메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2015, Pages

Behavioral and physiological responses of American black bears to landscape features within an agricultural region

Author keywords

Biologger; Crops; GPS; Habitat fragmentation; Heart rate; Landscape; Metabolism; Minnesota; Movement; Physiology; Stressors; Ursus americanus

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; AVENA; HELIANTHUS; URSUS AMERICANUS; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 84926456459     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21508925     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/ES14-00199.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (45)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0000522713 scopus 로고
    • Activity patterns of radiocollared black bears in Idaho
    • Amstrup, S. C., and J. Beecham. 1976. Activity patterns of radiocollared black bears in Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 1976:340-348.
    • (1976) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.1976 , pp. 340-348
    • Amstrup, S.C.1    Beecham, J.2
  • 2
    • 0030303765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short term behavioural and physiological response of moose alces alces to military disturbance in Norway
    • Andersen, R. J., D. C. Linnell, and R. Langvatn. 1996. Short term behavioural and physiological response of moose Alces alces to military disturbance in Norway. Biological Conservation 77:169-176.
    • (1996) Biological Conservation , vol.77 , pp. 169-176
    • Andersen, R.J.1    Linnell, D.C.2    Langvatn, R.3
  • 6
    • 84896946398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochasticity in natural forage production affects use of urban areas by black bears: Implications to management of human-bear conflicts
    • Baruch-Mordo, S., K. R. Wilson, D. L. Lewis, J. Broderick, J. S. Mao, and S. W. Breck. 2014. Stochasticity in natural forage production affects use of urban areas by black bears: implications to management of human-bear conflicts. PLoS ONE 9:e85122.
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9 , pp. e85122
    • Baruch-Mordo, S.1    Wilson, K.R.2    Lewis, D.L.3    Broderick, J.4    Mao, J.S.5    Breck, S.W.6
  • 7
    • 0142229593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid ecological and behavioural changes in carnivores: The responses of black bears (Ursus americanus) to altered food
    • Beckmann, J. P., and J. Berger. 2003a. Rapid ecological and behavioural changes in carnivores: the responses of black bears (Ursus americanus) to altered food. Journal of Zoology 261:207-212.
    • (2003) Journal of Zoology , vol.261 , pp. 207-212
    • Beckmann, J.P.1    Berger, J.2
  • 8
    • 0038046191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using black bears to test ideal-free distribution models experimentally
    • Beckmann, J. P., and J. Berger. 2003b. Using black bears to test ideal-free distribution models experimentally. Journal of Mammalogy 84:594-606.
    • (2003) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.84 , pp. 594-606
    • Beckmann, J.P.1    Berger, J.2
  • 9
    • 68149162059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carnivores, urban landscapes, and longitudinal studies: A case history of black bears
    • Beckmann, J. P., and C. W. Lackey. 2008. Carnivores, urban landscapes, and longitudinal studies: a case history of black bears. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2:168-174.
    • (2008) Human-Wildlife Conflicts , vol.2 , pp. 168-174
    • Beckmann, J.P.1    Lackey, C.W.2
  • 12
    • 84893542751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial analysis of factors influencing long-term stress in the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population of Alberta, Canada
    • Bourbonnais, M. L., T. A. Nelson, M. R. L. Cattet, C. T. Darimont, and G. B. Stenhouse. 2013. Spatial analysis of factors influencing long-term stress in the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population of Alberta, Canada. PLoS ONE 8:e83768.
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , pp. e83768
    • Bourbonnais, M.L.1    Nelson, T.A.2    Cattet, M.R.L.3    Darimont, C.T.4    Stenhouse, G.B.5
  • 13
    • 11144306886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation in American black bear Ursus americanus activity patterns: Quantification via remote photography
    • Bridges, A. S., M. R. Vaughn, and S. Klenzendorf. 2004. Seasonal variation in American black bear Ursus americanus activity patterns: quantification via remote photography. Wildlife Biology 10:277-284.
    • (2004) Wildlife Biology , vol.10 , pp. 277-284
    • Bridges, A.S.1    Vaughn, M.R.2    Klenzendorf, S.3
  • 14
    • 0024197133 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal changes in digestion in black bears
    • Brody, A. J., and M. R. Pelton. 1988. Seasonal changes in digestion in black bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:1482-1484.
    • (1988) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.66 , pp. 1482-1484
    • Brody, A.J.1    Pelton, M.R.2
  • 16
    • 1942486910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring metabolic rate in the field: The pros and cons of the doubly labelled water and heart rate methods
    • Butler, P. J., J. A. Green, I. L. Boyd, and J. R. Speakman. 2004. Measuring metabolic rate in the field: the pros and cons of the doubly labelled water and heart rate methods. Functional Ecology 18:168-183.
    • (2004) Functional Ecology , vol.18 , pp. 168-183
    • Butler, P.J.1    Green, J.A.2    Boyd, I.L.3    Speakman, J.R.4
  • 17
    • 34547729155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From roadkill to road ecology: A review of the ecological effects of roads
    • Coffin, A. W. 2007. From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological effects of roads. Journal of Transport Geography 15:396-406.
    • (2007) Journal of Transport Geography , vol.15 , pp. 396-406
    • Coffin, A.W.1
  • 20
    • 1842844373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity and energetics of free-swimming fish: Insights from electromyogram telemetry
    • Cooke, S. J., E. B. Thorstad, and S. G. Hinch. 2004b. Activity and energetics of free-swimming fish: insights from electromyogram telemetry. Fish and Fisheries 5:21-52.
    • (2004) Fish and Fisheries , vol.5 , pp. 21-52
    • Cooke, S.J.1    Thorstad, E.B.2    Hinch, S.G.3
  • 21
    • 2342588814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field Physiology: Physiological insights from animals in nature
    • Costa, D. P., and B. Sinervo. 2004. Field Physiology: physiological insights from animals in nature. Annual Review of Physiology 66:209-238.
    • (2004) Annual Review of Physiology , vol.66 , pp. 209-238
    • Costa, D.P.1    Sinervo, B.2
  • 22
    • 0000880518 scopus 로고
    • Grizzly Bear prehibernation and denning activities as determined by radiotracking
    • Craighead, F. C., and J. J. Craighead. 1972. Grizzly Bear prehibernation and denning activities as determined by radiotracking. Wildlife Monographs 32:1-35.
    • (1972) Wildlife Monographs , vol.32 , pp. 1-35
    • Craighead, F.C.1    Craighead, J.J.2
  • 25
    • 27444436178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of subcutaneous implants for monitoring American black bear cub survival
    • Echols, K. N., M. R. Vaughan, and H. D. Moll. 2004. Evaluation of subcutaneous implants for monitoring American black bear cub survival. Ursus 15:172-181.
    • (2004) Ursus , vol.15 , pp. 172-181
    • Echols, K.N.1    Vaughan, M.R.2    Moll, H.D.3
  • 26
    • 84896049291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring effects of linear obstacles on wildlife movements: Accounting for the relationship between step length and crossing probability
    • Eftestøl, S., D. Tsegaye, I. Herfindal, K. Flydal, and J. E. Colman. 2014. Measuring effects of linear obstacles on wildlife movements: accounting for the relationship between step length and crossing probability. European Journal of Wildlife Research 60:271-278.
    • (2014) European Journal of Wildlife Research , vol.60 , pp. 271-278
    • Eftestøl, S.1    Tsegaye, D.2    Herfindal, I.3    Flydal, K.4    Colman, J.E.5
  • 27
    • 83555178451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating landscape ecology and conservation physiology
    • Ellis, R. D., T. J. McWhorter, and M. Maron. 2011. Integrating landscape ecology and conservation physiology. Landscape Ecology 27:1-12.
    • (2011) Landscape Ecology , vol.27 , pp. 1-12
    • Ellis, R.D.1    McWhorter, T.J.2    Maron, M.3
  • 28
    • 0024927347 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting black bear reproductive success and cub survival
    • Elowe, K. D., and W. E. Dodge. 1989. Factors affecting black bear reproductive success and cub survival. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:962-968.
    • (1989) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.53 , pp. 962-968
    • Elowe, K.D.1    Dodge, W.E.2
  • 29
    • 84983567648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can physiological stress alter population persistence? A model with conservation implications
    • Fefferman, N. H., and L. M. Romero. 2013. Can physiological stress alter population persistence? A model with conservation implications. Conservation Physiology 1:cot012.
    • (2013) Conservation Physiology , vol.1 , pp. cot012
    • Fefferman, N.H.1    Romero, L.M.2
  • 30
    • 84870994259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the causes and consequences of animal movement: A cautionary note on fitting and interpreting regression models with time-dependent covariates
    • Fieberg, J., and M. Ditmer. 2012. Understanding the causes and consequences of animal movement: a cautionary note on fitting and interpreting regression models with time-dependent covariates. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3:983-991.
    • (2012) Methods in Ecology and Evolution , vol.3 , pp. 983-991
    • Fieberg, J.1    Ditmer, M.2
  • 31
    • 77957878339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated population modeling of black bears in Minnesota: Implications for monitoring and management
    • Fieberg, J. R., K. W. Shertzer, P. B. Conn, K. V. Noyce, and D. L. Garshelis. 2010. Integrated population modeling of black bears in Minnesota: implications for monitoring and management. PLoS ONE 5(8):e12114.
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5 , Issue.8 , pp. e12114
    • Fieberg, J.R.1    Shertzer, K.W.2    Conn, P.B.3    Noyce, K.V.4    Garshelis, D.L.5
  • 32
    • 84859860277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The regulation of food intake in mammalian hibernators: A review
    • Florant, G. L., and J. E. Healy. 2012. The regulation of food intake in mammalian hibernators: a review. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 182:451-467.
    • (2012) Journal of Comparative Physiology B , vol.182 , pp. 451-467
    • Florant, G.L.1    Healy, J.E.2
  • 33
    • 18444369359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves influence elk movements: Behavior shapes a trophic cascade in yellowstone national park
    • Fortin, D., H. L. Beyer, M. S. Boyce, D. W. Smith, T. Duchesne, and J. S. Mao. 2005.Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86:1320-1330.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1320-1330
    • Fortin, D.1    Beyer, H.L.2    Boyce, M.S.3    Smith, D.W.4    Duchesne, T.5    Mao, J.S.6
  • 34
    • 4544320603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect displays in R for generalised linear models
    • Fox, J. 2003. Effect displays in R for generalised linear models. Journal of Statistical Software 8:1-27.
    • (2003) Journal of Statistical Software , vol.8 , pp. 1-27
    • Fox, J.1
  • 35
    • 84926477102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
    • Garshelis, D. L., K. V. Noyce, and Forest Wildlife and Populations Research Group. 2011. 2010 Minnesota Bear Harvest Report. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
    • (2011) 2010 Minnesota Bear Harvest Report
    • Garshelis, D.L.1    Noyce, K.V.2
  • 36
    • 0003174628 scopus 로고
    • Activity of black bears in the great smoky mountains national park
    • Garshelis, D. L., and M. R. Pelton. 1980. Activity of black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Journal of Mammalogy 61:8-19.
    • (1980) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.61 , pp. 8-19
    • Garshelis, D.L.1    Pelton, M.R.2
  • 37
    • 0001359217 scopus 로고
    • Movements of black bears in the great smoky mountains national park
    • Garshelis, D. L., and M. R. Pelton. 1981. Movements of black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 1981:912-925.
    • (1981) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.1981 , pp. 912-925
    • Garshelis, D.L.1    Pelton, M.R.2
  • 39
    • 33645968376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landowners' perceptions of crop damage and management practices related to black bears in east-central Minnesota
    • Garshelis, D. L., R. S. Sikes, D. E. Andersen, and E. C. Birney. 1999. Landowners' perceptions of crop damage and management practices related to black bears in east-central Minnesota. Ursus 11:219-224.
    • (1999) Ursus , vol.11 , pp. 219-224
    • Garshelis, D.L.1    Sikes, R.S.2    Andersen, D.E.3    Birney, E.C.4
  • 40
    • 0029668858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of human activity on Adelie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae breeding success
    • Giese, M. 1996. Effects of human activity on Adelie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae breeding success. Biological Conservation 75:157-164.
    • (1996) Biological Conservation , vol.75 , pp. 157-164
    • Giese, M.1
  • 42
    • 0000359433 scopus 로고
    • Serum chemistry and hematology of black bears: Physiological indices of habitat quality or seasonal patterns?
    • Hellgren, E. C., L. L. Rogers, and U. S. Seal. 1993. Serum chemistry and hematology of black bears: physiological indices of habitat quality or seasonal patterns? Journal of Mammalogy 74:304-315.
    • (1993) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.74 , pp. 304-315
    • Hellgren, E.C.1    Rogers, L.L.2    Seal, U.S.3
  • 43
    • 0033491191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears
    • Hilderbrand, G. V., S. G. Jenkins, C. C. Schwartz, T. A. Hanley, and C. T. Robbins. 1999. Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1623-1630.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.77 , pp. 1623-1630
    • Hilderbrand, G.V.1    Jenkins, S.G.2    Schwartz, C.C.3    Hanley, T.A.4    Robbins, C.T.5
  • 44
    • 77954241204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating habitat quality of vertebrates using conservation physiology tools
    • Homyack, J. A. 2010. Evaluating habitat quality of vertebrates using conservation physiology tools. Wildlife Research 37:332-342.
    • (2010) Wildlife Research , vol.37 , pp. 332-342
    • Homyack, J.A.1
  • 45
    • 0002923619 scopus 로고
    • Physiological consequences of habitat selection
    • Huey, R. B. 1991. Physiological consequences of habitat selection. American Naturalist 137:S91-S115.
    • (1991) American Naturalist , vol.137 , pp. S91-S115
    • Huey, R.B.1
  • 46
    • 84864326161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wound healing during hibernation by black bears (Ursus americanus) in the wild: Elicitation of reduced scar formation
    • Iaizzo, P. A., T. G. Laske, H. J. Harlow, C. B. McClay, and D. L. Garshelis. 2012. Wound healing during hibernation by black bears (Ursus americanus) in the wild: elicitation of reduced scar formation. Integrative Zoology 7:48-60.
    • (2012) Integrative Zoology , vol.7 , pp. 48-60
    • Iaizzo, P.A.1    Laske, T.G.2    Harlow, H.J.3    McClay, C.B.4    Garshelis, D.L.5
  • 47
    • 80455178297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does habitat fragmentation cause stress in the agile antechinus? A haematological approach
    • Johnstone, C. P., A. Lill, and R. D. Reina. 2012. Does habitat fragmentation cause stress in the agile antechinus? A haematological approach. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 182:139-155.
    • (2012) Journal of Comparative Physiology B , vol.182 , pp. 139-155
    • Johnstone, C.P.1    Lill, A.2    Reina, R.D.3
  • 51
    • 80051629525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring the wild black bear's reaction to human and environmental stressors
    • Laske, T., D. Garshelis, and P. Iaizzo. 2011. Monitoring the wild black bear's reaction to human and environmental stressors. BMC Physiology 11:13.
    • (2011) BMC Physiology , vol.11 , pp. 13
    • Laske, T.1    Garshelis, D.2    Iaizzo, P.3
  • 52
    • 77958094522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extreme respiratory sinus arrhythmia enables overwintering black bear survival-physiological insights and applications to human medicine
    • Laske, T. G., H. J. Harlow, D. L. Garshelis, and P. A. Iaizzo. 2010. Extreme respiratory sinus arrhythmia enables overwintering black bear survival-physiological insights and applications to human medicine. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research 3:559-569.
    • (2010) Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research , vol.3 , pp. 559-569
    • Laske, T.G.1    Harlow, H.J.2    Garshelis, D.L.3    Iaizzo, P.A.4
  • 53
    • 27444440386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High capacity implantable data recorders: System design and experience in canines and denning black bears
    • Laske, T. G., H. J. Harlow, J. C. Werder, M. T. Marshall, and P. A. Iaizzo. 2005. High capacity implantable data recorders: system design and experience in canines and denning black bears. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 127:964-971.
    • (2005) Journal of Biomechanical Engineering , vol.127 , pp. 964-971
    • Laske, T.G.1    Harlow, H.J.2    Werder, J.C.3    Marshall, M.T.4    Iaizzo, P.A.5
  • 54
    • 0001298396 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing heart rate in free-ranging bighorn sheep: A physiological approach to the study of wildlife harassment
    • MacArthur, R. A., R. H. Johnston, and V. Geist. 1979. Factors influencing heart rate in free-ranging bighorn sheep: a physiological approach to the study of wildlife harassment. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57:2010-2021.
    • (1979) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.57 , pp. 2010-2021
    • MacArthur, R.A.1    Johnston, R.H.2    Geist, V.3
  • 57
    • 84873994068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reciprocal modulation of internal and external factors determines individual movements
    • Reciprocal modulation of internal and external factors determines individual movements. Journal of Animal Ecology 82:290-300.
    • Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 290-300
  • 58
    • 84876360151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food availability and foraging near human developments by black bears
    • Merkle, J. A., H. S. Robinson, P. R. Krausman, and P. Alaback. 2013. Food availability and foraging near human developments by black bears. Journal of Mammalogy 94:378-385.
    • (2013) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.94 , pp. 378-385
    • Merkle, J.A.1    Robinson, H.S.2    Krausman, P.R.3    Alaback, P.4
  • 59
    • 84926477100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2012. The DNR Data Deli: GAP land cover
    • Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2012. The DNR Data Deli: GAP land cover. http://deli. dnr.state.mn.us/metadata.html?id=L390000102101
  • 60
    • 84926477099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minnesota Department of Transportation. 2012. The DNR Data Deli: basemap roads-all types
    • Minnesota Department of Transportation. 2012. The DNR Data Deli: basemap roads-all types. http://deli.dnr.state.mn.us/metadata.html?id= L300000052102
  • 63
  • 64
    • 0030248541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artificial eggs: Measuring heart rate and effects of disturbance in nesting penguins
    • Nimon, A. J., R. C. Schroter, and R. K. C. Oxenham. 1996. Artificial eggs: measuring heart rate and effects of disturbance in nesting penguins. Physiology and Behavior 60:1019-1022.
    • (1996) Physiology and Behavior , vol.60 , pp. 1019-1022
    • Nimon, A.J.1    Schroter, R.C.2    Oxenham, R.K.C.3
  • 65
    • 79952738790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal migrations of black bears (Ursus americanus): Causes and consequences
    • Noyce, K. V., and D. L. Garshelis. 2010. Seasonal migrations of black bears (Ursus americanus): causes and consequences. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65:823-835.
    • (2010) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.65 , pp. 823-835
    • Noyce, K.V.1    Garshelis, D.L.2
  • 66
    • 78649289927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A distance-based analysis of habitat selection by American black bears (Ursus americanus) on the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada
    • Obbard, M. E., M. B. Coady, B. A. Pond, J. A. Schaefer, and F. G. Burrows. 2010. A distance-based analysis of habitat selection by American black bears (Ursus americanus) on the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 88:1063-1076.
    • (2010) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.88 , pp. 1063-1076
    • Obbard, M.E.1    Coady, M.B.2    Pond, B.A.3    Schaefer, J.A.4    Burrows, F.G.5
  • 67
    • 33645460050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity patterns and time budgets of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in the Apolobamba Range of Bolivia
    • Paisley, S., and D. L. Garshelis. 2006. Activity patterns and time budgets of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in the Apolobamba Range of Bolivia. Journal of Zoology 268:25-34.
    • (2006) Journal of Zoology , vol.268 , pp. 25-34
    • Paisley, S.1    Garshelis, D.L.2
  • 68
    • 33847259379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models
    • Pinheiro, J., D. Bates, S. DebRoy, and D. Sarkar and the R Development Core Team. 2013. nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1-108. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ nlme/index.html
    • (2013) R Package Version 3.1-108
    • Pinheiro, J.1    Bates, D.2    DebRoy, S.3    Sarkar, D.4
  • 69
    • 0001883579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal home range and territories and home-range estimators
    • L. Boitani and T. K. Fuller Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA
    • Powell, R. A. 2000. Animal home range and territories and home-range estimators. Pages 65-110 in L. Boitani and T. K. Fuller, editors. Research techniques in animal ecology: controversies and consequences. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (2000) Research Techniques in Animal Ecology: Controversies and Consequences , pp. 65-110
    • Powell, R.A.1
  • 73
    • 0031841130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movements of female black bears in relation to landscape vegetation type in southern Québec
    • Samson, C., and J. Huot. 1998. Movements of female black bears in relation to landscape vegetation type in southern Québec. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:718-727.
    • (1998) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.62 , pp. 718-727
    • Samson, C.1    Huot, J.2
  • 74
    • 84921351223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pheno: Auxiliary functions for phenological data analysis
    • Schaber, J. 2012. pheno: auxiliary functions for phenological data analysis. R package version 1.6. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pheno/ index.html
    • (2012) R Package Version 1.6
    • Schaber, J.1
  • 75
    • 84908307728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic distribution of American black bears in North America
    • Scheick, B. K., and W. McCown. 2014. Geographic distribution of American black bears in North America. Ursus 25:24-33.
    • (2014) Ursus , vol.25 , pp. 24-33
    • Scheick, B.K.1    McCown, W.2
  • 77
    • 0344630303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resting and daily energy expenditures of free-living field voles are positively correlated but reflect extrinsic rather than intrinsic effects
    • Speakman, J. R., T. Ergon, R. Cavanagh, K. Reid, D. M. Scantlebury, and X. Lambin. 2003. Resting and daily energy expenditures of free-living field voles are positively correlated but reflect extrinsic rather than intrinsic effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:14057-14062.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.100 , pp. 14057-14062
    • Speakman, J.R.1    Ergon, T.2    Cavanagh, R.3    Reid, K.4    Scantlebury, D.M.5    Lambin, X.6
  • 78
    • 0032460887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological effects of roads and traffic: A literature review
    • Spellerberg, I. 1998. Ecological effects of roads and traffic: a literature review. Global Ecology and Biogeography 7:317-333.
    • (1998) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.7 , pp. 317-333
    • Spellerberg, I.1
  • 79
    • 0027141214 scopus 로고
    • Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure
    • Taylor, P. D., L. Fahrig, K. Henein, and G. Merriam. 1993. Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos 68:571-573.
    • (1993) Oikos , vol.68 , pp. 571-573
    • Taylor, P.D.1    Fahrig, L.2    Henein, K.3    Merriam, G.4
  • 80
    • 16544374177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal changes and activity-dependent variation in heart rate of roe deer
    • Theil, P. K., A. E. Coutant, and C. R. Olesen. 2004. Seasonal changes and activity-dependent variation in heart rate of roe deer. Journal of Mammalogy 85:245-253.
    • (2004) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.85 , pp. 245-253
    • Theil, P.K.1    Coutant, A.E.2    Olesen, C.R.3
  • 81
    • 42949153258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ski tourism affects habitat use and evokes a physiological stress response in capercaillie Tetrao urogallus: A new methodological approach
    • Thiel, D., S. Jenni-Eiermann, V. Braunisch, R. Palme, and L. Jenni. 2008. Ski tourism affects habitat use and evokes a physiological stress response in capercaillie Tetrao urogallus: a new methodological approach. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:845-853.
    • (2008) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 845-853
    • Thiel, D.1    Jenni-Eiermann, S.2    Braunisch, V.3    Palme, R.4    Jenni, L.5
  • 82
    • 79951824325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hibernation in black bears: Independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature
    • Tøien, Ø, J. Blake, D. M. Edgar, D. A. Grahn, H. C. Heller, and B. M. Barnes. 2011. Hibernation in black bears: independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature. Science 331:906-909.
    • (2011) Science , vol.331 , pp. 906-909
    • Blake, J.1    Edgar, D.M.2    Grahn, D.A.3    Heller, H.C.4    Barnes, B.M.5
  • 83
    • 0034072217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities
    • Trombulak, S. C., and C. A. Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14:18-30.
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 18-30
    • Trombulak, S.C.1    Frissell, C.A.2
  • 85
    • 3142621423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scat detection dogs in wildlife research and management: Application to grizzly and black bears in the Yellowhead ecosystem Alberta, Canada
    • Wasser, S., B. Davenport, E. Ramage, K. Hunt, M. Parker, C. Clarke, and G. Stenhouse. 2004. Scat detection dogs in wildlife research and management: application to grizzly and black bears in the Yellowhead ecosystem Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 492:475-492.
    • (2004) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.492 , pp. 475-492
    • Wasser, S.1    Davenport, B.2    Ramage, E.3    Hunt, K.4    Parker, M.5    Clarke, C.6    Stenhouse, G.7
  • 89
    • 66149190826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trade-offs between activity and thermoregulation in a small carnivore, the least weasel Mustela nivalis
    • Zub, K., P. A. Szafrańska, M. Konarzewski, P. Redman, and J. R. Speakman. 2009. Trade-offs between activity and thermoregulation in a small carnivore, the least weasel Mustela nivalis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276:1921-1927.
    • (2009) Proceedings of the Royal Society B , vol.276 , pp. 1921-1927
    • Zub, K.1    Szafrańska, P.A.2    Konarzewski, M.3    Redman, P.4    Speakman, J.R.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.