Work characteristics and work performance of knowledge workers

EuroMed Journal of Business

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 268-292

  Hernaus, Tomislav ^a   Mikulić, Josip ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB   (Croatia)

Author keywords

Contextual performance; PLS SEM; Task performance; Work characteristics; Work design

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926348346     PISSN: 14502194     EISSN: 1758888X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/EMJB-11-2013-0054     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Agarwal, R. and Karahanna, E. (2000), “Time flies when you’re having fun: cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24 No. 4, 665-694.
2. Allee, V. (1997), The Knowledge Evolution: Expanding Organizational Intelligence, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA.
3. Bagozzi, R.P. and Yi, Y. (1988), “On the evaluation of structural equation models”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 16 No. 1, 74-94.
4. Barley, S.R. and Kunda, G. (2001), “Bringing work back in”, Organization Studies, Vol. 12 No. 1, 76-95.
5. Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K. and Li, N. (2013), “The theory of purposeful work behavior: the role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 38 No. 1, 132-153.
6. Becker, B.E., Huselid, M.A. and Beatty, R. (2009), The DifferentiatedWorkforce, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
7. Becker, J.-M., Klein, K. and Wetzels, M. (2012), “Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using reflective-formative type models”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 45 Nos 5/6, 359-394.
8. Befort, N. and Hattrup, K. (2003), “Valuing task and contextual performance: experience, job roles, and ratings of the importance of job behaviours”, Applied Human Resource Management Research, Vol. 8 No. 1, 17-32.
9. Borman, W.C. and Motowidlo, S.J. (1993), “Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance”, in Schmitt, N. and Borman, W.C. (Eds), Personnel Selection in Organizations, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 71-98.
10. Borman, W.C. and Motowidlo, S.J. (1997), “Task performance and contextual performance: the meaning for personnel selection research”, Human Performance, Vol. 10 No. 2, 99-109.
11. Cable, D.M. and Judge, T.A. (1996), “Person-organization fit, job choice decisions, and organizational entry”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 67 No. 3, 294-311.
12. Campbell, J.P. (1990), “Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology”, in Dunnette, M.D. and Hough, L.M. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA, 687-732.
13. Campion, M.A. (1987), “Interdisciplinary approaches to job design: a replicationwith methodological extensions”, in Hoy, F. (Ed.), Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, Academy of Management, Boston, MA, 249-253.
14. Campion, M.A. and Thayer, P.W. (1985), “Development and field evaluation of an interdisciplinary measure of job design”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 70 No. 1, 29-43.
15. Campion, M.A., Medsker, G.J. and Higgs, A.C. (1993), “Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: implications for designing effective work groups”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 46 No. 4, 823-850.
16. Chen, C. and Chiu, S. (2009), “The mediating role of job involvement in the relationship between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behaviour”, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 149 No. 4, 474-494.
17. Chin, W.W. (1998), “The partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling”, in Marcoulides, G.A. (Ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 295-336.
18. Chin, W.W. (2010), “How to write up and report PLS analyses”, in Vinzi, V.E., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J. and Wang, H. (Eds), Handbook of Partial Least Squares, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 655-690.
19. Cohen, J. (1988), Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
20. Mahwah, NJ., Conway, J.M. (1996), “Additional construct validity evidence for the task/contextual performance distinction”, Human Performance, Vol. 9 No. 4, 309-329.
21. Cortada, J. (Ed.) (1998), Rise of the Knowledge Worker, Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn
22. Davenport, T.H. (2005), Thinking for a Living: How to Get Better Performance and Results from Knowledge Workers, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
23. de Lange, A.H., Taris, T.W., Jansen, P., Kompier, M.A.J., Houtman, I.L.D. and Bongers, P.M. (2010), “On the relationships among work characteristics and learning-related behavior: does age matter?”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 31 No. 7, 925-950.
24. Dierdorff, E.C. and Morgeson, F.P. (2013), “Getting what the occupation gives: exploring multilevel links between work design and occupational values”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 66 No. 3, 687-721.
25. Dodd, N.G. and Ganster, D.C. (1996), “The interactive effects of variety, autonomy and feedbacks on attitudes and performance”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 17 No. 4, 329-347.
26. Drucker, F.P. (1959), Landmarks of Tomorrow, Harper & Brothers, New York, NY
27. Drucker, F.P. (1993), Post-Capitalist Society, HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY.
28. Drucker, F.P. (1999), Management Challenges for the 21st Century, HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY.
29. Drucker, P.F. (1967), The Effective Executive, Harper & Row, New York, NY.
30. Edwards, B.D., Bell, S.T., Decuir, W.A. and Decuir, A.D. (2008), “Relationships between facets of job satisfaction and task and contextual performance”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 57 No. 3, 441-465.
31. Edwards, J.R. (1991), “Person-job fit: a conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique”, in Cooper, C.L. and Robertson, I.T. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 6, John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, 283-357.
32. Falk, R.F. and Miller, N.B. (1981), A Primer for Soft Modelling, The University of Akron Press, Akron, OH.
33. Fay, D. and Frese, M. (2000), “Conservatives’ approach to work: less prepared for future work demands?”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 30 No. 1, 171-195.
34. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18 No. 1, 39-50.
35. Foss, N.J., Minbaeva, D.B., Pedersen, T. and Reinholt, M. (2009), “Encouraging knowledge sharing among employees: how job design matters”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 48 No. 6, 871-893.
36. Fried, Y. (1991), “Meta-analytic comparison of the job diagnostic survey and job characteristics inventory as correlates of work satisfaction and performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76 No. 5, 690-697.
37. Fried, Y. and Ferris, G.R. (1987), “The validity of the job characteristics model: a review and meta-analysis”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 40 No. 2, 287-322.
38. Geisser, S. (1975), “The predictive sample reuse method with applications”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 70 No. 350, 320-328.
39. Grant, A.M. (2007), “Relational job design and the motivation to make a prosocial difference”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32 No. 2, 393-417.
40. Grant, A.M. (2012), “Giving time, time after time: work design and sustained employee participation in corporate volunteering”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 37 No. 4, 589-615.
41. Grant, A.M. (2013), Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach to Success, Viking Adult, New York, NY.
42. Grant, A.M. and Parker, S.K. (2009), “Redesigning work design theories: the rise of relational and proactive perspectives”, Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 3, 317-375.
43. Grant, A.M., Fried, Y. and Juillerat, T. (2010a), “Work matters: job design in classic and contemporary perspectives”, in Zedeck, S. (Ed.), APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 417-453.
44. Grant, A.M., Fried, Y., Parker, S.K. and Frese, M. (2010b), “Putting job design in context: introduction to the special issue”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 31 Nos 2/3, 145-157.
45. Griffin, M.A., Neal, A. and Neale, M. (2000), “The contribution of task performance and contextual performance to effectiveness: investigating the role of situational constraints”, Applied Psychology, Vol. 49 No. 3, 517-533.
46. Griffin, R.W. and McMahan, G.C. (1993), Job Design: A Contemporary Review and Future Prospects, CEO Publication G 93-12 (232), Center for Effective Organizations, Los Angeles, CA.
47. Hackman, J.R. and Lawler, E.E. (1971), “Employee reactions to job characteristics”, Journal of Applied Psychology Monograph, Vol. 55 No. 3, 259-286.
48. Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R. (1976), “Motivation through the design of work: test of a theory”, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 16 No. 2, 250-279.
49. Hair, J.F., Rigle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2013a), “Editorial: partial least squares structural equation modeling: rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 46 Nos 1/2, 1-12.
50. Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2013b), A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
51. Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T.M. and Ringle, C.M. (2012), “The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 45 Nos 5/6, 320-340.
52. Hattrup, K., O’Connell, M.S. and Wingate, P.H. (1998), “Prediction of multidimensional criteria: distinguishing task and contextual performance”, Human Performance, Vol. 11 No. 4, 305-319.
53. Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M. and Sinkovics, R.R. (2009), “The used of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing”, in Sinkovics, R.R. and Ghauri, P.N. (Eds), Advances in International Marketing, Vol. 20, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 277-319.
54. Hernaus, T. (2010), “Integrating macro- and micro-organizational variables through multilevel approach”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Zagreb, Zagreb.
55. Hernaus, T. (2011a), “Business trends and tendencies in organization design and work design practice: identifying cause-and-effect relationships”, Business Systems Research, Vol. 2 No. 1, 4-16.
56. Hernaus, T. (2011b), “Determining a multilevel mediating role of work characteristics in relationship between macro-organizational variables and work performance”, 4th Annual Conference of the Euromed Academy of Business, October 20-21, Elounda, 816-835.
57. Hoffer Gittell, J., Weinberg, D., Bennett, A. and Miller, J.A. (2008), “Is the doctor in? A relational approach to job design and the coordination of work”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 47 No. 4, 729-755.
58. Horibe, F. (1999), Managing Knowledge Workers: New Skills and Attitudes to Unlock the Intellectual Capital in Your Organization, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
59. Hornung, S., Rousseau, D.M., Glaser, J., Angerer, P. and Weigl, M. (2010), “Beyond top-down and bottom-up work redesign: customizing job content through idiosyncratic deals”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 31 Nos 2/3, 187-215.
60. Huang, T.-P. (2011), “Comparing motivating work characteristics, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of knowledge workers and blue-collar workers, and testing a structural model of the variables’ relationships in China and Japan”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 22 No. 4, 924-944.
61. Humphrey, S.E., Nahrgang, J.D. and Morgeson, F.P. (2007), “Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: a meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 92 No. 5, 1332-1356.
62. Idaszak, J.R. and Drasgow, F. (1987), “A revision of the job diagnostic survey: elimination of a measurement artefact”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 72 No. 1, 69-74.
63. Indartono, S., Chiou, H. and Chen, C.V. (2010), “The joint moderating impact of personal job fit and servant leadership on the relationship between the task characteristics of job design and performance”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol. 2 No. 8, 42-61.
64. Jex, S.M. and Britt, T.W. (2008), Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
65. Johari, J.B. (2011), “The structural relationships between organizational structure, job characteristics, work involvement, and job performance among public servants”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Utara Malaysia, Sintok.
66. Juillerat, T. (2010), “Friends, not foes?: work design and formalization in the modern work context”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 31 Nos 2/3, 216-239.
67. Kiggundu, M.N. (1981), “Task interdependence and the theory of job design”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 6 No. 3, 499-508.
68. Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Siltaloppi, M. and Sonnentag, S. (2011), “Job demands-resources model in the context of recovery: testing recovery experiences as mediators”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 20 No. 6, 805-832.
69. Krausert, A. (2014), “HRM systems for knowledge workers: differences among top managers, middle managers, and professional employees”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 53 No. 1, 67-87.
70. Kristof-Brown, A., Zimmerman, R. and Johnson, E. (2005), “Consequences of individuals’ fit at work: a meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 58 No. 2, 281-342.
71. Kulik, C.T., Oldham, G.R. and Hackman, J.R. (1987), “Work design as an approach to person-environment fit”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 31 No. 3, 278-296.
72. Kumar, S. (2011), “Motivating employees: an exploratory study on knowledge workers”, South Asian Journal of Management, Vol. 18 No. 3, 310-323.
73. Levenson, A. (2012), “Talent management: challenges of building cross-functional capability in high-performance work systems environments”, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 50 No. 2, 187-204.
74. Lew, Y.K. and Sinkovics, R.R. (2013), “Crossing borders and industry sectors: behavioral governance in strategic alliances and product innovation for competitive advantage”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 46 Nos 1/2, 13-38.
75. Molinsky, A.L. and Margolis, J.D. (2005), “Necessary evils and interpersonal sensitivity in organizations”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 30 No. 2, 245-268.
76. Morgeson, F.P. and Campion, M.A. (2002), “Minimizing tradeoffs when redesigning work: evidence from a longitudinal quasi-experiment”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 55 No. 3, 589-612.
77. Morgeson, F.P. and Campion, M.A. (2003), “Work design”, in Borman, W.C., Ilgen, D.R. and Klimoski, R.J. (Eds), Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and organizational Psychology, Vol. 12, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 423-452.
78. Morgeson, F.P. and Garza, A.S. (2013), “From individual work characteristics to work design configurations”, Work Design Symposium: Comprehensive Work Design Analysis – Insights from Around the Globe, May 22-25, Mu¨nster.
79. Morgeson, F.P. and Humphrey, S.E. (2006), “The work design questionnaire (WDQ): developing and validating comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91 No. 6, 1321-1339.
80. Morgeson, F.P. and Humphrey, S.E. (2008), “Job and team design: toward a more integrative conceptualization of work design”, in Martocchio, J. (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, Vol. 27, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, London, 39-92.
81. Morrison, D., Cordery, J., Girardi, A. and Payne, R. (2005), “Job design, opportunities for skill utilization, and intrinsic job satisfaction”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 14 No. 1, 59-79.
82. Motowidlo, S.J. and Schmit, M.J. (1999), “Performance assessment in unique jobs”, in Ilgen, D.R. and Pulakos, E.D. (Eds), The Changing Nature of Performance: Implications for Staffing, Motivation, and Development, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 56-86.
83. Motowidlo, S.J. and Van Scotter, J.R. (1994), “Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79 No. 4, 475-480.
84. Motowidlo, S.J., Borman, W.C. and Schmit, M.J. (1997), “A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance”, Human Performance, Vol. 10 No. 2, 71-83.
85. Mowday, R.T. and Sutton, R.I. (1993), “Organizational behavior: linking individuals and groups to organizational contexts”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 44, 195-229.
86. Naughton, T.J. and Outcalt, D. (1988), “Development and test of an occupational taxonomy based on job characteristics theory”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 32 No. 1, 16-36.
87. Ng, T.W.H. and Feldman, D.C. (2009), “How broadly does education contribute to job performance?”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 62 No. 1, 89-134.
88. Oldham, G.R. (1996), “Job design”, in Cooper, C.L. and Robertson, I.T. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 11, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 33-60.
89. Oldham, G.R. and Hackman, J.R. (2010), “Not what it was and not what it will be: the future of job design research”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 31 Nos 2/3, 463-479.
90. Oldham, G.R., Hackman, J.R. and Pearce, J.L. (1976), “Condition under which employees respond positively to enriched work”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 61 No. 4, 395-403.
91. Organ, D.W. (1988), Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome, Lexington Books
92. Lexington, KY., Organ, D.W. (1997), “Organizational citizenship behavior: it’s construct clean-up time”, Human Performance, Vol. 10 No. 2, 85-97.
93. Parker, S.K. and Ohly, S. (2008), “Designing motivating jobs”, in Kanfer, R., Chen, R.G. and Pritchard, R. (Eds), Work Motivation: Past, Present and Future, Routledge, New York, NY, 233-284.
94. Parker, S.K. and Ohly, S. (2009), “Extending the reach of job design theory: going beyond the job characteristics model”, in Wilkinson, A., Redman, S.S. and Bacon, N. (Eds), Sage Handbook of Human Resource Management, Sage, London, 269-286.
95. Parker, S.K. and Wall, T.D. (1998), Job and Work Design, Sage Publications, London
96. Parker, S.K. and Wall, T.D. (2001), “Work design: learning from the past and mapping a new terrain”, in Anderson, N., Ones, D.S., Sinangil, H.K. and Viswesvaran, C. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial,Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1, Sage Publications, London, 90-110.
97. Parker, S.K., Wall, T.D. and Cordery, J.L. (2001), “Future work design research and practice: towards an elaborated model of work design”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 74 No. 4, 413-440.
98. Parker, S.K., Wall, T.D. and Jackson, P.R. (1997), ‘That’s not my job’: developing flexible employee work orientations”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40 No. 4, 899-929.
99. Parker, S.K., Williams, H.M. and Turner, N. (2006), “Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91 No. 3, 636-652.
100. Peng, D.X. and Lai, F. (2012), “Using partial least squares in operations management research: a practical guideline and summary of past research”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 30 No. 6, 467-480.
101. Pfeffer, J. and Sutton, R.I. (2000), The Knowing-Doing Gap: How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
102. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B. and Bommer, W.H. (1996), “A meta-analysis of the relationships between Kerr and Jermier’s substitutes for leadership and employee job attitudes, role perceptions, and performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 81 No. 4, 380-399.
103. Purvanova, R.K., Bono, J.E. and Dzieweczynski, J. (2006), “Transformational leadership, job characteristics, and organizational citizenship performance”, Human Performance, Vol. 19 No. 1, 1-22.
104. Ringle, C., Wende, S. and Will, A. (2005), “SmartPLS 2.0”, Hamburg, available at: www.smartpls.de (accessed February 15, 2013).
105. Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M. and Straub, D.W. (2012), “A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in MIS Quarterly”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 36 No. 1, 3-14.
106. Sims, H.P., Szilagyi, A.D. and Keller, R.T. (1976), “The measurement of job characteristics”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 19 No. 2, 195-212.
107. Singh, J. (1998), “Striking a balance in boundary-spanning positions: an investigation of some unconventional influences of role stressors and job characteristics on job outcomes of salespeople”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 62 No. 2, 69-86.
108. Slattery, J., Selvarajan, T., Anderson, J. and Sardessai, R. (2010), “Relationship between job characteristics and attitudes: a study of temporary employees”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 40 No. 6, 1539-1565.
109. Sonnentag, S., Volmer, J. and Spychala, A. (2008), “Job performance”, in Barling, J. and Cooper C.L. (Eds), The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 1: Micro Approaches, Sage Publications, London, 427-447
110. Spector, P.E. (1992), “A consideration of the validity and meaning of self-report measures of job conditions”, in Cooper, C.L. and Robertson, I.T. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 7, Wiley, New York, NY, 123-151
111. Spector, P.E. (2006), Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
112. Spector, P.E. and Van Katwyk, P.T. (1999), “The role of negative affectivity in employee reactions to job characteristics: bias effect or substantive effect?”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 72 No. 2, 205-218.
113. Starbuck, W. (1992), “Learning by knowledge intensive firms”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 29 No. 6, 713-740.
114. Stone, M. (1974), “Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 36 No. 2, 111-147.
115. Tenenhaus, M., Pagès, J., Ambroisine, L. and Guinot, C. (2005), “PLS methodology to study relationships between hedonic judgments and product characteristics”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 16 No. 4, 315-325.
116. Truxillo, D.M., Cadiz, D.M., Rineer, J.R., Zaniboni, S. and Fraccaroli, F. (2012), “A lifespan perspective on job design: fitting the job and the worker to promote job satisfaction, engagement, and performance”, Organizational Psychology Review, Vol. 2 No. 4, 340-360.
117. Von Glinow, M.A. (1988), The New Professionals: Managing Today’s High-Tech Employees, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA.
118. Vough, H. and Parker, S.K. (2008), “Work design research: still going strong”, in Cooper, C.L. and Barling, J. (Eds), The Sage Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 1: Micro Approaches, Sage Publications, London, 410-426.
119. Wall, T.D., Michie, J., Patterson, M., Wood, S.J., Sheehan, M., Clegg, C.W. and West, M. (2004), “On the validity of subjective measures of company performance”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 57 No. 1, 95-119
120. Warr, P.B. (1987), Work, Unemployment, and Mental Health, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
121. Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schroder, G. and van Oppen, C. (2009), “Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: guidelines and empirical illustration”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 33 No. 1, 177-195.
122. Wilden, R., Gudergan, S.P., Nielsen, B.B. and Lings, I. (2013), “Dynamic capabilities and performance: strategy, structure and environment”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 46 Nos 1/2, 72-96.
123. Xie, J.L. (1996), “Karasek’s model in the People’s Republic of China: effects on job demands, control, and individual differences”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39 No. 6, 1594-1619.
124. Yan, M., Peng, K.Z. and Francesco, A.M. (2011), “The differential effects of job design on knowledge workers and manual workers: a quasi-experimental field study in China”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 50 No. 3, 407-424.
125. Zoghi, C., Levenson, A. and Gibbs, M. (2005), “Why are jobs designed the way they are?”, BLS working papers, US Department of Labor, available at: www.bls.gov/osmr/pdf/ ec050080.pdf (accessed May 27, 2013).
126. Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R. (1980), Work Redesign, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.