Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities

Conservation Biology

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 18-30

  Trombulak, Stephen C ^a   Frissell, Christopher A ^b  

^a MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; MORTALITY; SPECIES COMPOSITION; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT; MORTALITY; ROAD;

EID: 0034072217     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99084.x     Document Type: Article

References (179)

1. Akimov Y. A., V. V. Pushkar, and S. I. Kuznetsov. 1989. The content and composition of volatile terpenoids in woody plants under conditions of air pollution. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov 109:70-79.
2. Allan, J. D., and A. S. Flecker. 1993. Biodiversity conservation in running waters. BioScience 43:32-43.
3. Anthony, R. G., and F. B. Isaacs. 1989. Characteristics of bald eagle nest sites in Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:148-159.
4. Araratyan, L. A., and S. A. Zakharyan. 1988. On the contamination of snow along main highways. Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii 41: 514-919.
5. Asaeda, T., and V. A. Ca. 1993. The subsurface transport of heat and moisture and its effect on the environment: a numerical model. Boundary Layer Meteorology 63:159-179.
6. Auerbach, N. A., M. D. Walker, and D. A. Walker. 1997. Effects of roadside disturbance on substrate and vegetation properties in arctic tundra. Ecological Applications 7:218-235.
7. Banerjee, A., R. K. Sarkar, and S. Mukherji. 1983. Reduction in soluble protein and chlorophyll contents in a few plants as indicators of automobile exhaust pollution. International Journal of Environmental Studies 20:239-243.
8. Banfield, A. W. K. 1974. The relationship of caribou migration behavior to pipeline construction. Pages 797-804 in V. Geist and F. Walther, editors. The behavior of ungulates and its relation to management. International Union for the Conservation of Nature Press, Morges, Switzerland.
9. Bangs, E. E., T. N. Bailey, and M. F. Portner. 1989. Survival rates of adult female moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:997-963.
10. Barnes, R. F. W., K. L. Barnes, M. P. T. Alers, an A. Blom. 1991. Man determines the distribution of elephants in the rain forests of northeastern Gabon. African Journal of Ecology 29:54-63.
11. Bashore, T. L., W. M. Tzilkowski, and E. D. Bellis. 1985. Analysis of deer-vehicle collision sites in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:769-774.
12. Baur, A., and B. Baur. 1990. Are roads barriers to dispersal in the land snail Arianta arbustorum? Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:613-617.
13. Baxter, C. V., C. A. Frissell, and F. R. Hauer. 1999. Geomorphology, logging roads, and the distribution of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) spawning in a forested river basin: implications for management and conservation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:894-867.
14. Bellis, E. D., and H. B. Graves. 1971. Deer mortality on a Pennsylvania interstate highway. Journal of Wildlife Management 35:232-237.
15. Benfenati, E., S. Valzacchi, G. Maniani, L. Airoldi, and R. Farnelli. 1992. PCDD, PCDF, PCB, PAH, cadmium and lead in roadside soil: relationship between road distance and concentration. Chemosphere 24:1077-1083.
16. Bennett, A. F. 1991. Roads, roadsides, and wildlife conservation: a review. Pages 99-118 in D. A. Saunders and R. J. Hobbes, editors. Nature conservation 2: the role of corridors. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia.
17. Beslaneev, V. D., and F. A. Kuchmazokova. 1991. The effect of motorways on the accumulation of toxic substances in walnuts. Sadovodstvo i Vinogradarstvo 5:38.
18. Birdsall, C. W., C. E. Grue, and A. Anderson. 1986. Lead concentrations in bullfrog Rana catesbeiana and green frog Rana clamitans tadpoles inhabiting highway drainages. Environmental Pollution Series A Ecological and Biological 40:233-248.
19. Bogemans, J., L ,Nierinck, and J. M. Stassart. 1989. Effect of deicing chloride salts on ion accumulation in spruce (Picea abies (L.) sp.). Plant and Soil 113:3-11.
20. Brody, A. J., and M. R. Pelton. 1989. Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North Carolina. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:9-10.
21. Brown, T. G., and G. F. Hartman. 1988. Contribution of seasonally flooded lands and minor tributaries to coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon smolt production in Carnation Creek, a small coastal stream in British Columbia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117:546-991.
22. Bruns, E. H. 1977. Winter behavior of pronghorns in relation to habitat. Journal of Wildlife Management 41:560-571.
23. Buck, D. H. 1956. Effects of turbidity on fish and fishing. Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference 21:249-261.
24. Byrd, D. S., J. T. Gilmore, and R. H. Lea. 1983. Effect of decreased use of lead in gasoline on the soil of a highway. Environmental Science and Technology 17:121-123.
25. Camarra, J. J., and J. M. Parde. 1990. The brown bear in France - status and management in 1985. Aquilo, Serie Zoologica 27:93-96.
26. Clift, D., I. E. Dickson, T. Roos, P. Collins, M. Jolly, and A. Klindworth. 1983. Accumulation of lead beside the Mulgrave Freeway, Victoria. Search 14:155-157.
27. Coleman, J. S., and J. D. Fraser. 1989. Habitat use and home ranges of Black and Turkey Vultures. Journal of Wildlife Management 53: 782-792.
28. Collins, J. A. 1984. Roadside lead in New Zealand and its significance for human and animal health. New Zealand Journal of Science 27:93-98.
29. Copp, G. H. 1989. The habitat diversity and fish reproductive function of floodplain ecosystems. Environmental Biology of Fishes 26:1-27.
30. Correll, D. L., T. E. Jordan, and D. E. Weller. 1992. Cross media inputs to eastern US watersheds and their significance to estuarine water quality. Water Science and Technology 26:2675-2683.
31. Cowardin, L. M., D. S. Gilmer, and C. W. Shaiffer. 1985. Mallard recruitment in the agricultural environment of North Dakota. Wildlife Monographs 92:1-37.
32. Czech, B. 1991. Elk behavior in response to human disturbance at Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. Applied Animal Behavior Science 29:269-277.
33. Dale, J. M., and B. Freedman. 1982. Lead and zinc contamination of roadside soil and vegetation in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science 32:327-336.
34. Dalrymple G. H., and N. G. Reichenbach. 1984. Management of an endangered species of snake in Ohio, USA. Biological Conservation 30:195-200.
35. Datta, S. C., and J. J. Ghosh. 1985. A study of the distribution pattern of lead in the leaves of banyan trees (Ficus benghalensis) from different traffic density regions of Calcutta. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 9:101-106.
36. Davies, J. M., T. J. Roper, and D. J. Shepherdson. 1987. Seasonal distribution of road kills in the European badger (Meles meles). Journal of Zoology (London) 211:525-530.
37. Dawson, P., and G. Weste. 1985. Changes in the distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Brisbane Ranges National Park between 1970 and 1980-81. Australian Journal of Botany 33:309-315.
38. Del Campo, J. C., J. L. Marquinez, J. Naves, and G. Palomero. 1990. The brown bear in the Cantabrian Mountains. Aquilo, Serie Zoologica 27:97-101.
39. Dhindsa, M. S., J. S. Sandhu, P. S. Sandhu, and H. S. Toor. 1988. Roadside birds in Punjab (India): relation to mortality from vehicles. Environmental Conservation 15:303-310.
40. Diamondback. 1990. Ecological effects of roads (or, the road to destruction). Pages 1-5 in J. Davis, editor. Killing roads: a citizen's primer on the effects and removal of roads. Biodiversity special publication. Earth First!, Tucson, Arizona.
41. Dickinson, N. M., N. W. Lepp, and G. T. K. Surtan. 1987. Lead and potential health risks from subsistence food crops in urban Kenya. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 9:37-42.
42. Dunlap, D. W. 1987. Development of grass-seeding specifications for use on Texas highway rights-of-way: erosion control - you're gambling without it. International Erosion Control Association 18:161-172.
43. Dwyer, N., and G. W. Tanner. 1992. Nesting success in Florida Sandhill Cranes. Wilson Bulletin 104:22-31.
44. Eaglin, G. S., and W. A. Hubert. 1993. Effects of logging roads on substrate and trout in streams of the Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13: 844-846.
45. Fahrig, L., J. H. Pedlar, S. E. Pope, P. D. Taylor, and J. F. Wenger. 1995. Effect of road traffic on amphibian density. Biological Conservation 73:177-182.
46. Farmer, A. M. 1993. The effects of dust on vegetation - a review. Environmental Pollution 79:63-75.
47. Fernandez, C. 1993. The choice of nesting cliffs by golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos: the influence of accessibility and disturbance by humans. Alauda 61:105-110.
48. Ferreras, P., J. J. Aldama, J. F. Beltran, and M. Delibes. 1992. Rates and causes of mortality in a fragmented population of Iberian lynx Felis pardina Temminck, 1824. Biological Conservation 61:197-202.
49. Findlay, C. S., and J. Houlahan. 1997. Anthropogenic correlates of species richness in southeastern Ontario wetlands. Conservation Biology 11:1000-1009.
50. Fleck, A. M., M. J. Lacki, and J. Sutherland. 1988. Response of white birch (Betula papyrifera) to road salt applications at Cascade Lakes, New York. Journal of Environmental Management 27:369-377.
51. Flueckiger, W., H. Fluckiger Keller, and S. Braun. 1984. Untersuchungen ueber waldschaeden in der Nordwestschweiz. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Forstwesen 135:389-444.
52. Foster, M. L., and S. R. Humphrey. 1991. Effectiveness of wildlife crossing structures on Alligator Alley (I-75) for reducing animal/auto collisions. Report. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission and Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee.
53. Fraser, D., and E. R. Thomas. 1982. Moose-vehicle accidents in Ontario: relation to highway salt. Wildlife Society Bulletin 10:261-265.
54. Fuller, T. 1989. Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 105:1-41.
55. Furniss, M. J., T. D. Roeloffs, and C. S. Yee. 1991. Road construction and maintenance. Pages 297-323 in W. R. Meehan, editor. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Special publication 19. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
56. Gad, A. M., F. M. Feinsod, I. H. Allam, M. Eisa, A. N. Hassan, B. A. Soliman, S. El Said, A. J. Saah, S. El Said, R. F. Sellers, and H. Hoogstraal. 1986. A possible route for the introduction of Rift Valley fever virus into Egypt during 1977. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89:233-236.
57. Gaddy, L. L., and T. L. Kohlsaat. 1987. Recreational impact on the natural vegetation, avifauna, and herpetofauna of four South Carolina barrier islands (USA). Natural Areas Journal 7:55-64.
58. Garcia-Miragaya, J, S. Castro, and J. Paolini. 1981. Lead and zinc levels and chemical fractionation in road-side soils of Caracas, Venezuela. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 15:285-297.
59. Gjessing, E., E. Lygren, L. Berglind, T. Gulbrandsen, and R. Skanne. 1984. Effect of highway runoff on lake water quality. Science of the Total Environment 33:247-257.
60. Goldsmith, C. D., P. F. Scanlon, and W. R. Pirie. 1976. Lead concentrations in soil and vegetation associated with highways of different traffic densities. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:66-70.
61. Graham, D. L., and S. M. Kalman. 1974. Lead in forage grass from a suburban area in northern California. Environmental Pollution 7:209-215.
62. Greenberg, C. H., S. H. Crownover, and D. R Gordon. 1997. Roadside soil: a corridor for invasion of xeric scrub by nonindigenous plants. Natural Areas Journal 17:99-109.
63. Gresswell, R. E., and J. D. Varley. 1988. Effects of a century of human influence on the cutthroat trout of Yellowstone Lake. Pages 45-52 in Symposium 4. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
64. Groot Bruinderink, G. W. T. A., and E. Hazebroek. 1996. Ungulate traffic collisions in Europe. Conservation Biology 10:1059-1067.
65. Grover, K. E., and M. J. Thompson. 1986. Factors influencing spring feeding site selection by elk in the Elkhorn Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:466-470.
66. Grue, C. E., D. J. Huffman, W. N. Beyer, and L. P. Franson. 1986. Lead concentrations and reproductive success in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, nesting within highway roadside verges. Environmental Pollution Series A Ecological and Biological 42:157-182.
67. Guntner, M., and B. M. Wilke. 1983. Effects of de-icing salt on soil enzyme activity. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 20:211-220.
68. Guttormsen, G. 1993. The content of lead, cadmium and PAH in vegetables and strawberries alongside the E18 motorway. Norsk Landbruksforsking 7:175-189.
69. Hagans, D. K., W. E. Weaver, and M. A. Madej. 1986. Long-term on-site and off-site effects of logging and erosion in the Redwood Creek Basin, northern California. Pages 38-65 in Papers presented at the American Geophysical Union meeting on cumulative effects. Technical bulletin 490. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, New York.
70. Haqus, M. D., and H. A. Hameed. 1986. Lead content of green forage growing adjacent to expressways and roads connecting Erbil City (Northern Iraq). Journal of Biological Science Research 17:151-164.
71. Harr, R. D., and R. A. Nichols. 1993. Stabilizing forest roads to help restore fish habitat: a northwest Washington example. Fisheries 18: 18-22.
72. Harrison, P. D., and M. I. Dyer. 1984. Lead in mule deer forage in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:510-517.
73. Hartl, G. B., F. Suchentrunk, R. Willing, and M. Grillitsch. 1989. Biochemical-genetic variability and differentiation in the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) of lower Austria. Wiener Tieraerztliche Monatsschrif 76:279-284.
74. Helvey, J. D., and J. N. Kochenderfer. 1990. Soil density and moisture content on two unused forest roads during first 30 months after construction. Research paper NE-629. U.S. Forest Service, Northeast Forest Experiment Station, Broomhall, Pennsylvania.
75. Henderson, L., and M. J. Wells. 1986. Alien plant invasions in the grassland and savanna biomes. Pages 109-117 in I. A. W. Macdonald, F. J. Kruger, and A. A. Ferrar, editors. The ecology and management of biological invasions in southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Capetown.
76. Hicks, B. J., J. D. Hall, P. A. Bisson, and J. R. Sedell. 1991. Response of salmonids to habitat change. Pages 483-518 in W. R. Meehan, editor. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Special publication 19. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
77. Hoffman, R. W., C. R. Goldman, S. Paulson, and G. R. Winters. 1981. Aquatic impacts of deicing salts in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Water Resources Bulletin 17:280-285.
78. Holroyd, G. L. 1979. The impact of highway and railroad mortality on the ungulate populations in the Bow Valley, Banff National Park. Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, Alberta.
79. Hornocker, M. G., and H. S. Hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverine in northwestern Montana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59:1286-1301.
80. Indu, B., and G. N. Chouclhri. 1991. Impact of automobile effusion on plant and soil. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 17:121-127.
81. Jarosz, W. 1994. Heavy metals contamination of grass growing at the road edges. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 50:23-26.
82. Jensen, W. F., T. K. Fuller, and W. L. Robinson. 1986. Wolf, Canis lupus, distribution on the Ontario-Michigan border near Sault Ste. Marie. Canadian Field Naturalist 100:363-366.
83. Joly, P., and A. Morand. 1997. Amphibian diversity and land-water ecotones. Pages 161-182 in J.-P. Bravard and R. Juge, editors. Biodiversity in land-water ecotones. Man and biosphere series. Volume 18. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris.
84. Jones, J. A., and G. E. Grant. 1996. Cumulative effects of forest harvest on peak streamflow in the western Cascades of Oregon. Water Resources Research 32:959-974.
85. Karnefelt, I., and J. E. Mattsson. 1989. Cetraria cucullata and Cetraria nivalis, two vanishing lichens from southernmost Sweden. International Journal of Mycology and Lichenology 4:299-306.
86. Kershner, J. L., C. M. Bischoff, and D. L. Horan. 1997. Population, habitat, and genetic characteristics of Colorado River cutthroat trout in wilderness and nonwilderness stream sections in the Uinta Mountains of Utah and Wyoming. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:1134-1143.
87. Kiang, Y. T. 1982. Local differentiation of Anthoxanthum odoratum L. populations on roadsides. American Midland Naturalist 107:340-350.
88. King, J. G., and L. C. Tennyson. 1984. Alteration of streamflow characteristics following road construction in north central Idaho. Water Resources Research 20:1159-1163.
89. Kjensmo, J. 1997. The influence of road salts on the salinity and the meromictic stability of Lake Svinsjøen, Norway. Oecologia 347: 151-158.
90. Klein, D. R. 1991. Caribou in the changing North. Applied Animal Behavior Science 29:279-291.
91. Krzysztofiak, L. 1991. The effect of habitat pollution with heavy metals on ant populations and ant-hill soil. Ekologia Polska 39:181-202.
92. Kushlan, J. A. 1988. Conservation and management of the American crocodile. Environmental Management 12:777-790.
93. Lee, D. C., et al. 1997. Broadscale assessment of aquatic species and habitats. Pages 1057-1496 in T. M. Quigley and S. J. Arbelbide, editors. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia River Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Volume 3. General technical report PNW-GTR-405. U.S. Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.
94. Leh, H. O. 1990. Investigations on health conditions of street trees after discontinued use of de-icing salts on streets in Berlin. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes 42:134-142.
95. Leharne, S., D. Charlesworth, and B. Chowdhry. 1992. A survey of metal levels in street dusts in an inner London neighbourhood. Environment International 18:263-270.
96. Liem, A. S. N., A. Hendriks, H. Kraal, and M. Loenen. 1984. Effects of deicing salt on roadside grasses and herbs. Plant and Soil 84:299-310.
97. Loos, G., and P. Kerlinger. 1993. Road mortality of saw-whet and Screech Owls on the Cape May peninsula. Journal of Raptor Research 27:210-213.
98. MacArthur, R. A., R. H. Johnston, and V. Geist. 1979. Factors influencing heart rate in free ranging bighorn sheep: a physiological approach to the study of wildlife harrassment. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57:2010-2021.
99. Madsen, J. 1985. Impact of disturbance on field utilization of pink-footed geese in West Jutland, Denmark. Biological Conservation 33:53-64.
100. Majdi, H., and H. Persson. 1989. Effects of road-traffic pollutants (lead and cadmium) on tree fine-roots along a motor road. Plant and Soil 119:1-5.
101. Maltby, L., A. B. A. Boxall. D. M. Farrow, P. Calow, and C. I. Betton. 1995. The effects of motorway runoff on freshwater ecosystems. 2. Identifying major toxicants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14:1093-1101.
102. Manville, A. M. 1983. Human impact on the black bear in Michigan's lower peninsula. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5:20-33.
103. Marino, F., A. Ligero, and D. J. Diaz Cosin. 1992. Heavy metals and earthworms on the border of a road next to Santiago (Galicia, Northwest of Spain): initial results. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24:1705-1709.
104. Matlack, G. R. 1993. Sociological edge effects: spatial distribution of human impact in suburban forest fragments. Environmental Management 17:829-835.
105. Mattson, M. D., and P. J. Godfrey. 1994. Identification of road salt contamination using multiple regression and GIS. Environmental Management 18:767-773.
106. McLellan, B. N., and D. M. Shackleton. 1988. Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: effects of roads on behavior, habitat use and demography. Journal of Applied Ecology 25:451-460.
107. Megahan, W. F. 1972. Subsurface flow interception by a logging road in mountains of central Idaho. Pages 350-356 in Proceedings of a national symposium on watersheds in transition. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland.
108. Mehrhoff, L. A. 1989. Reproductive vigor and environmental factors in populations of an endangered North American orchid, Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Rafinesque. Biological Conservation 47:281-296.
109. Merriam, G., M. Kozakiewicz, E. Tsuchiya, and K. Hawley. 1989. Barriers as boundaries for metapopulations and demes of Peromyscus leucopus in farm landscapes. Landscape Ecology 2:227-236.
110. Minoranskii, V. A., and Z. R. Kuzina. 1984. Effect of environmental pollution by motor transport on the reproduction and development of Opatrum sabulosum. Biologicheskie Nauki (Moscow) 11:43-47.
111. Molles, M. C., Jr., and J. R. Gosz. 1980. Effects of a ski area on the water quality and invertebrates of a mountain stream. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 14:187-205.
112. Moritz, K., and J. Breitenstein. 1985. Damage by spreading salt on West German federal trunk roads and possibilities of avoiding it. Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift 44:1192-1193.
113. Muskett, C. J., and M. P. Jones. 1981. Soil respiratory activity in relation to motor vehicle pollution. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 23:231-242.
114. Nasralla, M. M., and E. A. Ali. 1985. Lead accumulation in edible portions of crops grown near Egyptian traffic roads. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 13:73-82.
115. Nelson, R. L., M. L. McHenry, and W. S. Platts. 1991. Mining. Pages 425-457 in W. R. Meehan, editor. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Special publication 19. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
116. Newcombe, C. P., and J. O. T. Jensen. 1996. Channel suspended sediment and fisheries: a synthesis for quantitative assessment of risk. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16:693-727.
117. Newton, I., I. Wyllie, and A. Asher. 1991. Mortality causes in British barn owls Tyto alba, with a discussion of aldrin-dieldrin poisoning. Ibis 133:162-169.
118. Niordson, N. 1989. Glyceria grandis found in south Sweden. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 83:357-360.
119. Norling, B. S., S. H. Anderson, and W. A. Hubert. 1992. Roost sites used by Sandhill Crane staging along the Platte River, Nebraska. Great Basin Naturalist 52:253-261.
120. Northover, J. 1987. NaCl injury to dormant roadside peach trees and its effect on the incidence of infections by Leucostoma spp. Phytopathology 77:835-840.
121. Noss, R. F., and A. Y. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving nature's legacy. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
122. Novelli, R., E. Takase, and V. Castro. 1988. Study of birds killed by collision with vehicles in a stretch of Highway BR-471, between Quinta and Taim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Brasileira De Zoologia 5:441-454.
123. Oberts, G. L. 1986. Pollutants associated with sand and silt applied to roads in Minnesota. Water Resources Bulletin 22:479-483.
124. Oxley, D. J., M. B. Fenton, and G. R. Carmody. 1974. The effects of roads on population of small mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology 11:51-59.
125. Palomares, F., and M. Delibes. 1992. Some physical and population characteristics of Egyptian mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon L., 1758) in southwestern Spain. Zeitschrift fuer Saeugetierkunde 57:94-99.
126. Pantaleoni, R. A. 1989. Ways of invasion of a new area by Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Auchenorrhyncha, Flatidae). Bollettino Dell'istituto Di Entomologia Della Universita Degli Studi Di Bologna 43:1-8.
127. Paruk, J. D. 1987. Habitat utilization by Bald Eagles wintering along the Mississippi River (USA). Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 80:333-342.
128. Pedevillano, C., and R. G. Wright. 1987. The influence of visitors on mountain goat activities in Glacier National Park, Montana. Biological Conservation 39:1-11.
129. Peters, N. E., and J. T. Turk. 1981. Increases in sodium and chloride in the Mohawk River, New York, from the 1950s to the 1970s attributed to road salt. Water Resources Bulletin 17:586-598.
130. Petersen, A., D. Eckstein, and W. Liese. 1982. Holzbiologische Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss von Auftausalz auf Hamburger Strassenbaeume. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 101:353-364.
131. Petranka, J. W., M. E. Eldridge, and K. E. Haley. 1993. Effects of timber harvesting on Southern Appalachian salamanders. Conservation Biology 7:363-370.
132. Piégay, H., and N. Landon. 1997. Promoting ecological management of riparian forests on the Drôme River, France. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 7:287-304.
133. Puglisi, M. J., J. S. Lindzey, and E. D. Bellis. 1974. Factors associated with highway mortality of white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:799-807.
134. Quarles, H. D., R. B. Hanawalt, and W. E. Odum. 1974. Lead in small mammals, plants and soil at varying distances from a highway. Journal of Applied Ecology 11:937-949.
135. Reh, W., and A. Seitz. 1990. The influence of land use on the genetic structure of populations of the common frog Rana temporaria. Biological Conservation 54:239-249.
136. Reid, L. M., and T. Dunne. 1984. Sediment production from forest road surfaces. Water Resources Research 20:1753-1761.
137. Reilly, R. E., and H. E. Green. 1974. Deer mortality on a Michigan interstate highway. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:16-19.
138. Richardson, E. V., B. Simons, S. Karaki, M. Mahmood, and M. A. Stevens. 1975. Highways in the river environment: hydraulic and environmental design considerations training and design manual. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
139. Rieman, B. E., D. C. Lee, and R. F. Thurow. 1997. Distribution, status, and likely future trends of bull trout within the Columbia River and Klamath River Basins. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:1111-1125.
140. Riley, S. J. 1984. Effect of clearing and roading operations on the permeability of forest soils, Karuah catchment, New South Wales, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 9:283-293.
141. Robel, R. J., C. A. Howard, M. S. Udevitz, and B. Curnutte, Jr. 1981. Lead contamination in vegetation, cattle dung, and dung beetles near an interstate highway, Kansas. Environmental Entomology 10:262-263.
142. Rodda, G. H. 1990. Highway madness revisited: roadkilled Iguana iguana in the llanos of Venezuela. Journal of Herpetology 24:209-211.
143. Rosen, P. C., and C. H. Lowe. 1994. Highway mortality of snakes in the Sonoran desert of southern Arizona. Biological Conservation 68:143-148.
144. Rost, G. R., and J. A. Bailey. 1979. Distribution of mule deer and elk in relation to roads. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:634-641.
145. Roth, N. E., J. D. Allan, and D. L. Erickson. 1996. Landscape influences on stream biotic integrity assessed at multiple spatial scales. Landscape Ecology 11:141-156.
146. Sarbello, W., and L. W. Jackson. 1985. Deer mortality in the town of Malone. N. Y. Fish and Game Journal 32:141-157.
147. Schedl, W. 1991. Invasion of the American buffalo treehopper (Stictocephala bisonia Kopp and Yonke, 1977) into Austria (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae). Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz 64:9-13.
148. Schlosser, I. J. 1991. Stream fish ecology: a landscape perspective. BioScience 41:704-712.
149. Scott, N. E., and A. W. Davison. 1982. De-icing salt and the invasion of road verges by maritime plants. Watsonia 14:41-52.
150. Seibert, H. C., and J. H. Conover. 1991. Mortality of vertebrates and invertebrates on an Athens County, Ohio, highway. Ohio Journal of Science 91:163-166.
151. Seibert, P. 1993. Vegetation and man in South America from a historical perspective. Phytocoenologia 23:457-493.
152. Seyedbagheri, K. A. 1996. Idaho forestry best management practices: compilation of research on their effectiveness. General technical report INT-GTR-339. U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.
153. Simini, M., and I. A. Leone. 1986. Studies on the effects of de-icing salts on roadside trees. Arboricultural Journal 10:221-231.
154. Smith, J. M. B. 1986. Feral fruit trees on New England roadsides. Page 158 in R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, editors. Ecology of biological invasions. Cambridge University Press, New York.
155. Swihart, R. K., and N. A. Slade. 1984. Road crossing in Sigmodon hispidus and Microtus ochrogaster. Journal of Mammalogy 65:357-360.
156. Thurber, J. M., R. O. Peterson, T. D. Drummer, and S. A. Thomasma. 1994. Gray wolf response to refuge boundaries and roads in Alaska. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:61-68.
157. Tong, S. T. Y. 1990. Roadside dusts and soils contamination in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Environmental Management 14:107-114.
158. Trafela, E. 1987. The influence of the construction of forest roads on forest production. Zbornik Gozdarstva Lesarstva 29:85-140.
159. Tyser, R. W., and C. A. Worley. 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in Glacier National Park. Montana (USA) Conservation Biology 6:253-262.
160. U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996. Highway statistics 1996. FHWA-PL-98-003. U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Highway Information Management, Washington, D.C.
161. Van der Zande, A. N., W. J. ter Keurs, and W. J. Van der Weijden. 1980. The impact of road on the densities of four bird species in an open field habitat - evidence of a long-distance effect. Biological Conservation 18:299-321.
162. Van Dyke, F. G., R. H. Brocke, and H. G. Shaw. 1986. Use of road track counts as indices of mountain lion presence. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:102-109.
163. van Gelder, J. J. 1973. A quantitative approach to the mortality resulting from traffic in a population of (Bufo bufo) L. Oecologia 13:93-95.
164. Varland, D. E., E. E. Klaas, and T. M. Loughin. 1993. Use of habitat and perches, causes of mortality and time until dispersal in post-fledging American Kestrels Journal of Field Ornithology 64:169-178.
165. Vora, R. S. 1988. Potential soil compaction forty years after logging in northeastern California. Great Basin Naturalist 48:117-120.
166. Vos, C. C., and J. P. Chardon. 1998. Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution pattern of the moor frog. Rana arvilis. Journal of Applied Ecology 35:44-56.
167. Watson, J., and R. H. Dennis. 1992. Nest-site selection by Golden Eagles in Scotland. British Birds 85:469-481.
168. Weaver, W. E., M. M. Hektner, D. K. Hagans, L. J. Reed, R. A. Sonneville, and G. J. Bundros. 1987. An evaluation of experimental rehabilitation work, Redwood National Park. Technical report 19. Redwood National Park, Arcata, California.
169. Wein, R. W., G. Wein, S. Bahret, and W. J. Cody. 1992. Northward invading non-native vascular plant species in and adjacent to Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 106:216-224.
170. Wemple, B. C., J. A. Jones, and G. E. Grant. 1996. Channel network extension by logging roads in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resources Bulletin 32:1195-1207.
171. Wester, L., and J. O. Juvik. 1983. Roadside plant communities on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Journal of Biogeography 10:307-316.
172. Whitford, P. C. 1985. Bird behavior in response to the warmth of blacktop roads. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences Arts and Letters 73:135-143.
173. Wilcox, D. A. 1986. The effects of deicing salts on vegetation in Pinhook Bog, Indiana. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:865-874.
174. Wilkins, K. T., and D. J. Schmidly. 1980. Highway mortality of vertebrates in southeastern Texas. Texas Journal of Science 4:343-350.
175. Witmer, G. W., and D. S. DeCalesta. 1985. Effect of forest roads on habitat use by Roosevelt elk. Northwest Science 59:122-125.
176. Yanes, M., J. M. Velasco, and F. Suárez. 1995. Premeability of roads and railways to vertebrates: the importance of culverts. Biological Conservation 71:217-222.
177. Yassoglou, N., C. Kosmas, J. Asimakopoulos, and C. Kallianou. 1987. Heavy metal contamination of roadside soils in the Greater Athens (Greece) area. Environmental Pollution 47:293-304.
178. Ziemer, R. R., and T. E. Lisle. 1998. Hydrology. Pages 43-68 in R. J. Naiman and R. E. Bilby, editors. River ecology and management: lessons from the Pacific coastal ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York.
179. Zobel, D. B., L. F. Roth, and G. M. Hawk. 1985. Ecology, pathology, and management of Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). General Technical report PNW-184. U.S. Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.