Skeleton and glucose metabolism: A bone-pancreas loop

International Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Faienza, Maria Felicia ^a   Luce, Vincenza ^a   Ventura, Annamaria ^a   Colaianni, Graziana ^a   Colucci, Silvia ^a   Cavallo, Luciano ^a   Grano, Maria ^a   Brunetti, Giacomina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; OSTEOCALCIN; OSTEOPROTEGERIN; VITAMIN D;

BONE CELL; BONE METABOLISM; BONE REMODELING; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; HUMAN; INSULIN SYNTHESIS; METABOLIC REGULATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84926344090     PISSN: 16878337     EISSN: 16878345     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/758148     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. G. Brunetti, A. Di Benedetto, and G. Mori, "Bone remodeling", in Imaging of Prosthetic Joints-A Combined Radiological and Clinical Perspective, C. Albanese and C. Faletti, Eds., pp. 27-37, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2014.
2. J. C. Brüning, M. D. Michael, J. N. Winnay et al., "A musclespecific insulin receptor knockout exhibits features of the metabolic syndrome of NIDDM without altering glucose tolerance", Molecular Cell, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 559-569, 1998.
3. K. Fulzele, R. C. Riddle, D. J. Di Girolamo et al., "Insulin receptor signaling in osteoblasts regulates postnatal bone acquisition and body composition", Cell, vol. 142, no. 2, pp. 309-319, 2010.
4. J. R. Levy, E. Murray, S. Manolagas, and J. M. Olefsky, "Demonstration of insulin receptors and modulation of alkaline phosphatase activity by insulin in rat osteoblastic cells", Endocrinology, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 1786-1792, 1986.
5. K. K. Pun, P. Lau, and P. W. M. Ho, "The characterization, regulation, and function of insulin receptors on osteoblastlike clonal osteosarcoma cell line", Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 853-862, 1989.
6. D. M. Thomas, D. K. Hards, S. D. Rogers, K. W. Ng, and J. D. Best, "Insulin receptor expression in bone", Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1312-1320, 1996.
7. M. Hashizume and M. Yamaguchi, "Stimulatory effect of β-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc on cell proliferation is dependent on protein synthesis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells", Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 59-64, 1993.
8. J. E. Wergedal and D. J. Baylink, "Characterization of cells isolated and cultured from human bone", Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 176, no. 1, pp. 60-69, 1984.
9. E. M. Canalis, J. W. Dietrich, D. M. Maina, and L. G. Raisz, "Hormonal control of bone collagen synthesis in vitro. Effects of insulin and glucagon", Endocrinology, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 668-674, 1977.
10. D. M. Rosen and R. A. Luben, "Multiple hormonal mechanisms for the control of collagen synthesis in an osteoblast-like cell line, MMB-1", Endocrinology, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 992-999, 1983.
11. B. E. Kream, M. D. Smith, E. Canalis, and L. G. Raisz, "Characterization of the effect of insulin on collagen synthesis in fetal rat bone", Endocrinology, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 296-302, 1985.
12. T. J. Hahn, S. L. Westbrook, T. L. Sullivan, W. G. Goodman, and L. R. Halstead, "Glucose transport in osteoblast-enriched bone explants: characterization and insulin regulation", Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 359-365, 1988.
13. E. A. Ituarte, L. R. Halstead, A. Iida-Klein, H. G. Ituarte, and T. J. Hahn, "Glucose transport system in UMR-106-01 osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells: regulation by insulin", Calcifed Tissue International, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 27-33, 1989.
14. M. Ferron, J. Wei, T. Yoshizawa et al., "Insulin signaling in osteoblasts integrates bone remodeling and energy metabolism", Cell, vol. 142, no. 2, pp. 296-308, 2010.
15. N. Follak, I. Klöting, and H. Merk, "Influence of diabetic metabolic state on fracture healing in spontaneously diabetic rats", Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 288-296, 2005.
16. N. Follak, I. Klöting, E. Wolf, and H. Merk, "Delayed remodelling in the early period of fracture healing in spontaneously diabetic BB/OK rats depending on the diabetic metabolic state", Histology and Histopathology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 473-486, 2004.
17. J. C.-H. Hou, R. F. Zernicke, and R. J. Barnard, "Effects of severe diabetes and insulin on the femoral neck of the immature rat", Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 263-271, 1993.
18. K. M. Trailkill, L. Liu, E. C. Wahl et al., "Bone formation is impaired in a model of type 1 diabetes", Diabetes, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 2875-2881, 2005.
19. A. Gandhi, H. A. Beam, J. P. O'Connor, J. R. Parsons, and S. S. Lin, "The effects of local insulin delivery on diabetic fracture healing", Bone, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 482-490, 2005.
20. P. V. Hauschka, J. B. Lian, D. E. Cole, and C. M. Gundberg, "Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone", Physiological Reviews, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 990-1047, 1989.
21. N. K. Lee, H. Sowa, E. Hinoi et al., "Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton", Cell, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 456-469, 2007.
22. M. Ferron, E. Hinoi, G. Karsenty, and P. Ducy, "Osteocalcin differentially regulates beta cell and adipocyte gene expression and afects the development of metabolic diseases in wild-type mice", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 13, pp. 5266-5270, 2008.
23. W. Cousin, A. Courseaux, A. Ladoux, C. Dani, and P. Peraldi, "Cloning of hOST-PTP: the only example of a protein-tyrosinephosphatase the function of which has been lost between rodent and human", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 321, no. 1, pp. 259-265, 2004.
24. T. Zee, C. Settembre, R. L. Levine, and G. Karsenty, "T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase regulates bone resorption and whole-body insulin sensitivity through its expression in osteoblasts", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1080-1088, 2012.
25. M. Pi and L. D. Quarles, "Novel bone endocrine networks integrating mineral and energy metabolism", Current Osteoporosis Reports, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 391-399, 2013.
26. E. Hinoi, N. Gao, D. Y. Jung et al., "The sympathetic tone mediates leptin's inhibition of insulin secretion by modulating osteocalcin bioactivity", The Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 183, no. 7, pp. 1235-1242, 2008.
27. M. Pi, Y. Wu, and L. D. Quarles, "GPRC6A mediates responses to osteocalcin in beta-cells in vitro and pancreas in vivo", Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1680-1683, 2011.
28. A. Mizokami, Y. Yasutake, J. Gao et al., "Osteocalcin induces release of glucagon-like peptide-1 and thereby stimulates insulin secretion in mice", PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 2, Article ID e57375, 2013.
29. M. Pi, L. Chen, M.-Z. Huang et al., "GPRC6A null mice exhibit osteopenia, feminization and metabolic syndrome", PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 12, Article ID e3858, 2008.
30. P. Ducy, R. Zhang, V. Geofroy, A. L. Ridall, and G. Karsenty, "Osf2/Cbfa1: a transcriptional activator of osteoblast differentiation", Cell, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 747-754, 1997.
31. P. Puigserver, J. Rhee, J. Donovan et al., "Insulin-regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis through FOXO1-PGC-1α interaction", Nature, vol. 423, no. 6939, pp. 550-555, 2003.
32. J. M. Kindblom, C. Ohlsson, O. Ljunggren et al., "Plasma osteocalcin is inversely related to fat mass and plasma glucose in elderly Swedish men", Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 785-791, 2009.
33. M. Zhou, X. Ma, H. Li et al., "Serum osteocalcin concentrations in relation to glucose and lipid metabolism in Chinese individuals", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 161, no. 5, pp. 723-729, 2009.
34. A. G. Pittas, S. S. Harris, M. Eliades, P. Stark, and B. Dawson-Hughes, "Association between serum osteocalcin and markers of metabolic phenotype", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 827-832, 2009.
35. I. Kanazawa, T. Yamaguchi, M. Yamamoto et al., "Serum osteocalcin level is associated with glucose metabolism and atherosclerosis parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 45-49, 2009.
36. T. Reinehr and C. L. Roth, "A new link between skeleton, obesity and insulin resistance: relationships between osteocalcin, leptin and insulin resistance in obese children before and after weight loss", International Journal of Obesity, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 852-858, 2010.
37. I. Levinger, R. Zebaze, G. Jerums, D. L. Hare, S. Selig, and E. Seeman, "The effect of acute exercise on undercarboxylated osteocalcin in obese men", Osteoporosis International, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1621-1626, 2011.
38. Y. Q. Bao, M. Zhou, J. Zhou et al., "Relationship between serum osteocalcin and glycaemic variability in Type 2 diabetes", Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 50-54, 2011.
39. Y. Winhofer, A. Handisurya, A. Tura et al., "Osteocalcin is related to enhanced insulin secretion in gestational diabetes mellitus", Diabetes Care, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 139-143, 2010.
40. G. Mori, P. D'Amelio, R. Faccio, and G. Brunetti, "The interplay between the bone and the immune system", Clinical and Developmental Immunology, vol. 2013, Article ID 720504, 16 pages, 2013.
41. L. C. Hofbauerand and A. E. Heufelder, "The role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in the pathogenesis and treatment of metabolic bone diseases", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 85, no. 7, pp. 2355-2363, 2000.
42. U. M. Malyankar, M. Scatena, K. L. Suchland, T. J. Yun, E. A. Clark, and C. M. Giachelli, "Osteoprotegerin is an alpha vbeta 3-induced, NF-kappa B-dependent survival factor for endothelial cells", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 275, no. 28, pp. 20959-20962, 2000.
43. P. Collin-Osdoby, L. Rothe, F. Anderson, M. Nelson, and W. Maloney, "Receptor activator of NF-B and osteoprotegerin expression by human microvascular endothelial cells, regulation by infammatory cytokines, and role in human osteoclastogenesis", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 23, pp. 20659-20672, 2001.
44. N. Bucay, I. Sarosi, C. R. Dunstan et al., "Osteoprotegerindeficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification", Genes & Development, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1260-1268, 1998.
45. J. K. Min, Y. M. Kim, E. C. Kim et al., "Vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulates expression of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) in endothelial cells. Concomitant increase of angiogenic responses to rank ligand", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, no. 41, pp. 39548-39557, 2003.
46. P. A. Price, H. H. June, J. R. Buckley, and M. K. Williamson, "Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and by vitamin D", Arteriosclerosis, Trombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1610-1616, 2001.
47. W. S. Browner, L.-Y. Lui, and S. R. Cummings, "Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures, and mortality in elderly women", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 631-637, 2001.
48. M. Schoppet, A. M. Sattler, J. R. Schaefer, M. Herzum, B. Maisch, and L. Hofauer, "Increased osteoprotegerin serum levels in men with coronary artery disease", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 1024-1028, 2003.
49. S. Jono, Y. Ikari, A. Shioi et al., "Serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease", Circulation, vol. 106, no. 10, pp. 1192-1194, 2002.
50. M. Schoppet, J. R. Schaefer, and L. C. Hofbauer, "Low serum levels of soluble RANK ligand are associated with the presence of coronary artery disease in men", Circulation, vol. 107, no. 11, article e76, 2003.
51. L. M. Rasmussen and T. Ledet, "Osteoprotegerin and diabetic macroangiopathy", Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 90-94, 2005.
52. S. Kiechl, G. Schett, G. Wenning et al., "Osteoprotegerin is a risk factor for progressive atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease", Circulation, vol. 109, no. 18, pp. 2175-2180, 2004.
53. (-/-) mice", Circulation, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 411-420, 2008.
54. C. E. Pepene, I. R. Ilie, I. Marian, and I. Duncea, "Circulating osteoprotegerin and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand in polycystic ovary syndrome: relationships to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 61-68, 2011.
55. M.-H. Gannagé-Yared, C. Yaghi, B. Habre et al., "Os te oprotegerin in relation to body weight, lipid parameters insulin sensitivity, adipocytokines, and C-reactive protein in obese and non-obese young individuals: results from both cross-sectional and interventional study", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 353-359, 2008.
56. J. Suliburska, P. Bogdanski, E. Gajewska, G. Kalmus, M. Sobieska, and W. Samborski, "The association of insulin resistance with serum osteoprotegerin in obese adolescents", Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 847-853, 2013.
57. S. Tavintharan, L. T. Pek, J. J. Liu et al., "Osteoprotegerin is independently associated with metabolic syndrome and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus", Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 359-362, 2014.
58. M. R. Haussler, G. K. Whitfield, C. A. Haussler et al., "The nuclear vitamin D receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed", Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 325-349, 1998.
59. T. S. Lisse, R. F. Chun, S. Rieger, J. S. Adams, and M. Hewison, "Vitamin D activation of functionally distinct regulatory miRNAs in primary human osteoblasts", Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1478-1488, 2013.
60. 3 regulated gene expression in human primary osteoblasts", Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 640-649, 2012.
61. M. B. Meyer, P. D. Goetsch, and J. W. Pike, "Genome-wide analysis of the VDR/RXR cistrome in osteoblast cells provides new mechanistic insight into the actions of the vitamin D hormone", The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 121, no. 1-2, pp. 136-141, 2010.
62. 3 acts in the early phase of osteoblast differentiation to enhance mineralization via accelerated production of mature matrix vesicles", The Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 225, no. 2, pp. 593-600, 2010.
63. H. A. Morris, "Vitamin D activities for health outcomes", Annals of Laboratory Medicine, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 181-186, 2014.
64. L. Lieben and G. Carmeliet, "Vitamin D signaling in osteocytes: effects on bone and mineral homeostasis", Bone, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 237-243, 2013.
65. L. Lieben, R. Masuyama, S. Torrekens et al., "Normocalcemia is maintained in mice under conditions of calcium malabsorption by vitamin D-induced inhibition of bone mineralization", The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 1803-1815, 2012.
66. M. Noda, R. L. Vogel, A. M. Craig, J. Prahl, H. F. Deluca, and D. T. Denhardt, "Identification of a DNA sequence responsible for binding of the 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin enhancement of mouse secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP-1 or osteopontin) gene expression", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 87, no. 24, pp. 9995-9999, 1990.
67. B. Bouvard, C. Annweiler, A. Sallé et al., "Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D: facts, uncertainties, and controversies", Joint, Bone, Spine: Revue du Rhumatisme, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 10-16, 2011.
68. A. W. Norman, B. J. Frankel, A. M. Heldt, and G. M. Grodsky, "Vitamin D deficiency inhibits pancreatic secretion of insulin", Science, vol. 209, no. 4458, pp. 823-825, 1980.
69. A. Esteghamati, Z. Aryan, A. Esteghamati, and M. Nakhjavani, "Vitamin D deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetics and reduced insulin production in type 2 diabetics", Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2014.
70. B. Maestro, N. Dávila, M. C. Carranza, and C. Calle, "Identification of a Vitamin D response element in the human insulin receptor gene promoter", The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 84, no. 2-3, pp. 223-230, 2003.
71. J.-Y. Oh and E. Barrett-Connor, "Association between vitamin D receptor polymorphism and type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome in community-dwelling older adults: the Rancho Bernardo study", Metabolism, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 356-359, 2002.
72. M. T. Malecki, J. Frey, D. Moczulski, T. Klupa, E. Kozek, and J. Sieradzki, "Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and association with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Polish population", Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, vol. 111, no. 8, pp. 505-509, 2003.
73. M. Kajikawa, H. Ishida, S. Fujimoto et al., "An insulinotropic effect of vitamin D analog with increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration in pancreatic β-cells through nongenomic signal transduction", Endocrinology, vol. 140, no. 10, pp. 4706-4712, 1999.
74. L. L. Baggio and D. J. Drucker, "Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP", Gastroenterology, vol. 132, no. 6, pp. 2131-2157, 2007.
75. D. J. Drucker, "The biology of incretin hormones", Cell Metabolism, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 153-165, 2006.
76. R. J. Bollag, Q. Zhong, P. Phillips et al., "Osteoblast-derived cells express functional glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptors", Endocrinology, vol. 141, no. 3, pp. 1228-1235, 2000.
77. Q. Zhong, T. Itokawa, S. Sridhar et al., "Effects of glucosedependent insulinotropic peptide on osteoclast function", American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 292, no. 2, pp. E543-E548, 2007.
78. K. Tsukiyama, Y. Yamada, C. Yamada et al., "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide as an endogenous factor promoting new bone formation after food ingestion", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1644-1651, 2006.
79. Q. Zhong, K.-H. Ding, A. L. Mulloy, R. J. Bollag, and C. M. Isales, "Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide stimulates proliferation and TGF-β release from MG-63 cells", Peptides, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 611-616, 2003.
80. N. H. Bjarnason, E. E. G. Henriksen, P. Alexandersen, S. Christgau, D. B. Henriksen, and C. Christiansen, "Mechanism of circadian variation in bone resorption", Bone, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 307-313, 2002.
81. A. Nissen, M. Christensen, F. K. Knop, T. Vilsbøll, J. J. Holst, and B. Hartmann, "Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide inhibits bone resorption in humans", Journal Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, vol. 99, no. 11, pp. E2325-E2329, 2014.
82. P. E. Scherer, S. Williams, M. Fogliano, G. Baldini, and H. F. Lodish, "A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 270, no. 45, pp. 26746-26749, 1995.
83. K. Maeda, K. Okubo, I. Shimomura, T. Funahashi, Y. Matsuzawa, and K. Matsubara, "cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (adipose most abundant gene transcript 1)", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 221, no. 2, pp. 286-289, 1996.
84. Y. Nakano, T. Tobe, N.-H. Choi-Miura, T. Mazda, and M. Tomita, "Isolation and characterization of GBP28, a novel gelatin-binding protein purified from human plasma", The Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 120, no. 4, pp. 803-812, 1996.
85. R. Ye and P. E. Scherer, "Adiponectin, driver or passenger on the road to insulin sensitivity?" Molecular Metabolism, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 133-141, 2013.
86. C. Tao, A. Sifuentes, and W. L. Holland, "Regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis by adiponectin: effects on hepatocytes, pancreatic β cells and adipocytes", Best Practice & Research: Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 43-58, 2014.
87. A. R. Nawrocki, M. W. Rajala, E. Tomas et al., "Mice lacking adiponectin show decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and reduced responsiveness to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γagonists", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 281, no. 5, pp. 2654-2660, 2006.
88. T. Yamauchi, J. Kamon, Y. Minokoshi et al., "Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase", Nature Medicine, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 1288-1295, 2002.
89. W. L. Holland, R. A. Miller, Z. V. Wang et al., "Receptormediated activation of ceramidase activity initiates the pleiotropic actions of adiponectin", Nature Medicine, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 55-63, 2011.
90. X.-H. Luo, L.-J. Guo, L.-Q. Yuan et al., "Adiponectin stimulates human osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation via the MAPK signaling pathway", Experimental Cell Research, vol. 309, no. 1, pp. 99-109, 2005.
91. K. Oshima, A. Nampei, M. Matsuda et al., "Adiponectin increases bone mass by suppressing osteoclast and activating osteoblast", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 331, no. 2, pp. 520-526, 2005.
92. Y. Shinoda, M. Yamaguchi, N. Ogata et al., "Regulation of bone formation by adiponectin through autocrine/paracrine and endocrine pathways", Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 196-208, 2006.
93. X. H. Luo, L. J. Guo, H. Xie et al., "Adiponectin stimulates RANKL and inhibits OPG expression in human osteoblasts through the MAPK signaling pathway", Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1648-1656, 2006.
94. D. Kajimura, H. W. Lee, K. J. Riley et al., "Adiponectin regulates bone mass via opposite central and peripheral mechanisms through FoxO1", Cell Metabolism, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 901-915, 2013.