. Richard H. McAdams, The Origin, Development, and Regulation of Norms, 96 Mich. L. Rev. 338 (1997).
238. A. N. Allott, What Is to Be Done with African Customary Law? The Experience of Problems and Reforms in Anglophone Africa from 1950, 28 JAL 210 Notes to 58-60 56, 59 (1984)
239. Francis Snyder, Customary Law and the Economy, 28 JAL 34 (1984).
240. D. J. Lewis, A Requiem for Chinese Customary Law in Hong Kong, 32 ICLQ 347 (1983)
241. J. N. Matson, The Common Law Abroad: English and Indigenous Laws in the British Commonwealth, 42 ICLQ 753, 762-66 (1993).
242. John Y. Luluaki, Customary Marriage Laws in the Commonwealth: A Comparison Between Papua New Guineas and Anglophonic Africa, 11 Int’l J. Law, Policy and the Family 1 (1997).
243. Leopold Popisil, Modern and Traditional Administration of Justice in New Guinea, 19 J. of Legal Pluralism 93 (1981).
244. Jean G. Zorn & Jennifer Corrin Care, ‘Barava Tru’: Approaches to the Pleading and Proof of Custom in the South Pacii c, 51 ICLQ 611, 611-12 (2002).
245. J. F. Holleman, Shona Customary Law (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 2d ed. 1969).
246. Richard Abel, Custom, Rules, Administration, Community, 28 JAL 6, 13 (1984).
247. T. W. Bennett, Customary Law in South Africa 101-11 (Cape Town: Juta, 2004) (discussing traditional leaders of South Africa).
248. Gordon R. Woodman, Customary Land Law in the Ghanaian Courts 182- 215 (Accra: Ghana Universities Press, 1996)
249. Peter Fitzpatrick, Law and State in Papua New Guinea 247-48 (New York: Academic Press, 1980)
250. Francis G. Snyder, Capitalism and Legal Change: An African Transformation (New York: Academic Press, 1981).
251. Martin Chanock, Law, Custom and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985)
252. M. Chanock, Neither Customary Nor Legal: African Customary Law in an Era of Family Law Reform, 3 Int’l J. L. & Family 72, 80 (1989).
253. Simon Roberts, Some Notes on “African Customary Law, ” 28 JAL 1, 3 (1984)
254. T. O. Rangers, The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa, in The Invention of Tradition 211, 250 (E. J. Hobsbawm & T. O. Rangers, eds.; Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983).
255. Peter Fitzpatrick, Traditionalism and Traditional Law, 28 JAL 20 (1984)
256. T. Nhlapo, Cultural Diversity, Human Rights and the Family in Contemporary Africa: Lessons from the Southern Africa Constitutional Debate, 9 Int’l J. L. & Family 208, 217 (1995)
257. Francis Snyder, Customary Law and the Economy, 28 JAL 34 (1984).
258. Gordon Woodman, Some Realism about Customary Law: The West African Experience, 1969 Wisconsin L. Rev. 128
259. T. W. Bennett, Re-Introducing African Customary Law to the South African Legal System, 57 AJCL 1, 8 (2009).
260. Allison D. Kent, Custody, Maintenance and Succession: The Internalization of Women's and Children's Rights Under Customary Law in Africa, 28 Michigan J. Int’l L. 507, 522 (2007).
261. Lynn Berat, Customary Law in a New South Africa: A Proposal, 15 Fordham Int’l L. J. 92, 105, 110 (1991/1992) (Botswana and Lesotho).
262. Angu v. Attah, [1916] Gold Coast Privy Counsel Judgments 1874-1928, 43, 44
263. Olagbemiro v. Ajagungbade III, [1990] 3 N.W.L.R. (pt. 136) 37 (S.C.) (Nigeria) (ownership of chieftaincy lands).
264. Jill Zimmerman, The Reconstitution of Customary Law in South Africa: Method and Discourse, 17 Harv. BlackLetter L.J. 197, 212-15 (2001).
265. A. N. Allott, Customary Law in British Africa, 20 Mod. L. Rev. 244, 250 (1957).
266. A. A. Oba, Islamic Law as Customary Law: The Changing Perspective in Nigeria, 51 ICLQ 817, 835-40 (2002)
267. A. A. Kolajo, Customary Law in Nigeria Through the Cases 128-55 (Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 2000)
268. Nkeaka v. Nkeaka, [1994] 5 N.W.L.R. (pt. 346) 599 (C.A.) (Nigeria) (application of Ibusa custom regarding inheritance).
269. Dawodu v. Damole, [1958] 3 F.S.C. 46 (S.C.) (Nigeria) (application of “Idiigi” method of distribution of estate in Yoruba custom, as distinct from “Oriojori” method).
270. Edet v. Essien, 11 N.L.R. 47 (S.C. 1932) (Nigeria) (holding repugnant a custom that allowed a husband to claim the children of another man because that man had deprived him of his wife without paying dowry).
271. Antony Allott, New Essays in African Law 158-71 (London: Butterworth, 1970)
272. T. W. Bennett, Human Rights and African Customary Law Under the South African Constitution 20 (Cape Town: Juta, 1995).
273. Onwuchekwa v. Onwuchekwa, [1991] 5 N.W.L.R. (pt. 194) 739 (C.A.) (Nigeria)
274. Ogunola v. Eiyekole, [1990] 4 N.W.L.R. (pt. 146) 632 (S.C.) (Nigeria)
275. Amadi v. Nwosu, [1992] 5 N.W.L.R. (pt. 241) 273 (S.C.) (Nigeria)
276. Idehen v. Idehen, [1991] 6 N.W.L.R. (pt. 198) 382 (S.C.) (Nigeria)
277. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown & D. Forde, eds.; London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1950.
278. Okpanum v. Okpanum & Another, [1972] 2 East Central State L.R. 561 (H.C.) (Nigeria).
279. Tijani v. Secretary Southern Nigeria, [1921] 2 Ap. Cas. 399 (P.C.)
280. Alao & Others, [1989] 4 N.W.L.R. (pt. 113) 1 (S.C.) (Nigeria) (rules on alienation of family property in Yoruba custom)
281. Adesanya v. Oyuewu, [1993] 1 N.W.L.R. (pt. 270) 414 (S.C.) (Nigeria) (under Yoruba custom, women can serve as family head).
282. Yusuff v. Dada, [1990] 4 N.W.L.R. (pt. 146) 657 (S.C.) (Nigeria) (under Yoruba custom, children of the deceased inherit in equal shares)
283. Rabiu v. Abasi, [1996] 7 N.W.L.R. (pt. 462) 505 (S.C.) (Nigeria) (same)
284. Idehen v. Idehen, [1991] 6 N.W.L.R. (pt. 198) 382 (S.C.) (Nigeria) (under Benin custom, eldest son inherited)
285. Akinnubi v. Akinnubi, [1997] 2 N.W.L.R. (pt. 486) 144 (S.C.) (Nigeria)
286. Mojewu v. Mojekwu, [1997] 7 N.W.L.R. 283, 303-05 (C.A.) (Nigeria) (striking down Oli-ekpe custom as repugnant).
287. Magaya v. Magaya, 1999 (1) Zimb. L.R. 100, 109 (S).
288. Bhe & O thers v. Magistrate, Khayelitsha & O thers, 2005 (1) B.C.L.R. 1 (CC)
289. Tracy E. Higgins, Jeanmarie Fenrich & Ziona Tanzer, Gender Equality and Customary Marriage: Bargaining in the Shadow of Post-Apartheid Legal Pluralism, 30 Fordham Int’l L.J. 1653, 1684-91 (2007) (for extensive empiric data on polygyny in South Africa).
290. Penelope E. Andrews, “Big Love”: The Recognition of Customary Marriages in South Africa, 64 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 1483 (2007).
291. Jennifer E. Rothman, The Questionable Use of Custom in Intellectual Property, 93 VLR 1899 (2007).
292. James Robert Arnett II, The American Legal System and Micronesian Customary Law: The Legal Legacy of the United States to the New Nations of the Trust Territory of the Pacii c Islands, 4 Pacii c Basin L. Rev. 161, 185 (1985)
293. Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Cmty. v. Victoria, (2002) 214 C.L.R 422, 422-23, 492 (Austl.).
294. Howard L. Highland, The Mote in the Common Law's Eye: Dislodging Eurocentric Barriers to Just Recognition of Native Title in the Wake of Yorta Yorta, 13 Wash. & Lee J. Civil Rights & Soc. Just. 349 (2007).
295. Ralph Simpson Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778-1854 (Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1957).
296. Elizabeth Bentzel Buck, Paradise Remade: The Politics of Culture and History in Hawai ` i (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1993).
297. Kake v. Horton, 2 Haw. 209, 211 (1860) (“We do not regard the Common Law of England as being in force here eo nomine and as a whole.”).
298. Branca v. Makuakane, 13 Haw. 499, 505 (1901).
299. Shoreline Hawaii, 903 P.2d at 1269-70 (Haw. 1995)
300. Robert C. Ellickson, Property in Land, 102 YLJ 1315 (1993).
301. Henry E. Smith, Community and Custom in Property, 10 Theoretical Inquiries in Law 5 (2009).
302. Nome 2000 v. Fagerstrom, 799 P.2d 304 (Alaska 1990).
303. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003 (1992).
304. Sotomura v. County of Hawaii, 460 F. Sup. 473, 477 (D. Haw. 1978).
305. Barton H. Thompson, Jr., Judicial Takings, 76 VLR 1449 (1990).
306. Muhlker v. New York & Harlem R.R., 197 U.S. 544 (1905).
307. Hughes v. Washington, 389 U.S. 290, 296-98 (1967) (Stewart, J., concurring).
308. Peter C. Meier, Stevens v. City of Cannon Beach, Taking Takings into the Post- Lucas Era, 22 Ecology L. Q. 413 (1995).
309. Melody F. Havey, Comment, Stevens v. City of Cannon Beach: Does Oregon's Doctrine of Custom Find a Way Around Lucas ?, 1 Ocean & Coastal L. J. 109, 121 (1994).
310. Lynda J. Oswald, Cornering the Quark: Investment-Backed Expectations and Economically Viable Uses in Takings Analysis, 70 Wash. L. Rev. 91, 151 & n.225 (1995).
311. Hope M. Babcock, Has the U.S. Supreme Court Finally Drained the Swamp of Takings Jurisprudence?: The Impact of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council on Wetlands and Coastal Barrier Beaches, 19 Harv. Envt’l L. Rev. 1, 30-31 (1995).
312. Gregory M. Duhl, Property and Custom: Allocating Space in Public Places, 79 Temple L. Rev. 199, 239-241 (2006)
313. Carol Rose, The Comedy of the Commons: Custom, Commerce and Inherently Public Property, 53 UCLR 711 (1986).
314. Delaplane v. Crenshaw & Fisher, 56 Va. (15 Gratt.) 457, 475 (1860)
315. John Chipman Gray, The Rule Against Perpetuities § 586, at 564 (Roland Gray ed., 4th ed.; Boston; Little Brown, 1942)
316. Amelia H. Boss. The Future of the Uniform Commercial Code Process in an Increasingly International World, 68 Ohio State L.J. 349 (2007).
317. John D. Lawson, The Law of Usages and Customs 20 (St. Louis: F. H. Thomas & Co., 1881).
318. Joseph H. Levie, Trade Usage and Custom under the Common Law and the Uniform Commercial Code, 40 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1101, 1103-1106 (1965).
319. Sharple v. Airtouch Cellular of Georgia, Inc., 551 S.E.2d 87 (Ga. Ap. 2001)
320. Sickelco v. Union Pac. R. Co., 111 F.2d 746, 748 (9th Cir. 1940)
321. Shipley v. Pittsburgh & L.E.R. Co., 68 F. Sup. 395, 402-03 (W.D. Pa. 1946)
322. Jim C. Chen, Code, Custom, and Contract: The Uniform Commercial Code as Law Merchant, 27 Texas Int’l L.J. 91, 97 (1992).
323. Roger W. Kirst, Usage of Trade and Course of Dealing: Subversion of the UCC Theory, 1977 U. Chi. Law Forum 811, 828-32.
324. Wilty v. Jefferson Parish Democratic Exec. Comm., 157 So.2d 718, 725 (La. 1963)
325. Julius Cohen, Towards Realism in Legisprudence, 59 YLJ 886 (1950).
326. Luc Wintgens, Legisprudence as a New Theory of Legislation, 19 Ratio Juris 1 (2006).
327. Allen R. Kamp, Between-the-Wars Social Thought: Karl Llewellyn, Legal Realism, and the Uniform Commercial Code in Context, 59 Alb. L. Rev. 325, 360 (1995).
328. Kathleen Patchel, Interest Group Politics, Federalism, and the Uniform Laws Process: Some Lessons from the Uniform Commercial Code, 78 Minn. L. Rev. 83, 120-136 (1993).
329. Richard Danzig, A Comment on the Jurisprudence of the Uniform Commercial Code, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 621, 622-23 (1975)
330. Peter Winship, Contemporary Commercial Law Literature in the United States, 43 Ohio St. L.J. 643, 645 n.8 (1982).
331. Posttape Assoc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 537 F.2d 751 (3d Cir. 1976) (holding that proof of actual knowledge remains important for the party asserting reliance upon it).
332. Dana Backus & Henry Hari eld, Custom and Letters of Credit: The Dixon, Iramos Case, 52 CLR 589 (1952)
333. John Honnold, Letters of Credit, Custom, Missing Documents and the Dixon Case: A Reply to Backus and Hari eld, 53 CLR 504 (1953).
334. Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 34:5 (4th ed.; Rochester, New York: Lawyers Cooperative, 2003).
335. Omri Ben-Shahar, The Tentative Case Against Flexibility in Commercial Law, 66 UCLR 781 (1999).
336. Dorsey v. Clements, 44 S.E.2d 783 (Ga. 1947) (in a mixed contractual damages and trespass case, issue of sizing for pine trees used to make turpentine).
337. Roscoe Pound, Administrative Application of Legal Standards, 44 Reports of the American Bar Association 445, 456-57 (1919).
338. Clarence Morris, Custom and Negligence, 42 CLR 1147, 1148 (1942).
339. Kenneth S. Abraham, Custom, Non-Customary Practice, and Negligence, 109 CLR 1784 (2009)
340. Steven Hetcher, The Jury's Out: Social Norms’ Misunderstood Role in Negligence Law, 91 Geo. L.J. 633 (2003).
341. Richard A. Epstein, The Path to The T.J. Hooper: The Theory and History of Custom in the Law of Tort, 21 JLS 1, 6-11 (1992)
342. Fowler V. Harper, Fleming James, Jr. & Oscar S. Gray, The Law of Torts 581 (2d ed.; Boston: Little Brown, 1986)
343. Jones v. Jitney Jungle Stores of Am., Inc., 730 So.2d 555, 557 (Miss. 1998)
344. Henry R. Miller, Jr., The So-called Unbending Test of Negligence, 3 VLR 537 (1915).
345. James A. Henderson & John A. Siliciano, Universal Health Care and the Continued Reliance on Custom in Determining Medical Malpractice, 79 Cornell L. Rev. 1382, 1384-89 (1994).
346. Richard A. Epstein, Cases and Materials on Torts 175 (5th ed.; Boston: Little Brown, 1990) (quoting unpublished lecture by Morton J. Horwitz).
347. Richard A. Epstein, Medical Malpractice, Imperfect Information, and the Contractual Foundation for Medical Services, 49 L. & Contemp. Probs. 201, 203-05 (1986).
348. S. B. Chrimes, English Constitutional History 73-74 (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1965).
349. J. C. Holt, Magna Carta 32 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1965)
350. Mark Kishlansky, Tyranny Denied Charles I, Attorney General Heath, and the Five Knights’ Case, 42 Hist. J. 53 (1999).
351. Walter Bagheot, The English Constitution 214 (Ithaca, New York: Cornell Univ. Press, 1963).
352. John F. Stinneford, The Original Meaning of “Unusual”: The Eighth Amendment as a Bar to Cruel Innovation, 102 Nw. U. L. Rev. 739, 1768-1800 (2008).
353. Steven L. Winter, The Meaning of “Under Color of” Law, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 323, 325 (1992).
354. B. Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process 58-64 (1921).
355. B. Malinowski, Crime and Custom in Savage Society 66-67 (1962).
356. Jason T. Burnette, Eyes on Their Own Paper: Practical Construction in Constitutional Interpretation, 39 Ga. L. Rev. 1065 (2005).
357. Michael J. Glennon, The Use of Custom in Resolving Separation of Powers Disputes, 64 B.U. L. Rev. 109, 115 (1984)
358. Harold Hongju Koh, The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power After the Iran-Contra Affair 70-71 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1990)
359. John Houston Pope, The Pocket Veto Reconsidered, 72 Iowa L. Rev. 163, 174-75 (1986).
360. Helen Silving, “Customary Law”: Continuity in Municipal and International Law, 31 Iowa L. Rev. 616, 622-23 (1946).
361. Matthew Baker, The Sound of Congressional Silence: Judicial Distortion of the Legislative-Executive Balance of Power, 2009 B.Y.U. L. Rev. 225, 231-43.
362. Henry P. Monaghan, The Protective Power of the Presidency, 93 CLR 1, 45, 61-74 (1993).
363. Jane E. Stromseth, Understanding Constitutional War Powers Today: Why Methodology Matters, 106 YLJ 845, 872-86 (1996) (reviewing Louis Fisher, Presidential War Power (1995)).
364. Michael J. Gerhardt, Non-Judicial Precedent, 61 Vand. L. Rev. 713, 733-36 (2008)
365. Cass R. Sunstein, Burkean Minimalism, 105 Mich. L. Rev. 353, 375 (2006)
366. John Henry Merryman, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America 23 (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1985).
367. Stephen R. G. Jones, Was There a Hawthorne Effect?, 98(3) Am. J. Sociology 451 (Nov. 1992).
368. Leon E. Trakman, The Law Merchant: The Evolution of Commercial Law 7 (Littleton, Colo.: Rothman, 1983)
369. Gesa Baron, Do the UNIDROIT Principles of International Contracts Form a New Lex Mercatoria?, available at http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/baron.html#b1.
370. Stephen E. Sachs, From St. Ives to Cyberspace: The Modern Distortion of the Medieval “Law Merchant, ” 21 Am. U. Int’l L. Rev. 685, 688-89 (2006)
371. Sir Henry Sumner Maine, Village Communities in the East and West 193-94 (London: John Murray, 1871)
372. Henry Wheaton, History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America 26 (New York: Gould Banks & Co., 1845).
373. F. C. von Savigny, System de Heutigen Romischen Rechts 105-22 (Berlin: Veitund Comp., 1840).
374. Coleman Phillipson, The International Law and Custom of Ancient Greece and Rome 72-76 (London: Macmillan, 1911).
375. Alan Watson, International Law in Archaic Rome: War and Religion 87-88 n.12 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993).
376. Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Ofi ciis 339, at xvii (Walter Miller trans., rev. ed.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1990).
377. Emily Kadens, Order Within Law, Variety Within Custom: The Character of the Medieval Merchant Law, 5 Chi. J. Int’l L. 39 (2004).
378. Robert D. Benedict, The Historical Position of the Rhodian Law, 18 YLJ 223 (1909)
379. Harold J. Berman, The Law of International Commercial Transactions (Lex Mercatoria), 2 Emory J. Int’l Dispute Resolution 235, 239-40 (1988) [“Berman, Lex”].
380. William Tetley, The General Maritime Law - The Lex Maritima, 20 Syracuse J. Int’l L. & Com. 105 (1994).
381. Thomas E. Carbonneau & Marc S. Firestone, Transnational Law- Making: Assessing the Impact of the Vienna Convention and the Viability of Notes to 119-20 233 Arbitral Adjudication, 1 Emory J. Int’l Dispute Resolution 51, 58-59 (1986).
382. Francis Marion Burdick, Contributions of the Law Merchant to the Common Law, in 3 Select Essays in Anglo-American Legal History 34, 50 (Boston: Little Brown, 1909).
383. William Mitchell, An Essay on the Early History of the Law Merchant (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1904).
384. Mary Elizabeth Basile, Jane Fair Bestor, Daniel R. Coquillette, and Charles Donahue, transl. & eds., Lex Mercatoria and Legal Pluralism: A Late Thirteenth Century Treatise and Its Afterlife (Cambridge, Mass.: Ames Foundation, 1998).
385. Louise Hertwig Hayes, A Modern Lex Mercatoria: Political Rhetoric or Substantive Progress?, 3 Brook. J. Int’l L. 210, 212-14 (1976-77).
386. Gerard Malynes, Consuetudo, vel, Lex mercatoria, or the ancient law-merchant, at a (3d ed. 1686) (Abingdon, England: Professional Books, 1981).
387. Alan Watson, Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law (2nd ed.; Athens, Ga.: Univ. of Georgia Press, 1993).
388. John Henry Merryman, On the Convergence (and Divergence) of the Civil Law and the Common Law, 17 Stan. J. Int’l L. 357, 359-61 (1991).
389. Jean-Louis Halperin, L’approche Historique et la Problematique du Jus Commune, 52 Revue Internationale de Droit Compare 717 (2000)
390. Marie-France Renoux-Zagame, Le Droit Commun European Entre Histoire et Raison, 14 Droits: Revue Francaise de Theorie Juridique 27 (1991) (same).
391. Edward G. Hinkelman, A Short Course in International Trade Documentation, at v (Novato, Calif.: World Trade Press, 2002)
392. Hubert Hall, Select Cases Concerning the Law Merchant 79-80 (London: Selden Soc’y (vol. 46), 1930).
393. James Steven Rogers, The Early History of the Law of Bills and Notes: A Study bof the Origins of Anglo-American Commercial Law 45-48, 173-74 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995)
394. Wyndham Anstis Bewes, The Romance of the Law Merchant 28-62, 77-79 (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1923).
395. James Oldham, The Origins of the Special Jury, 50 CLR 137, 167-68 (1983)
396. Penny Tucker, Law Courts and Lawyers in the City of London, 1300-1550, at 34-35 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).
397. T. F. T. Plucknett, Legislation of Edward I, at 136-41 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949).
398. Filip De Ly, International Business Law and Lex Mercatoria 8-9, 18 (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1992).
399. Bruce L. Benson, Justice Without Government: The Merchant Courts of Medieval England and Their Modern Counterparts, in The Voluntary City: Choice, Community and Civil Society 127, 128 (David T. Beito, Peter Gordon & Alexander Tabarrok, eds.; Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 2002).
400. Charles Donahue, Jr., Medieval and Modern Lex Mercatoria: An Attempt at the Probatio Diabolica, 5 Chi. J. Int’l L. 21 (2004)
401. Oliver Volckart & Antje Mangels, Are the Roots of the Modern Lex Mercatoria Really Medieval?, 65 S. Econ. J. 427 (1999).
402. Harold J. Berman & Felix J. Dasser, The “New” Law Merchant and the “Old”: Sources, Content, and Legitimacy, in Lex Mercatoria and Arbitration: A Discussion of the New Law Merchant 53, 55 (Thomas E. Carbonneau, ed.; Cambridge, Mass.: Kluwer, rev. ed. 1998)
403. C. H. S. Fifoot, English Law and Its Background 105 (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1932).
404. Vanheath v. Turner, Winch. 24, 25, 120 Eng. Rep. 20, 21 (1621) (Hobart, C. J.) (“the custom of merchants is part of the common law of this kingdom”).
405. Luke v. Lyde, 2 Burr. 882, 887, 97 Eng. Rep. 614, 617 (1759) (Mansi eld, J.) (“the Maritime Law is not the Law of a particular Country, but the general Law of Nations”).
406. Ernst Von Caemmerer, The Inl uence of the Law of International Trade on the Development and Character of the Commercial Law in the Civil Law Countries, in Clive M. Schmitthoff, The Sources of the Law of International Trade 88, 90 (London: Stevens & Sons, 1964).
407. James Whitman, Volk, supra note 18 (ch. 4), at 158-65 (glossing Levin Goldshmidt, Handbuch des Handelsrechts (Stuttgart & Erlangen: F. Enke, 1864 & 1875)).
408. J. H. Dalhuisen, Custom and Its Revival in Transnational Private Law, 18 Duke J. Comp. & Int’l L. 339, 344-46 (2008)
409. John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832), in The Great Legal Philosophers: Selected Readings in Jurisprudence 342 (Clarence Morris, ed.; Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1959).
410. Friedrich K. Juenger, The Lex Mercatoria and the Conl ict of Laws, in Carbonneau, supra note 38, at 265, 268-69 (for Justice Holmes's inluence on the Erie decision).
411. SCOTIA, 81 U.S. 170, 187-88 (1871)
412. Karl N. Llewellyn, Paul Gewirtz & Michael Ansaldi, The Case Law System in America, 88 CLR 989, 1004 n.3 (1988)
413. Daniel E. Murray, History and Development of the Bill of Lading, 27 U. Miami L. Rev. 689, 693, 709 (1983).
414. William Tetley, Marine Cargo Claims 291, 851 n.55 (3d ed.; Montreal: Y. Blais, 1988).
415. John Honnold, Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sales: The Studies, Deliberations, and Decisions That Led to the 1980 United Nations Convention with Introductions and Explanations 484 (Deventer: Kluwer, 1989).
416. Raj Bhala, Self-Regulation in Global Electronic Markets Through Reinvigorated Trade Usages, 31 Idaho L. Rev. 863, 897 n.95 (1995).
417. J. H. Dalhuisen, Custom and Its Revival in Transnational Private Law, 18 Duke J. Comp. & Int’l L. 339, 359 (2008).
418. Michael P. Van Altsine, Consensus, Dissensus and Contractual Obligations through the Prism of Uniform International Sales Law, 37 VJIL 1, 46-48 (1996).
419. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 97 HLR 1984, 1989-91 (1984). 238 Notes to 130-32
420. Bernard Audit, The Vienna Sales Convention and the Lex Mercatoria, in Carbonneau, supra note 38, at 173, 176.
421. Isaak I. Dore & James E. DeFranco, A Comparison of the Non-Substantive Provisions of the UNCITRAL Convention on the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Commercial Code, 23 Harv. Int’l L.J. 49, 59 (1982)
422. Muna Ndulo, The Vienna Sales Convention 1980 and the Hague Uniform Laws on International Sale of Goods 1964: A Comparative Analysis, 38 ICLQ 1, 9-10 (1989).
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431. Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion, 1996 I.C.J. 226, 241-42 (para. 29) (obligation to prevent extraterritorial environmental harms).
432. Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion, 1996 I.C.J. 226, 256-60 (paras. 74-87) (international humanitarian law).
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447. Maurice H. Mendelson, The Formation of Customary International Law, 272 RCADI 155 (1998 - II)
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452. Cf. Brigitte Stern, Custom at the Heart of International Law, 11 Duke J. Comp. & Int’l L. 89, 98 (2001)
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558. David Dyzenhaus, Legality and Legitimacy 1-37 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997).
559. Ben Chigara, Legitimacy Dei cit in Custom: A Deconstructionist Critique 146-156 (Aldershot: Ashgate Dartmouth, 2001)
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567. Theodor Meron, The Continuing Role of Custom in the Formation of International Humanitarian Law, 90 AJIL 238 (1996)
568. Charles Davenant, Circe: A Tragedy (act II; scene 3) (London: Richard Tonson, 1677).
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